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Proceeding on Implementation of Convention UNCCD; Impact of Sustainable Forest management on Combating Desertification; land degradation and Achievements towards the Sustainable Development Goal-15 in Ethiopia(2001-2015)

HP

Teshome Tamirat (PhD)

1

Content

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

3. Methodology and Data collection ............................................................................................................ 7

4. Limitation ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

5. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of National Data/Ethiopia .................................... 14

6. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Addis Ababa City Administration ................. 24

7. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Afar Regional state ............................................. 29

8. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Amhara regional State ...................................... 34

9. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Benisgangul-Gumuse regional state ............ 39

10. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Dire-Dawa City Administration ..................... 44

11. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Gambella regional State ................................... 49

12. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Harari Regional State ........................................ 54

13. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Oromiya Regional State.................................... 59

14. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of SNNP Regional state .......................................... 64

15. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Ethio-Somali Regional state ........................... 69

16. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Tigray Regional state ........................................ 74

17. Summary and Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 79

18. References .................................................................................................................................................... 80

19. Appendix ....................................................................................................................................................... 84

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List of Tables

Table 1- land use/cover dynamics in (sq. km) of Ethiopia from 2000-2015 ..................................................................... 14

Table 2- land use/cover class distribution in (sq. km) of Ethiopia from 2000-2015 ..................................................... 14

Table 3-Proportion of absolute baseline and target area of Land use/cover Change in of Ethiopia (sq. km)

from 2001-2015 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Table 4- Land area by type of land cover transition (sq. km) of Ethiopia from 2000-2015 ........................................ 16

Table 5- Trends of land productivity in sq. km of Ethiopia from 2001-2015 .................................................................... 17

Table 6- Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land in sq. km of Ethiopia from2001-2015 ............... 18

Table 7- Area of land with improving productivity by type of land cover transition of Ethiopia from 2001-

2015 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Table 8- the national data of soil organic carbon of Ethiopia from2001-2015 ................................................................. 20

Table 9- Trends in carbon stock above and below ground of national data from2001-2015 .................................... 21

Table 10- Soil organic carbon change from baseline to target of national data from 2001-2015 ............................ 22

Table 11- Soil organic carbon change from baseline to target by type of land cover transition (as percentage of

initial stock)* from 2001-2015 ............................................................................................................................................................... 23

Table 12- proportion of degraded land distribution of Addis Ababa in (sq. km) of from 2000-2015 .................... 24

Table 13- land use/cover class distribution in (sq. km) of Addis Ababa from 2000-2015 .......................................... 24

Table 14- Addis Ababa Trends in land cover from2001-2015 ................................................................................................. 25

Table 15- Addis Ababa Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) ............................................................................................ 26

Table 16- Addis Ababa Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land

cover) from2001-2015 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Table 17- Addis Ababa Trends in carbon stock above and below ground from 2001-2015 ....................................... 28

Table 18- land Degradation of Afar region from 2001-2015 ..................................................................................................... 29

Table 19-Distribution of Afar land and water body ....................................................................................................................... 29

Table 20- Afar Trends in land cover from 2001-2015.................................................................................................................. 30

Table 21- Afar Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)from2001-2015 ............................................................................ 31

Table 22- Afar Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

from 2001-2015 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 32

Table 23- Afar Trends in carbon stock above and below ground from 2001-2015 ........................................................ 33

Table 24- Distribution of land degradation of Amhara region from 2001-2015 .............................................................. 34

Table 25- Amhara land water area distribution from 2001-2015 .......................................................................................... 34

Table 26- Amhara Trends in land use/cover change from 2001-2015 ................................................................................ 35

Table 27- Amahara Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) from 2001-2015 ................................................................ 36

Table 28- Amahara Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land

cover) from 2001-2015 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 37

Table 29- Amhara Trends in carbon stock above and below ground from 2001-2015 ................................................ 38

Table 30- Distribution of land degradation of Benisgangul-Gumuse from 2001-2015 ................................................. 39

Table 31- Benishangul_Gumuze water and land area distribution ......................................................................................... 39

Table 32- Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in land use/cover ........................................................................................................ 40

Table 33- Benishangul_Gumuze Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) .......................................................................... 41

Table 34- Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with

unchanged land cover) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 42

Table 35- Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in carbon stock above and below ground ........................................................ 43

Table 36- Dynamics of land Degradation from 2001-2015 ........................................................................................................ 44

Table 37- Dire dawa water and land matrix ..................................................................................................................................... 44

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Table 38- DireDawa Trends in land cover ......................................................................................................................................... 45

Table 39- Dire Dawa Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) ................................................................................................. 46

Table 40- DireDawa Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land

cover) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47

Table 41- Dire DawaTrends in carbon stock above and below ground ................................................................................ 48

Table 42-Dynamics of land degradadtion of Gambella from 2001-2015 ............................................................................. 49

Table 43- Gambella water and land matrix ....................................................................................................................................... 49

Table 44- Gambella Trends in land cover ........................................................................................................................................... 50

Table 45- Gambella Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) ................................................................................................... 51

Table 46- Gambella Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land

cover) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

Table 47- Gambella Trends in carbon stock above and below ground ................................................................................. 53

Table 48- trends of land degradation of Harari Regional State ................................................................................................ 54

Table 49- Harari land and Water Matrix ............................................................................................................................................. 54

Table 50- Harari Trends in land use/ cover ...................................................................................................................................... 55

Table 51- Harari Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) ......................................................................................................... 56

Table 52- Harari Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

Table 53- Harari Trends in carbon stock above and below ground ....................................................................................... 58

Table 54- Land Degradation of Oromiya Regional State ............................................................................................................. 59

Table 55- Oromiya land and water surface area matrix .............................................................................................................. 59

Table 56- Oromiya Trends in land use/cover .................................................................................................................................. 60

Table 57- Oromiya Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) .................................................................................................... 61

Table 58- Oromiya Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land

cover) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62

Table 59- Oromiya Trends in carbon stock above and below ground .................................................................................. 63

Table 60-SNNP Land degradation from2001-2015 ....................................................................................................................... 64

Table 61- SNNP land and water surface area Matrix .................................................................................................................... 64

Table 62- SNNP Trends in land cover .................................................................................................................................................. 65

Table 63- SNNP Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) ........................................................................................................... 66

Table 64- SNNP Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

Table 65- SNNP-Trends in carbon stock above and below ground ........................................................................................ 68

Table 66- Land degradation of Ethio Somali from2001-2015 .................................................................................................. 69

Table 67- Ethio_somali land and water surface area matrix ..................................................................................................... 69

Table 68- Ethio_somali Trends in land cover ................................................................................................................................... 70

Table 69- Ethio-Somali Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)............................................................................................ 71

Table 70_ Ethio_somali Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land

cover) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72

Table 71- Ethio-somali Trends in carbon stock above and below ground .......................................................................... 73

Table 72- Rate of land degradation of Tigray Regon ..................................................................................................................... 74

Table 73- Tigray water and land surface area .................................................................................................................................. 74

Table 74- Tigray Trends in land cover ................................................................................................................................................. 75

Table 75- Tigray Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) ......................................................................................................... 76

Table 76- Tigray Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77

Table 77- Tigray Trends in carbon stock above and below ground ....................................................................................... 78

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1. Introduction

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was established in

1994; which is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment

and development to sustainable land management. The Convention addresses specifically

the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the dry lands. The Convention’s was

signatory by 197 parties work together to improve the living conditions for people in dry

lands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of

drought. The new UNCCD 2018-2030 strategic new framework is the most comprehensive

global commitment to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) in order to restore the

productivity of vast expanses of degraded land, improve the livelihoods of more than 1.3

billion people, and reduce the impacts of drought on vulnerable populations to build

resilience.

The UNCCD secretariat facilitates cooperation between developed and developing

countries, particularly around knowledge and technology transfer for sustainable land

management. As the dynamics of land, climate and biodiversity are intimately connected,

the UNCCD collaborates closely with the other two Rio Conventions; the Convention on

Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC), to meet these complex challenges with an integrated approach and the

best possible use of natural resources. The Secretariat and the Global Mechanism of the

UNCCD are supporting interested countries in the national land degradation neutrality

(LDN) target setting process, including the definition of national baselines, targets and

associated measures to achieve LDN by 2030 through the LDN Target Setting Programme

(TSP).

The Bonn Challenge and its regional initiatives to restore more than 150 million hectares;

and most recently the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs provide a framework for countries to determine how

best to improve the lives of their people now while ensuring that these improvements are

sustained for future generations. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

(UNCCD) is the custodian agency for SDG indicator 15.3.1 assists countries in accessing and

interpreting a wide range of data sources for the sub-indicators, including Earth

observation and geospatial information, while at the same time ensuring national

ownership. Land degradation is defined as the reduction or loss of the biological or

economic productivity and complexity of rain fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range,

https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/inline-files/ICCD_COP%2813%29_L.18-1716078E_0.pdf

http://www2.unccd.int/land-degradation-neutrality

http://www2.unccd.int/land-degradation-neutrality

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pasture, forest and woodlands resulting from a combination of pressures, including land

use and management practices. This definition was adopted by and is used by the 196

countries that are Party to the UNCCD. Total land area is the total surface area of a country

excluding the area covered by inland waters, like major rivers and lakes.

The sub-indicators include 1) Land cover refers to the observed physical cover of the

Earth’s surface which describes the distribution of vegetation types, water bodies and

human-made infrastructure. It also reflects the use of land resources (i.e., soil, water and

biodiversity) for agriculture, forestry, human settlements and other purposes. It serves two

functions for SDG indicator 15.3.1: (1) changes in land cover may point to land degradation

when there is a loss in productivity in terms of ecosystem services considered desirable in

a local or national context; and (2) a land cover classification system can be used to

disaggregate the other two sub-indicators, thus increasing the indicator’s policy relevance.

There is an international standard for the sub-indicator on land cover (ISO 19144-2:2012)

which includes the Land Cover Meta Language (LCML), a common reference structure

(statistical standard) for the comparison and integration of data for any generic land cover

classification system. LCML is also used for defining land cover and ecosystem functional

units used in the SEEA, and closely linked to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) classification on land cover/land use.

2) Land productivity refers to the total above-ground net primary productivity defined as

the energy fixed by plants minus their respiration which translates into the rate of biomass

accumulation that delivers a suite of ecosystem services. This sub-indicator points to

changes in the health and productive capacity of the land and reflects the net effects of

changes in ecosystem functioning on plant and biomass growth, where declining trends are

often a defining characteristic of land degradation.20 For land productivity, ISO 19115-

1:2014 will guide the development of a new international standard.

3) Carbon stock is the quantity of carbon in a “pool”: a reservoir which has the capacity to

accumulate or release carbon and comprised of above- and below-ground biomass, dead

organic matter, and soil organic carbon.21 In UNCCD decision 22/COP.11, soil organic

carbon (SOC) stock was adopted as the metric to be used with the understanding that this

metric will be replaced by total terrestrial system carbon stocks, once operational. SOC is an

indicator of overall soil quality associated with nutrient cycling and its aggregate stability

and structure with direct implications for water infiltration, soil biodiversity, vulnerability

to erosion, and ultimately the productivity of vegetation, and in agricultural contexts,

yields. SOC stocks reflect the balance between organic matter gains, dependent on plant

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productivity and management practices, and losses due to decomposition through the

action of soil organisms and physical export through leaching and erosion.

2. Objectives

Ethiopia is actively implementing the UNCCD convention for combating desertification,

reversing land degradation and reduces the impact of drought because of climate change.

Two leading institutions of Commission of environment forest and climate change and

ministry of agriculture are implementing the restoration activities through the

interventions of sustainable land and forest management which is mainstreamed in growth

and transformation plan 1&2; The commission of environment, forest and climate change

is implementing 1 million hectare at every year GTP-2 with afforestation and reforestation

and area closure in all nine regions and two city administration; Ministry of agriculture is

also doing the interventions through sustainable land management. So far about 15 mha of

land is estimated to be restored with active participation of community labor and national

programs and projects in the two institutions including FSDP, CCA, MERET, PSNP ANSD

AGP which are implementing enormous restoration activities. Hence; the achievements of

the nation in working to the convention is reported in the seventh round report referring

the strategic indicators of 15.3.1 of land use/cover change, land productivity and soil

organic matter using Teir-1 global data.

Therefore the objective of this proceeding:-

To assess the status of regions in implementing the restoration activities from2001-

2015 using the 15.3.1 sub indicators

To determine the status of land degradation in each region and at national scale

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3. Methodology and Data collection

SDG indicator 15.3.1 is a binary - degraded/not degraded - quantification based on the

analysis of available data for three sub-indicators to be validated and reported by national

authorities. The sub-indicators (Trends in Land Cover, Land Productivity and Carbon

Stocks) were adopted by the UNCCD’s governing body in 2013 as part of its monitoring and

evaluation approach.11

The method of computation for this indicator follows the “One Out, All Out” statistical

principle and is based on the baseline assessment and evaluation of change in the sub-

indicators to determine the extent of land that is degraded over total land area. The

measurement unit for this indicator is the spatial extent (hectares or km2) expressed as the

proportion (percentage or %) of land that is degraded over total land area.

National data on the three sub-indicators is collected through existing sources (e.g.,

databases, maps, reports), including participatory inventories on land management

systems as well as remote sensing data collected at the national level. Datasets that

complement and support existing national indicators, data and information are likely to

come from multiple sources, including statistics and estimated data for administrative or

national boundaries, ground measurements, Earth observation and geospatial information.

The most accessible and widely used regional and global data sources for each of the sub-

indicators.

Land cover and land cover change data are available in the: (1) ESA-CCI-LC,25 containing

annual land cover area data for the period 1992-2015, produced by the Catholic University

of Louvain Geometrics as part of the Climate Change Initiative of the European Spatial

Agency (ESA); or (2) SEEA-MODIS,26 containing annual land cover area data for the period

2001-2012, derived from the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) type

of the MODIS land cover dataset (MCD12Q1). Data on the indicator and sub-indicators will

be collected by national authorities to the UNCCD in their national reports following a

standard format every four years beginning in 2018 or through other national data

platforms and mechanisms endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission. Baseline values for

land cover classes should be fixed to reflect their extent for the baseline year 2015.

The baseline year for the indicator is 2015 and its value (t0) is derived from an initial

quantification and assessment of time series data for the sub-indicators for each land unit

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during the period 2000-2015. Subsequent values for the indicator during each monitoring

period (t1-n) are derived from the quantification and assessment of changes in the sub-

indicators as to whether there are has been positive, negative or no change for each land

unit relative to the baseline value. Countries may wish to assess land cover changes during

the baseline period (2000-2015) in order to contribute to their estimation of the extent of

land that is degraded in 2015. Nevertheless, national authorities should consider the

specific period for assessing the baseline in the context of the rate of land cover change in

their country. For example, a shorter baseline period could be used to ensure the baseline

better reflects land cover classes in 2015.

The specific target date for the final reporting on SDG indicator 15.3.1 is specified as 2030,

and is a special case for reporting that is referred to below as tn. The baseline is referred to

as t0 and interim assessment dates are referred to as t1->tn. It is the change between the

land cover classes at t0 and tn that will help national authorities determine if land

degradation has occurred. (UNCCD, portal praise3) databases, maps, reports), from Praise3

portal including participatory inventories on land management systems as well as remote

sensing data collected at the national level. Datasets that complement and support existing

national indicators, data and information are likely to come from multiple sources,

including statistics and estimated data for administrative or national boundaries, ground

measurements, Trend Earth observation and geospatial information.

A comprehensive inventory of all data sources available for each sub-indicator is contained

in the Good Practice Guidance for SDG Indicator 15.3.1. (Good Practice Guidance | SDG

Indicator, 2017). Land productivity data represented as vegetation indices (i.e., direct

observations), and their derived products are considered the most independent and robust

option for the analyses of land productivity, offering the longest consolidated time series

and a broad range of operational data sets at different spatial scales. The most accurate and

reliable datasets are available in the: (1) MODIS data products,27 averaged at 1 km pixel

resolution, integrated over each calendar year since 2000; and (2) Copernicus Global Land

Service products,28 averaged at 1 km pixel resolution and integrated over each calendar

year since 1998. Data on the indicator and sub-indicators will be collected by national

authorities (“main reporting entity”) to the UNCCD in their national reports following a

standard format every four years beginning in 2018 or through other national data

platforms and mechanisms endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission.

Productivity indices typically include spectral wavelengths correlated with aspects of plant

cover, biomass and/or growth vigour. NPP is not directly measured by Earth observation

sensors but is estimated from known correlations between the fraction of absorbed photo

synthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and plant growth vigour and biomass. The most

widely used and best known index of plant productivity is the Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index (NDVI; Tucker 1979) which is recommended for use in the WAD method.

9

The NDVI is a normalized ratio of near infra-red (NIR) wavelengths centered around 800

nm (eq 1) which are typically strongly reflected by live green vegetation, and red

wavelengths centered around 650 nm which are within the photo synthetically active

range of the spectrum and typically strongly absorbed by live green vegetation.

The general formula is: 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼= 𝑁𝐼𝑅−𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑁𝐼𝑅+𝑟𝑒𝑑 (1) . NDVI values are unit less and range

from -1 to +1, with higher values indicating higher levels of green biomass and/or plant

growth vigour. NDVI response is well understood for a wide range of land cover and

biomass conditions. It can be calculated from most Earth observation satellite image

datasets, including those with the longest archive of imagery such as the Landsat and

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) series. By comparing spectral bands

within each image, the NDVI minimizes artifacts from a range of features that typically

introduce errors into Earth observation imagery, including topographic shading effects,

atmospheric and illumination conditions, which improve the consistency of NDVI data

across large areas. The main limitations of the NDVI are that it can be sensitive to

variations in soil background conditions, and that it has a tendency to saturate at high

cover and biomass levels. This potentially can reduce the accuracy of biomass and cover

models in tropical rainforest or arid savannah regions (Good Practice Guidance | SDG

Indicator, 2017)

A large number of alternative vegetation indexes can be calculated from image data, many

of which have been shown to be effective surrogates for fAPAR and highly correlated with

NPP in a range of landscapes. Some of these alternative indices may be more suited to

productivity assessments in certain countries than the NDVI . Note that an increase in NPP

or productivity index values does not necessarily indicate improving conditions or lower

levels of land degradation. Increases in NPP and/or a productivity index calculated from

image data should only be considered degradation when interpreted in the context of land

cover change and other local data and information (Good Practice Guidance | SDG

Indicator, 2017).

Land productivity is the biological productive capacity of the land, the principle source of

the food, fibre and fuel that sustains humans. It points to long-term changes in the health

and productive capacity of the land and reflects the net effects of changes in ecosystem

functioning on plant and biomass growth. This can be measured at local to global scales

using satellite remote sensing and image transformations that are sensitive to changes in

plant productivity and are correlated with the Annual Net Primary Production (ANPP) of

vegetation. Consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2006)

guidelines, a range of datasets and processing options are presented with the level of

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accuracy, detail and processing complexity increasing from Tier 1 (simple methods with

default values) to Tier 2 (additional use of country-specific data) to Tier 3 (more complex

methods involving ground measurements and modeling) with the level of accuracy, detail

and processing complexity increasing at each level. Tier 1 uses global datasets and is

intended for use where data availability or processing capacity is limited. Tier 2 includes

the use of national datasets and models, which may include high-resolution image data and

Tier 3 validates productivity predictions against additional sources of information

including field samples, to further improve the accuracy of the assessment and facilitate the

conversion of productivity estimates into biomass units such as kg/ha/year(Good Practice

Guidance | SDG Indicator,2017)

Countries should ultimately strive to report changes in land productivity at the highest

level of detail and rigour (Tier 3). However, differences between countries in their capacity

to conduct remote sensing analyses, access to and availability of data sets and the range

and distribution of productivity conditions will make some methods more suitable in some

countries than in others. Estimates of relative change in productivity levels, such as those

provided by the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), are sufficient to assess

and evaluate trends in land degradation in accordance with the methodology presented in

this GPG(Good Practice Guidance | SDG Indicator,2017). The methods that countries can

use to determine land productivity baselines and monitor land productivity trends over

time. Improving, declining or stable land productivity is calculated at the pixel scale based

on three metrics calculated from the image data: 1. Trend, which represents the trajectory

of productivity over time, 2. State, which compares the current productivity level in a given

area to historical observations of productivity in that same area, and 3. Performance,

which measures local productivity relative to other similar vegetation types in similar land

cover types and bioclimatic regions. These three metrics help determine if land is

degraded in areas where productivity may be increasing but remains low relative to other

areas with similar land cover characteristics and climatic conditions. In this assessment,

changes in productivity are considered negative when there is a statistically significant

negative trend over time, or when both the Performance and State assessments indicate

potential degradation, including in areas where the trend is not significantly negative(Good

Practice Guidance | SDG Indicator,2017)

National data on the three sub-indicators is and can be collected through existing sources

(e.g., databases, maps, reports), including participatory inventories on land management

systems as well as remote sensing data collected at the national level. Datasets that

complement and support existing national indicators, data and information are likely to

come from multiple sources, including statistics and estimated data for administrative or

national boundaries, ground measurements, Earth observation and geospatial information.

11

A comprehensive inventory of all data sources available foreach sub-indicator is contained

in the Good Practice Guidance for SDG Indicator 15.3.1. The most accessible and widely

used regional and global data sources for each of the sub-indicators are briefly described

below. Soil organic carbon stock data are available in the: (1) Harmonized World Soil

Database (HWSD), Version 1.2,29 the latest update being the current de facto standard soil

grid with a spatial resolution of about 1 km; and (2) SoilGrids250m, 30 a global 3D soil

information system at 250m resolution containing spatial predictions for a selection of soil

properties (at six standard depths) including SOC stock (t ha-1).

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the amount of carbon stored in soil and is the main component

of soil organic matter. SOC stock is the mass of SOC per unit area for a reference depth. The

reporting standard is SOC stock in tons of organic carbon per hectare to a depth of 30 cm

(IPCC 1997). Determination of SOC stock requires measurements of SOC concentration, soil

bulk density and gravel content: 𝑆𝑂𝐶 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘=𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚×𝜌 ×(1−𝑔100)×𝑑 (1) Where SOCm is

the mass of organic carbon in the soil (%), 𝜌 is the soil bulk density (g cm-3), 𝑔 is the gravel

content (g g-1), and 𝑑 is the thickness of the layer (cm).

Baseline (SOCt0) carbon stocks are required to enable an assessment of the initial status of

the sub-indicator in absolute terms. This means that it is good practice to determine the

baseline for SOC stocks for the year 2015. This is referred to as t0 and future reporting is

referred to as t1,…,tn. The baseline could be quantified over an extended period prior to t0

(e.g., a suitable epoch between 2000 and 2015) as the spatial variability of SOC is ~1 order

of magnitude higher than the temporal variability of SOC when land use has been

unchanged for 20+ years. Lands undergoing dramatic land use change (e.g., forest to crop

land) are an exception. Monitoring Period (tn) is the time period over which the sub-

indicator is measured and quantified for the monitoring period using the same methods

employed for the baseline period. As regards slow changing variables, such as SOC stocks,

reporting every four years may not be practical or offer reliable change detection for many

countries. Change in SOC stocks, is defined as the change in SOC stocks between the

monitoring period (tn) and the baseline (t0), in the units of tons of carbon per hectare (t C

ha-1) and include the variance of the change if derived from repeat measurements.

SOC stock is the mass of SOC per unit area for a reference depth. The reporting standard is

SOC stock in tons of organic carbon per hectare to a depth of 30 cm (IPCC 1997).

Determination of SOC stock requires measurements of SOC concentration, soil bulk density

and gravel content: 𝑆𝑂𝐶 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘=𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚×𝜌 ×(1−𝑔100)×𝑑 (1) Where SOCm is the mass of

organic carbon in the soil (%), 𝜌 is the soil bulk density (g cm-3), 𝑔 is the gravel content (g

g-1), and 𝑑 is the thickness of the layer (cm). Baseline (SOCt0) carbon stocks are required

12

to enable an assessment of the initial status of the sub-indicator in absolute terms. This

means that it is good practice to determine the baseline for SOC stocks for the year 2015.

This is referred to as t0 and future reporting is referred to as t1,…,tn. The baseline could be

quantified over an extended period prior to t0 (e.g., a suitable epoch between 2000 and

2015) as the spatial variability of SOC is ~1 order of magnitude higher than the temporal

variability of SOC when land use has been unchanged for 20+ years. Lands undergoing

dramatic land use change (e.g., forest to crop land) are an exception. Monitoring Period (tn)

is the time period over which the sub-indicator is measured and quantified for the

monitoring period using the same methods employed for the baseline period. As regards

slow changing variables, such as SOC stocks, reporting every four years may not be

practical or offer reliable change detection for many countries. Change in SOC stocks, is

defined as the change in SOC stocks between the monitoring period (tn) and the baseline

(t0), in the units of tons of carbon per hectare (t C ha-1) and include the variance of the

change if derived from repeat measurements.

The methodological approach to this sub-indicator ranges from a broad Tier 1 to a highly

detailed and complex Tier 3. While the preferred method of assessing change in SOC stocks

is the direct observation of SOC dynamics through repeated sampling at regular time

intervals, SOC dynamics can also be derived from application of relationships between

environmental and management factors and SOC stocks, such as those derived from

experimental field-trials, chronosequence studies, and monitoring networks. Once

established, these relationships can then be applied to estimate SOC dynamics from

changes in environmental and management factors. This applies to both Tier 1 and Tier 2

methods, while a Tier 3 method usually requires SOC stocks to be either directly measured

in-situ for each reporting period, or more often measurement are combined with process-

based ecosystem models to estimate SOC changes.

13

4. Limitation

The assessment and quantification of land degradation is generally regarded as context-

specific making it difficult for a single indicator to fully capture the state or condition of the

land. The sub-indicators are proxies to monitor the key factors and driving variables that

reflect the capacity to deliver land-based ecosystem services. Nevertheless, the ultimate

determination by national authorities of the extent of degraded land should be

contextualized with other data and information for ground-based verification. As regards

slow changing variables, such as soil organic carbon stocks, reporting every four years may

not be practical or offer reliable change detection for many countries. Nevertheless, this

sub-indicator captures important data and information that will become more available in

the future via improved measurements at the national level, such as those being facilitated

by the FAO’s Global Soil Partnership and others.

While access to remote sensing imagery has improved dramatically in recent years, there is

still a need for essential historical time series that is currently only available at coarse to

medium resolution. The expectation is that the availability of high-resolution, locally-

calibrated datasets will increase rapidly in the near future. National capacities to process,

interpret and validate geospatial data still need to be enhanced in many countries; good

practice guidance for the monitoring and the reporting of the sub-indicators in other

processes will assist in this regard. To this end, the UNCCD’s governing body has invited the

Group on Earth Observation (GEO) to provide space-based information and in situ

measurements to assist countries in fulfilling the reporting requirements for Sustainable

Development Goal indicator 15.3.1, and to help foster data access, national data capacity-

building and the development of standards and protocol.

14

5. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of National Data/Ethiopia

Table 1- land use/cover dynamics in (sq. km) of Ethiopia from 2000-2015

Total land area: 1,119,715.5 100.00%

Land area with improved land cover: 18,051.8 1.61%

Land area with stable land cover: 1,096,220.4 97.90%

Land area with degraded land cover: 5,443.4 0.49%

Land area with no data for land cover: 0.0 0.00% NB= 1Ha =0.1 sq.km; 1sq.km=100 ha

Table 2- land use/cover class distribution in (sq. km) of Ethiopia from 2000-2015

Trends in land cover in (sq. km)

Year Tree covered land

Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial surfaces

Other land

2000 214,642.22 631,320.58 199,556.35 2,532.03 409.09 71,131.19

2001 214,837.84 631,179.18 199,875.46 2,535.34 409.76 70,796.24

2002 215,382.20 630,654.49 199,998.36 2,540.03 411.67 70,760.26

2003 216,421.67 629,873.18 199,961.67 2,540.19 414.74 70,543.20

2004 219,510.51 627,747.96 199,578.99 2,553.48 418.48 69,970.27

2005 219,669.21 627,309.72 199,818.07 2,555.96 446.39 69,982.33

2006 220,241.60 626,563.97 199,872.05 2,561.06 464.68 70,092.39

2007 221,593.70 625,538.35 199,478.93 2,565.28 498.20 70,138.48

2008 222,538.09 624,552.81 199,375.17 2,540.00 529.23 70,217.14

2009 222,672.97 624,187.29 199,534.72 2,549.12 569.47 70,253.34

2010 222,732.01 623,971.96 199,699.91 2,542.71 621.61 70,179.99

2011 222,983.01 623,703.99 199,607.25 2,546.81 672.87 70,238.05

2012 223,066.37 623,649.26 199,569.87 2,545.16 722.53 70,205.57

2013 223,623.75 623,307.29 199,266.43 2,540.33 778.56 70,232.14

2014 225,401.21 622,208.66 198,550.69 2,539.76 832.93 70,182.22

2015 225,398.21 622,187.69 198,529.36 2,539.33 878.78 70,182.16

Mean change -10,755.99 9,132.89 1,026.99 -7.30 -469.69 949.03

15

Table 3-Proportion of absolute baseline and target area of Land use/cover Change in of Ethiopia (sq. km) from 2001-2015

Baseline area (sq. km)

Target area (sq. km)

Change in area (sq. km)

Change in area (percent)

Tree covered 214,642.22 225,398.21 10,755.99 5.01% Grasslands 631,320.58 622,187.69 -9,132.90 -1.45% Croplands 199,556.35 198,529.36 -1,026.99 -0.51%

Wetlands 2,532.03 2,539.33 7.30 0.29% Artificial areas 409.09 878.78 469.70 114.82%

Other lands 71,131.19 70,182.16 -949.03 1.33% Water bodies 7,793.22 7,669.16 -124.07 -1.59%

Total: 1,127,384.68 1,127,384.68

16

Table 4- Land area by type of land cover transition (sq. km) of Ethiopia from 2000-2015

Land area by type of land cover transition (sq. km) from 2000-2015

Land cover type in target year (2015)

Forestland Grasslands Croplands Wetlands Artificial areas Other lands Water bodies Total:

Lan

d c

ov

er t

yp

e in

bas

elin

e y

ear(

20

00

0) Forestland 211,195.99 2,315.28 1,099.20 8.16 18.04 2.24 3.31 214,642.22

Grasslands 10,936.32 617,394.87 1,867.16 29.30 201.01 865.70 26.22 631,320.58

Croplands 3,237.38 524.46 195,416.73 12.18 246.22 80.71 38.67 199,556.35

Wetlands 9.16 14.07 12.50 2,427.66 3.21 0.73 64.69 2,532.03

Artificial areas 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 409.09 0.00 0.00 409.09

Other lands 1.97 1,907.03 100.22 1.70 1.22 69,065.43 53.63 71,131.19

Water bodies 17.39 31.98 33.54 60.32 0.00 167.35 7,482.64 7,793.22

1,127,384.68

Total: 225,398.21 622,187.69 198,529.36 2,539.33 878.78 70,182.16 7,669.16 1,127,384.69

Gain /loss -14,202.22 -4,792.82 -3112.63 7.3 469.69 -949.03 -124.06

Persistence 0.0672 -0.0077 -0.015 0.003 1.148 -0.013 -0.0165

17

Table 5- Trends of land productivity in sq. km of Ethiopia from 2001-2015

Total land area sq. km: 1,119,715.5 sq. km 100.00%

Land area with improved productivity: 204,462.9 18.26%

Land area with stable productivity: 555,726.8 49.63%

Land area with degraded productivity: 328,213.0 29.31%

Land area with no data for productivity: 31,312.9 2.80%

18

Table 6- Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land in sq. km of Ethiopia from2001-2015

Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Net land productivity dynamics (2000-2010 sq. km)

Land cover class Declining Moderate decline Stressed Stable Increasing No data

Lan

d c

ov

er t

yp

e

Tree-covered areas 1,032.10 13,890.51 63,445.61 53,844.23 78,838.26 145.28

Grasslands 9,853.65 37,073.45 96,233.63 403,770.43 68,372.62 2,091.09

Croplands 3,019.07 12,355.20 53,106.32 77,600.67 49,023.14 312.34

Wetlands 174.81 123.38 248.21 926.93 721.29 233.06

Artificial areas 65.82 44.61 87.92 165.58 44.55 0.61

Other land 2,314.11 13,041.86 12,280.80 13,364.40 104.84 27,959.42

19

Table 7- Area of land with improving productivity by type of land cover transition of Ethiopia from 2001-2015

Area of land with improving productivity by type of land cover transition (sq. km)

Land cover type in target year

Tree covered

land

Grasslands Croplands Wetlands Artificial areas Other lands Water bodies Total:

Lan

d c

ov

er t

yp

e in

bas

elin

e

yea

r

Tree covered

land

78,838.26 505.77 287.36 5.35 5.46 0.00 0.18 79,642.39

Grasslands 4,643.88 68,372.62 129.81 6.90 25.39 0.56 0.68 73,179.84

Croplands 1,632.83 15.48 49,023.14 2.32 20.00 0.00 1.04 50,694.81

Wetlands 2.21 0.25 0.80 721.29 0.00 0.00 0.92 725.46

Artificial

areas

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.55 0.00 0.00 44.55

Other lands 0.06 7.43 32.40 0.30 0.00 104.84 0.18 145.21

Water bodies 9.74 6.96 12.71 4.15 0.00 0.06 196.13 229.75

Total: 85,126.99 68,908.50 49,486.21 740.32 95.40 105.46 199.14 204,662.01

Gain/loss -6,288.73 -535.88 -463.07 -19.03 -50.85 -0.62 -3.01

Persistence

ratio -0.0738746 -0.0077766 -0.0093576 -0.02571 -0.5330189 -0.00587900 -0.01511

20

Table 8- the national data of soil organic carbon of Ethiopia from2001-2015

Area (sq km) Percent of total land area

Total land area: 1,119,715.5 100.00%

Land area with improved soil organic carbon:

4,059.5 0.36%

Land area with stable soil organic carbon:

1,112,128.4 99.32%

Land area with degraded soil organic carbon:

3,278.9 0.29%

Land area with no data for soil organic carbon:

248.8 0.02%

Percent change in soil organic carbon storage from baseline to target:

0.50%

21

Table 9- Trends in carbon stock above and below ground of national data from2001-2015

Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Soil organic carbon stock in topsoil, tonnes per ha

Year Tree-covered areas Grassland Cropland Wetland Artificial surfaces Other land

2000 83.95 51.95 81.06 61.95 71.21 49.38

2001 83.95 51.95 81.06 61.95 71.21 49.39

2002 83.95 51.95 81.06 61.94 71.21 49.40

2003 83.95 51.95 81.06 61.94 71.20 49.43

2004 83.95 51.95 81.07 61.93 71.20 49.46

2005 83.94 51.95 81.07 61.93 71.17 49.50

2006 83.94 51.95 81.08 61.92 71.14 49.54

2007 83.94 51.95 81.08 61.92 71.10 49.59

2008 83.94 51.94 81.09 61.91 71.05 49.63

2009 83.93 51.94 81.10 61.91 70.99 49.67

2010 83.93 51.94 81.11 61.90 70.91 49.72

2011 83.92 51.93 81.11 61.89 70.82 49.77

2012 83.92 51.93 81.12 61.89 70.70 49.82

2013 83.92 51.93 81.13 61.88 70.58 49.86

2014 83.91 51.92 81.14 61.87 70.45 49.92

2015 83.91 51.92 81.15 61.86 70.32 49.97

change 0.04 0.03 -0.09 0.09 0.89 -0.59

Mean 83.93438 51.94063 81.09313 61.91188 70.95375 49.62813

22

Table 10- Soil organic carbon change from baseline to target of national data from 2001-2015

Soil organic carbon change from baseline to target

Baseline soil

organic carbon (tons /

ha)

Target soil

organic carbon (tons /

ha)

Baseline area (sq. km)

Target area (sq. km)

Baseline soil organic carbon

(tons)

Target soil organic carbon (tons)

Change in soil organic carbon

(tons)

Change in soil organic carbon

(percent)

Forest 83.95 83.91 214,638.91 225,380.82 1,801,880,475.30 1,891,108,435.27 89,227,959.96 4.95%

Grasslands 51.95 51.92 631,294.36 622,155.70 3,279,793,030.21 3,230,294,044.93 -49,498,985.27 -1.51%

Croplands 81.06 81.15 199,517.68 198,495.82 1,617,284,590.61 1,610,816,236.47 -6,468,354.14 -0.40%

Wetlands 61.95 61.86 2,467.33 2,479.00 15,284,955.61 15,334,785.23 49,829.62 0.33%

Artificial areas 71.21 70.32 409.09 878.78 2,913,162.08 6,179,542.77 3,266,380.68 112.12%

Other lands 49.38 49.97 71,077.57 70,014.81 350,958,574.23 349,838,291.67 -1,120,282.55 -0.32%

Total: 1,119,404. 1,119,404.9 7,068,114,788.05 7,103,571,336.34 35,456,548.30

23

Table 11- Soil organic carbon change from baseline to target by type of land cover transition (as percentage of initial stock)* from 2001-2015

Soil organic carbon change from baseline to target by type of land cover transition (as percentage of initial stock)*

Land cover

type in baseline

year

Land cover type in target year

Forest Grasslands Croplands Wetlands Artificial areas Other lands

Forest 0.00% -0.26% -7.69% -0.52% -16.75% -44.25%

Grasslands 0.23% 0.01% -9.75% 0.52% -19.65% -33.69%

Croplands 7.34% 7.39% 0.01% 10.94% -21.09% -49.09%

Wetlands 0.00% -1.43% -16.30% 0.02% -15.60% -52.48%

Artificial areas - - - - -1.25% -

Other lands 33.35% 48.94% 32.18% 44.09% -4.83% 0.03%

24

6. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Addis Ababa City Administration

Table 12- proportion of degraded land distribution of Addis Ababa in (sq. km) of from 2000-2015

Area (sq km) Percent of total land area

Total land area: 550.8 100.00%

Land area improved: 16.9 3.07%

Land area stable: 155.2 28.18%

Land area degraded: 378.6 68.75%

Land area with no data: 0.0 0.00%

Table 13- land use/cover class distribution in (sq. km) of Addis Ababa from 2000-2015

Addis Ababa Profile

Year Total land sq. km Water bodies sq. km Total country area sq.

km

2000 550.78 0.00 550.78

2001 550.78 0.00 550.78

2002 550.78 0.00 550.78

2003 550.78 0.00 550.78

2004 550.78 0.00 550.78

2005 550.78 0.00 550.78

2006 550.78 0.00 550.78

2007 550.78 0.00 550.78

2008 550.78 0.00 550.78

2009 550.78 0.00 550.78

2010 550.78 0.00 550.78

2011 550.78 0.00 550.78

2012 550.78 0.00 550.78

2013 550.78 0.00 550.78

2014 550.78 0.00 550.78

2015 550.78 0.00 550.78

25

Table 14- Addis Ababa Trends in land cover from2001-2015

Addis Ababa Trends in land cover


2000 31.52 99.73 337.21 0.00 81.70 0.61

2001 31.52 99.36 337.15 0.00 82.13 0.61

2002 31.28 98.51 336.78 0.00 83.60 0.61

2003 31.28 97.28 335.62 0.00 85.99 0.61

2004 34.34 93.66 334.58 0.00 87.59 0.61

2005 33.42 88.51 324.76 0.00 103.48 0.61

2006 33.42 86.48 319.36 0.00 110.90 0.61

2007 34.22 84.03 312.49 0.00 119.42 0.61

2008 34.04 81.27 305.81 0.00 129.05 0.61

2009 34.10 78.75 299.73 0.00 137.58 0.61

2010 32.99 73.54 291.88 0.00 151.75 0.61

2011 30.79 66.61 285.63 0.00 167.64 0.12

2012 30.23 57.59 277.41 0.00 185.48 0.06

2013 30.72 53.18 270.97 0.00 195.85 0.06

2014 30.72 50.11 267.65 0.00 202.23 0.06

2015 30.66 49.19 267.16 0.00 203.76 0.00

26

Table 15- Addis Ababa Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Addis Ababa Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Land cover in target year

Tree-covered areas Grasslands Croplands Wetlands Artificial areas Other land

La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar

Tree-covered areas 25.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.95 0.00

Grasslands 4.72 49.19 0.12 0.00 45.70 0.00

Croplands 0.37 0.00 267.04 0.00 69.81 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00

27

Table 16- Addis Ababa Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover) from2001-2015

Addis Ababa Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe


Grasslands 6.50 10.79 17.97 11.78 2.15 0.00

Croplands 21.29 53.37 55.89 128.83 7.67 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

28

Table 17- Addis Ababa Trends in carbon stock above and below ground from 2001-2015

Addis Ababa Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2000 96.91 84.26 72.92 0.00 86.17 91.60

2001 96.90 84.25 72.92 0.00 86.17 91.60

2002 96.88 84.22 72.92 0.00 86.16 91.60

2003 96.86 84.14 72.89 0.00 86.15 91.60

2004 96.82 84.06 72.85 0.00 86.14 91.60

2005 96.71 83.82 72.71 0.00 86.04 91.60

2006 96.60 83.50 72.53 0.00 85.94 91.60

2007 96.48 83.13 72.28 0.00 85.82 91.60

2008 96.32 82.69 71.95 0.00 85.64 91.60

2009 96.14 82.17 71.58 0.00 85.44 91.60

2010 95.86 81.42 71.14 0.00 85.19 91.60

2011 95.30 80.41 70.63 0.00 84.86 91.10

2012 94.64 79.11 70.03 0.00 84.47 90.70

2013 93.94 77.71 69.38 0.00 84.07 90.30

2014 93.23 76.22 68.70 0.00 83.67 89.90

2015 92.50 74.67 68.02 0.00 83.25 89.50

29

7. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Afar Regional state

Table 18- land Degradation of Afar region from 2001-2015

Area (sq km)

Percent of total land

area

Total land area: 93,418.9 100.00%


Land area stable: 18,202.4 19.48%

Land area degraded: 50,017.3 53.54%

Land area with no data: 24,242.6 25.95%

Table 19-Distribution of Afar land and water body

Afar land and water body


km

2001 93,287.15 853.62 94,140.77

2002 93,381.51 759.26 94,140.77

2003 93,388.26 752.51 94,140.77

2004 93,391.67 749.10 94,140.77

2005 93,393.85 746.92 94,140.77

2006 93,406.46 734.31 94,140.77

2007 93,422.27 718.50 94,140.77

2008 93,408.65 732.12 94,140.77

2009 93,424.23 716.54 94,140.77

2010 93,422.10 718.66 94,140.77

2011 93,423.31 717.45 94,140.77

2012 93,431.44 709.33 94,140.77

2013 93,430.83 709.94 94,140.77

2014 93,418.90 721.87 94,140.77

2015 93,418.90 721.87 94,140.77

30

Table 20- Afar Trends in land cover from 2001-2015

Afar Trends in land cover

Year Tree-covered areas Grassland Cropland Wetland Artifical surfaces Other land

2001 1,067.72 32,840.05 4,117.90 351.58 37.39 54,872.51

2002 1,061.74 32,895.69 4,099.13 351.51 37.39 54,936.04

2003 1,061.74 33,024.60 4,085.81 350.84 37.39 54,827.88

2004 1,071.51 33,260.44 4,076.74 349.00 37.39 54,596.59

2005 1,070.97 33,231.65 4,102.64 347.85 37.39 54,603.36

2006 1,072.99 33,187.74 4,104.58 350.84 37.39 54,652.93

2007 1,073.60 33,181.53 4,114.81 353.28 37.39 54,661.67

2008 1,077.13 33,177.85 4,111.97 347.81 37.39 54,656.50

2009 1,077.13 33,199.55 4,101.88 355.00 37.39 54,653.29

2010 1,077.19 33,189.79 4,155.38 355.00 37.39 54,607.36

2011 1,077.19 33,195.29 4,167.41 355.06 37.39 54,590.97

2012 1,077.19 33,198.07 4,170.90 355.06 37.39 54,592.83

2013 1,077.19 33,194.26 4,164.19 354.69 37.39 54,603.11

2014 1,078.84 33,201.53 4,171.07 355.73 37.39 54,574.35

2015 1,078.84 33,201.53 4,171.07 355.73 37.39 54,574.35

31

Table 21- Afar Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) from2001-2015

Afar Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar

Tree-covered areas 1,060.28 5.98 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.42

Grasslands 3.64 32,470.94 92.41 5.51 0.00 263.84

Croplands 14.18 93.90 3,982.38 1.65 0.00 18.48

Wetlands 0.00 1.77 3.97 335.00 0.00 0.06


Other land 0.00 612.58 80.48 0.12 0.00 54,141.71

32

Table 22- Afar Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover) from 2001-2015

Afar Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe


Grasslands 5,031.92 10,157.66 8,161.21 8,473.16 237.06 409.94

Croplands 436.86 586.55 805.05 1,780.30 294.54 79.08

Wetlands 58.59 32.57 60.66 62.81 17.91 102.46


Other land 2,259.91 11,964.69 8,804.06 7,703.74 21.15 23,388.17

33

Table 23- Afar Trends in carbon stock above and below ground from 2001-2015

Afar Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 52.72 48.89 55.60 58.33 54.48 52.14

2002 52.72 48.88 55.60 58.33 54.48 52.14

2003 52.72 48.88 55.60 58.32 54.48 52.14

2004 52.72 48.88 55.60 58.31 54.48 52.16

2005 52.72 48.88 55.61 58.30 54.48 52.17

2006 52.71 48.87 55.61 58.29 54.47 52.19

2007 52.71 48.87 55.62 58.28 54.47 52.20

2008 52.71 48.86 55.62 58.27 54.47 52.22

2009 52.71 48.85 55.63 58.27 54.47 52.24

2010 52.71 48.84 55.64 58.26 54.47 52.26

2011 52.71 48.83 55.65 58.25 54.47 52.28

2012 52.71 48.82 55.65 58.25 54.46 52.30

2013 52.71 48.81 55.66 58.24 54.46 52.33

2014 52.71 48.80 55.67 58.24 54.46 52.35

2015 52.70 48.79 55.68 58.23 54.46 52.37

34

8. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Amhara regional State

Table 24- Distribution of land degradation of Amhara region from 2001-2015

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 152,960.2 100.00%

Land area improved: 22,896.6 14.97%




Table 25- Amhara land water area distribution from 2001-2015

Amhara land water area distribution


km

2001 153,003.46 3,164.89 156,168.35

2002 153,013.05 3,155.30 156,168.35

2003 153,010.50 3,157.85 156,168.35

2004 153,017.13 3,151.23 156,168.35

2005 153,017.55 3,150.80 156,168.35

2006 153,018.16 3,150.19 156,168.35

2007 153,017.44 3,150.91 156,168.35

2008 152,982.11 3,186.24 156,168.35

2009 152,980.01 3,188.34 156,168.35

2010 152,960.17 3,208.18 156,168.35

2011 152,960.53 3,207.82 156,168.35

2012 152,960.47 3,207.88 156,168.35

2013 152,960.47 3,207.88 156,168.35

2014 152,960.23 3,208.12 156,168.35

2015 152,960.23 3,208.12 156,168.35

35

Table 26- Amhara Trends in land use/cover change from 2001-2015

Amhara Trends in land use/cover change


2001 29,618.73 82,164.82 40,010.33 425.21 64.25 720.12

2002 29,536.38 82,210.66 40,053.58 427.94 64.25 720.24

2003 29,630.57 82,086.76 40,080.26 430.74 64.25 717.93

2004 29,986.75 81,651.44 40,155.50 441.20 64.55 717.69

2005 29,952.31 81,666.73 40,174.90 440.77 65.16 717.69

2006 30,208.96 81,397.17 40,184.23 443.69 66.07 718.05

2007 30,289.95 81,322.62 40,169.09 444.24 73.49 718.05

2008 30,363.61 81,187.39 40,213.46 422.34 78.30 717.02

2009 30,354.65 81,146.73 40,250.57 421.74 87.37 718.95

2010 30,361.33 81,113.83 40,259.39 411.52 93.81 720.28

2011 30,427.74 81,069.84 40,225.26 412.31 104.44 720.95

2012 30,458.66 81,044.78 40,214.15 411.58 110.54 720.77

2013 30,575.12 80,950.74 40,180.88 411.70 121.39 720.65

2014 30,806.97 80,781.62 40,105.91 412.13 133.02 720.59

2015 30,806.36 80,776.57 40,098.84 411.88 145.99 720.59

36

Table 27- Amahara Land cover area change matrix (sq. km) from 2001-2015

Amahara Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 1,660.15 79,927.45 516.68 11.01 35.01 4.65

Croplands 288.94 147.23 39,507.46 4.26 44.24 0.24

Wetlands 0.85 8.08 0.91 373.35 0.49 0.67


Other land 0.12 0.79 0.00 1.58 0.00 713.26

37

Table 28- Amahara Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover) from 2001-2015

Amahara Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

Tree-covered areas 44.05 3,055.79 12,815.14 4,320.63 8,590.45 29.02

Grasslands 981.45 7,496.35 22,286.49 41,362.65 7,730.88 69.62

Croplands 660.90 2,295.00 10,107.77 21,125.41 5,260.84 57.53

Wetlands 79.99 56.63 35.70 141.12 17.25 42.66


Other land 8.13 26.19 116.89 550.86 8.82 2.37

38

Table 29- Amhara Trends in carbon stock above and below ground from 2001-2015

Amhara Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 75.20 68.86 74.40 76.16 95.52 66.57

2002 75.20 68.85 74.40 76.16 95.52 66.57

2003 75.20 68.85 74.40 76.16 95.52 66.58

2004 75.19 68.85 74.40 76.15 95.52 66.58

2005 75.19 68.85 74.40 76.15 95.52 66.59

2006 75.19 68.85 74.41 76.14 95.51 66.59

2007 75.19 68.84 74.41 76.13 95.51 66.60

2008 75.19 68.84 74.41 76.12 95.49 66.60

2009 75.19 68.84 74.42 76.11 95.47 66.61

2010 75.19 68.83 74.42 76.10 95.42 66.61

2011 75.19 68.83 74.42 76.09 95.37 66.62

2012 75.19 68.82 74.43 76.08 95.29 66.63

2013 75.18 68.82 74.43 76.08 95.21 66.63

2014 75.18 68.81 74.43 76.06 95.12 66.64

39

9. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Benisgangul-Gumuse

regional state

Table 30- Distribution of land degradation of Benisgangul-Gumuse from 2001-2015

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 50,000.8 100.00%





Table 31- Benishangul_Gumuze water and land area distribution

Benishangul_Gumuze water and land area distribution

Year Total land sq. km Water bodies sq.

km Total country area

sq. km

2001 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2002 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2003 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2004 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2005 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2006 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2007 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2008 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2009 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2010 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2011 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2012 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2013 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2014 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

2015 50,000.85 72.91 50,073.75

40

Table 32- Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in land use/cover

Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in land cover


2001 37,223.35 9,899.03 2,874.92 2.01 1.53 0.00

2002 37,242.57 9,871.37 2,883.36 2.01 1.53 0.00

2003 37,300.77 9,814.21 2,882.33 2.01 1.53 0.00

2004 37,393.33 9,728.26 2,875.72 2.01 1.53 0.00

2005 37,451.32 9,642.89 2,903.09 2.01 1.53 0.00

2006 37,513.36 9,583.41 2,900.53 2.01 1.53 0.00

2007 37,592.46 9,508.66 2,896.19 2.01 1.53 0.00

2008 37,689.28 9,420.15 2,887.87 2.01 1.53 0.00

2009 37,707.63 9,400.87 2,888.81 2.01 1.53 0.00

2010 37,733.21 9,370.21 2,893.88 2.01 1.53 0.00

2011 37,735.80 9,373.29 2,888.15 2.01 1.59 0.00

2012 37,752.53 9,358.02 2,886.32 2.01 1.96 0.00

2013 37,769.50 9,342.02 2,884.98 2.01 2.32 0.00

2014 37,814.04 9,315.11 2,866.87 2.01 2.81 0.00

2015 37,814.04 9,314.75 2,866.87 2.01 3.18 0.00

41

Table 33- Benishangul_Gumuze Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Benishangul_Gumuze Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 685.94 9,204.53 7.70 0.00 0.86 0.00

Croplands 80.16 2.87 2,791.40 0.00 0.49 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

42

Table 34- Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

Tree-covered areas 1.16 1,835.77 16,659.19 970.64 17,566.59 14.59

Grasslands 3.72 614.10 3,467.36 633.31 4,481.96 4.09

Croplands 3.53 298.29 1,325.84 116.59 1,046.84 0.31

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 1.95 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

43

Table 35- Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Benishangul_Gumuze Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 81.52 66.82 86.55 112.95 73.00 0.00

2002 81.52 66.81 86.55 112.95 73.00 0.00

2003 81.52 66.81 86.55 112.95 73.00 0.00

2004 81.52 66.81 86.55 112.95 73.00 0.00

2005 81.52 66.81 86.56 112.95 73.00 0.00

2006 81.52 66.81 86.56 112.95 73.00 0.00

2007 81.52 66.81 86.57 112.95 73.00 0.00

2008 81.52 66.81 86.58 112.95 73.00 0.00

2009 81.52 66.81 86.59 112.95 73.00 0.00

2010 81.51 66.81 86.60 112.95 73.00 0.00

2011 81.51 66.81 86.62 112.95 72.88 0.00

2012 81.51 66.81 86.64 112.95 72.76 0.00

2013 81.51 66.81 86.65 112.95 72.64 0.00

2014 81.51 66.81 86.68 112.95 72.40 0.00

2015 81.51 66.81 86.70 112.95 72.16 0.00

44

10. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Dire-Dawa City Administration

Table 36- Dynamics of land Degradation from 2001-2015

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 1,059.0 100.00%





Table 37- Dire dawa water and land matrix

Dire Dawa water and land matrix


km

2001 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2002 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2003 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2004 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2005 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2006 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2007 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2008 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2009 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2010 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2011 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2012 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2013 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2014 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

2015 1,059.04 0.00 1,059.04

45

Table 38- DireDawa Trends in land cover

DireDawa Trends in land cover


2001 89.71 722.52 232.36 0.00 7.59 6.86

2002 89.71 722.52 232.36 0.00 7.59 6.86

2003 89.71 722.34 232.54 0.00 7.59 6.86

2004 89.71 721.97 232.79 0.00 7.72 6.86

2005 89.71 721.60 232.91 0.00 7.96 6.86

2006 89.71 720.87 233.40 0.00 8.21 6.86

2007 89.71 720.56 233.34 0.00 8.57 6.86

2008 89.71 719.34 233.09 0.00 10.04 6.86

2009 89.71 718.85 232.73 0.00 10.90 6.86

2010 89.71 717.99 232.54 0.00 11.94 6.86

2011 89.71 717.56 232.30 0.00 12.61 6.86

2012 89.71 716.52 231.99 0.00 13.96 6.86

2013 89.71 716.21 231.44 0.00 14.82 6.86

2014 89.77 715.48 231.07 0.00 15.86 6.86

2015 89.77 715.36 231.07 0.00 15.98 6.86

46

Table 39- Dire Dawa Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

DireDawa Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 0.06 715.29 1.35 0.00 5.82 0.00

Croplands 0.00 0.06 229.73 0.00 2.57 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.86

47

Table 40- DireDawa Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

DireDawa Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe


Grasslands 93.00 210.73 357.98 38.65 14.95 0.00

Croplands 8.45 34.42 114.28 66.15 6.43 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Other land 2.94 3.37 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00

48

Table 41- Dire DawaTrends in carbon stock above and below ground

Dire DawaTrends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 47.27 50.45 64.79 0.00 47.04 40.87

2002 47.27 50.45 64.79 0.00 47.04 40.87

2003 47.27 50.44 64.79 0.00 47.04 40.87

2004 47.27 50.44 64.79 0.00 47.04 40.87

2005 47.27 50.44 64.78 0.00 47.04 40.87

2006 47.27 50.44 64.78 0.00 47.04 40.87

2007 47.27 50.44 64.78 0.00 47.04 40.87

2008 47.27 50.43 64.77 0.00 47.04 40.87

2009 47.27 50.42 64.76 0.00 47.04 40.87

2010 47.27 50.41 64.75 0.00 47.04 40.87

2011 47.27 50.40 64.74 0.00 47.04 40.87

2012 47.27 50.38 64.73 0.00 47.02 40.87

2013 47.27 50.37 64.71 0.00 47.00 40.87

2014 47.27 50.35 64.69 0.00 46.96 40.87

2015 47.27 50.34 64.66 0.00 46.93 40.87

49

11. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Gambella regional State

Table 42-Dynamics of land degradadtion of Gambella from 2001-2015

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 25,411.7 100.00%





Table 43- Gambella water and land matrix

Gambella water and land matrix

Year Total land sq. km Water bodies sq. km

Total country area sq. km

2001 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2002 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2003 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2004 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2005 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2006 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2007 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2008 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2009 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2010 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2011 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2012 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2013 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2014 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

2015 25,411.71 72.11 25,483.82

50

Table 44- Gambella Trends in land cover

Gambella Trends in land cover


2001 10,196.35 13,182.53 1,543.04 488.81 0.98 0.00

2002 10,307.52 13,069.82 1,543.59 489.79 0.98 0.00

2003 10,388.49 12,988.06 1,544.39 489.79 0.98 0.00

2004 10,456.40 12,920.89 1,543.28 490.16 0.98 0.00

2005 10,399.98 12,953.51 1,564.87 492.31 1.05 0.00

2006 10,372.84 12,976.64 1,568.75 492.31 1.17 0.00

2007 10,378.96 12,967.57 1,571.45 492.56 1.17 0.00

2008 10,367.83 12,976.18 1,573.12 493.11 1.48 0.00

2009 10,358.62 12,980.09 1,578.04 493.11 1.84 0.00

2010 10,330.86 13,002.81 1,582.41 493.17 2.46 0.00

2011 10,315.58 13,015.62 1,584.69 493.17 2.64 0.00

2012 10,262.10 13,068.68 1,584.44 493.17 3.32 0.00

2013 10,254.71 13,076.19 1,583.89 493.17 3.75 0.00

2014 10,286.78 13,047.19 1,582.04 491.94 3.75 0.00

2015 10,286.78 13,047.19 1,582.04 491.94 3.75 0.00

51

Table 45- Gambella Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Gambella Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 448.86 12,726.59 3.87 1.41 1.78 0.00

Croplands 6.65 0.00 1,535.90 0.00 0.49 0.00

Wetlands 1.72 0.00 0.00 487.09 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

52

Table 46- Gambella Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Gambella Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

Tree-covered areas 0.00 24.43 1,119.47 595.11 8,089.32 1.23

Grasslands 6.64 71.22 771.10 249.83 11,627.81 0.00

Croplands 0.74 13.77 359.01 48.80 1,113.59 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 1.91 91.63 9.10 384.45 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

53

Table 47- Gambella Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Gambella Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 76.37 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2002 76.37 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2003 76.37 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2004 76.37 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2005 76.37 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2006 76.36 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2007 76.36 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2008 76.36 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2009 76.36 63.15 69.63 64.80 62.69 0.00

2010 76.36 63.15 69.64 64.80 62.69 0.00

2011 76.35 63.14 69.64 64.80 62.69 0.00

2012 76.35 63.14 69.64 64.80 62.69 0.00

2013 76.35 63.14 69.64 64.80 62.69 0.00

2014 76.34 63.14 69.64 64.80 62.69 0.00

2015 76.34 63.14 69.64 64.80 62.69 0.00

54

12. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Harari Regional State

Table 48- trends of land degradation of Harari Regional State

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 363.7 100.00%





Table 49- Harari land and Water Matrix

Harari land and Water Matrix


km

2001 363.69 0.00 363.69

2002 363.69 0.00 363.69

2003 363.69 0.00 363.69

2004 363.69 0.00 363.69

2005 363.69 0.00 363.69

2006 363.69 0.00 363.69

2007 363.69 0.00 363.69

2008 363.69 0.00 363.69

2009 363.69 0.00 363.69

2010 363.69 0.00 363.69

2011 363.69 0.00 363.69

2012 363.69 0.00 363.69

2013 363.69 0.00 363.69

2014 363.69 0.00 363.69

2015 363.69 0.00 363.69

55

Table 50- Harari Trends in land use/ cover

Harari Trends in land use/ cover


2001 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2002 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2003 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2004 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2005 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2006 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2007 11.28 81.76 268.44 0.00 2.21 0.00

2008 11.28 81.76 268.20 0.00 2.45 0.00

2009 11.28 81.58 268.01 0.00 2.82 0.00

2010 11.03 81.45 267.89 0.00 3.31 0.00

2011 11.03 80.96 267.89 0.00 3.80 0.00

2012 11.03 81.21 267.46 0.00 3.98 0.00

2013 11.03 80.96 267.28 0.00 4.41 0.00

2014 11.03 80.90 266.54 0.00 5.21 0.00

2015 11.03 80.84 266.30 0.00 5.52 0.00

56

Table 51- Harari Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Harari Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 0.00 80.59 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00

Croplands 0.00 0.25 266.30 0.00 1.90 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

57

Table 52- Harari Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Harari Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe


Grasslands 7.48 3.00 12.99 39.47 17.65 0.00

Croplands 18.39 12.26 36.71 162.66 36.28 0.00

Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

58

Table 53- Harari Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Harari Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2002 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2003 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2004 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2005 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2006 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2007 63.33 62.36 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2008 63.30 62.35 65.55 0.00 67.64 0.00

2009 63.25 62.35 65.54 0.00 67.64 0.00

2010 63.18 62.34 65.53 0.00 67.64 0.00

2011 63.12 62.32 65.53 0.00 67.64 0.00

2012 63.05 62.30 65.52 0.00 67.64 0.00

2013 62.99 62.27 65.51 0.00 67.64 0.00

2014 62.92 62.24 65.49 0.00 67.64 0.00

2015 62.85 62.20 65.46 0.00 67.64 0.00

59

13. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Oromiya Regional State

Table 54- Land Degradation of Oromiya Regional State

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 323,256.3 100.00%





Table 55- Oromiya land and water surface area matrix

Oromiya land and water surface area matrix

Year Total land sq. km Water bodies sq. km


2001 323,249.14 2,358.91 325,608.05

2002 323,256.83 2,351.22 325,608.05

2003 323,258.29 2,349.76 325,608.05

2004 323,272.19 2,335.86 325,608.05

2005 323,273.05 2,335.00 325,608.05

2006 323,273.91 2,334.14 325,608.05

2007 323,275.99 2,332.06 325,608.05

2008 323,271.45 2,336.60 325,608.05

2009 323,272.43 2,335.62 325,608.05

2010 323,276.30 2,331.75 325,608.05

2011 323,278.33 2,329.72 325,608.05

2012 323,277.04 2,331.01 325,608.05

2013 323,270.13 2,337.93 325,608.05

2014 323,256.29 2,351.76 325,608.05

2015 323,256.29 2,351.76 325,608.05

60

Table 56- Oromiya Trends in land use/cover

Oromiya Trends in land use/cover


2001 77,537.12 152,684.28 92,087.20 161.00 70.12 709.42

2002 77,883.88 152,367.30 92,063.70 162.97 70.55 708.42

2003 78,449.71 151,968.40 91,901.63 159.40 70.99 708.17

2004 80,069.66 150,692.24 91,567.70 163.63 72.34 706.62

2005 80,105.59 150,561.21 91,652.79 165.41 82.22 705.82

2006 80,215.89 150,439.72 91,658.88 165.90 88.37 705.14

2007 81,062.03 149,955.88 91,287.05 166.64 100.05 704.34

2008 81,464.95 149,668.88 91,159.99 166.58 109.75 701.31

2009 81,514.48 149,573.11 91,192.70 167.69 124.31 700.13

2010 81,514.85 149,532.21 91,212.54 171.74 145.32 699.64

2011 81,616.16 149,442.90 91,186.12 175.12 161.84 696.18

2012 81,651.43 149,413.87 91,162.20 174.69 178.54 696.31

2013 81,882.12 149,282.94 91,039.16 171.66 200.10 694.15

2014 82,507.59 148,968.94 90,698.51 171.65 220.62 688.98

2015 82,505.26 148,961.88 90,690.65 171.58 237.94 688.98

61

Table 57- Oromiya Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Oromiya Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 3,742.80 148,753.71 114.85 2.64 64.00 0.31

Croplands 1,906.62 28.71 90,042.35 3.50 96.50 0.00

Wetlands 4.31 0.00 0.49 146.48 0.06 0.00


Other land 0.06 9.78 1.36 0.00 0.00 688.55

62

Table 58- Oromiya Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Oromiya Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe


Grasslands 1,678.23 5,888.94 15,245.97 100,819.32 24,982.57 138.69

Croplands 755.20 4,571.07 22,362.20 29,834.31 32,426.05 93.52

Wetlands 16.29 9.82 13.50 73.13 12.50 21.23


Other land 3.93 2.53 3.63 224.48 28.10 425.88

63

Table 59- Oromiya Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Oromiya Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 95.06 64.04 85.56 77.40 74.70 65.83

2002 95.06 64.04 85.56 77.40 74.70 65.83

2003 95.06 64.04 85.56 77.40 74.70 65.84

2004 95.06 64.04 85.57 77.40 74.70 65.85

2005 95.06 64.04 85.57 77.40 74.66 65.85

2006 95.06 64.04 85.58 77.40 74.61 65.86

2007 95.05 64.04 85.59 77.40 74.54 65.88

2008 95.05 64.04 85.60 77.40 74.46 65.89

2009 95.05 64.04 85.61 77.40 74.37 65.91

2010 95.04 64.04 85.62 77.40 74.27 65.93

2011 95.04 64.04 85.64 77.39 74.16 65.96

2012 95.03 64.04 85.65 77.39 74.03 65.98

2013 95.03 64.04 85.66 77.39 73.90 66.01

2014 95.02 64.04 85.68 77.39 73.74 66.04

2015 95.01 64.04 85.69 77.39 73.57 66.06

64

14. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of SNNP Regional state

Table 60-SNNP Land degradation from2001-2015

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 112,945.0 100.00%





Table 61- SNNP land and water surface area Matrix

SNNP land and water surface area Matrix


km

2001 112,958.86 1,193.81 114,152.67

2002 112,960.40 1,192.27 114,152.67

2003 112,962.38 1,190.29 114,152.67

2004 112,963.62 1,189.05 114,152.67

2005 112,962.14 1,190.53 114,152.67

2006 112,962.14 1,190.53 114,152.67

2007 112,962.14 1,190.53 114,152.67

2008 112,955.15 1,197.53 114,152.67

2009 112,955.15 1,197.53 114,152.67

2010 112,954.53 1,198.14 114,152.67

2011 112,954.71 1,197.96 114,152.67

2012 112,954.71 1,197.96 114,152.67

2013 112,951.99 1,200.68 114,152.67

2014 112,944.95 1,207.72 114,152.67

2015 112,945.01 1,207.66 114,152.67

65

Table 62- SNNP Trends in land cover

SNNP Trends in land cover


2001 35,598.89 43,070.36 33,493.08 278.20 27.39 490.94

2002 35,838.64 42,888.07 33,467.91 277.34 27.39 461.05

2003 36,102.21 42,658.03 33,445.77 278.95 27.64 449.79

2004 36,952.93 42,013.50 33,267.11 279.19 27.89 423.00

2005 37,074.42 41,857.20 33,300.75 279.32 28.93 421.51

2006 37,163.12 41,759.49 33,317.25 277.96 31.65 412.66

2007 37,367.39 41,574.34 33,296.41 278.21 36.27 409.51

2008 37,507.51 41,443.48 33,284.13 279.81 37.38 402.83

2009 37,522.31 41,421.32 33,291.03 281.29 41.70 397.50

2010 37,529.12 41,406.14 33,297.92 280.85 45.71 394.78

2011 37,618.88 41,341.18 33,282.10 280.73 48.42 383.39

2012 37,602.18 41,344.38 33,291.72 280.24 52.31 383.89

2013 37,698.05 41,280.82 33,245.88 278.69 58.23 390.32

2014 38,250.09 40,978.82 32,984.12 276.34 65.88 389.70

2015 38,250.09 40,977.77 32,981.04 276.22 70.19 389.70

66

Table 63- SNNP Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

SNNP Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 2,215.11 40,773.58 45.41 1.66 15.04 13.36

Croplands 683.51 14.74 32,767.77 1.23 22.87 0.00

Wetlands 1.91 2.04 0.19 268.01 2.66 0.00


Other land 0.00 109.52 0.19 0.00 0.00 376.28

67

Table 64- SNNP Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

SNNP Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe


Grasslands 327.28 1,375.61 3,095.80 19,828.04 15,945.70 201.15

Croplands 220.05 1,932.82 9,461.59 12,457.38 8,635.63 60.30

Wetlands 19.27 9.76 11.93 82.82 74.71 69.52


Other land 3.21 0.43 3.28 147.87 45.37 176.11

68

Table 65- SNNP-Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

SNNP-Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 95.99 66.79 97.79 69.66 91.61 45.08

2002 95.99 66.79 97.79 69.66 91.61 45.14

2003 95.99 66.79 97.79 69.66 91.61 45.26

2004 95.99 66.79 97.80 69.66 91.61 45.45

2005 95.99 66.79 97.81 69.65 91.61 45.68

2006 95.99 66.79 97.81 69.65 91.61 45.90

2007 95.99 66.79 97.82 69.65 91.61 46.15

2008 95.98 66.79 97.83 69.65 91.61 46.41

2009 95.98 66.79 97.84 69.65 91.60 46.72

2010 95.98 66.79 97.85 69.65 91.59 47.03

2011 95.97 66.79 97.86 69.63 91.58 47.39

2012 95.97 66.79 97.87 69.61 91.57 47.75

2013 95.96 66.79 97.88 69.58 91.56 48.11

2014 95.96 66.79 97.89 69.54 91.55 48.46

2015 95.95 66.79 97.91 69.49 91.54 48.83

69

15. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Ethio-Somali Regional state

Table 66- Land degradation of Ethio Somali from2001-2015

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 310,562.7 100.00%




Land area with no data: 5,509.9 1.77%

Table 67- Ethio_somali land and water surface area matrix

Ethio_somali land and water surface area matrix

Year Total land sq. km

Water bodies sq. km


2001 310,562.81 6.80 310,569.61

2002 310,562.81 6.80 310,569.61

2003 310,562.81 6.80 310,569.61

2004 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2005 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2006 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2007 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2008 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2009 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2010 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2011 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2012 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2013 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2014 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

2015 310,562.69 6.92 310,569.61

70

Table 68- Ethio_somali Trends in land cover

Ethio_somali Trends in land cover


2001 17,868.07 274,036.26 4,097.82 802.36 82.57 13,675.74

2002 17,846.29 274,091.94 4,133.57 802.30 82.57 13,606.14

2003 17,853.76 274,169.15 4,143.55 802.30 82.57 13,511.49

2004 17,925.48 274,372.46 4,180.43 802.11 82.57 13,199.64

2005 17,968.52 274,309.22 4,193.18 802.11 82.57 13,207.08

2006 18,031.67 274,167.03 4,202.67 802.18 82.57 13,276.57

2007 18,173.89 273,979.47 4,206.35 802.18 82.82 13,317.99

2008 18,412.44 273,655.51 4,197.54 802.18 83.12 13,411.90

2009 18,489.15 273,511.77 4,221.13 802.11 83.55 13,454.97

2010 18,536.11 273,425.36 4,285.75 802.24 84.16 13,429.07

2011 18,538.56 273,327.42 4,291.52 802.24 84.29 13,518.67

2012 18,579.03 273,316.92 4,296.01 802.24 84.53 13,483.96

2013 18,675.11 273,208.26 4,296.03 802.24 84.96 13,496.10

2014 18,943.77 272,970.47 4,278.25 803.91 85.51 13,480.79

2015 18,943.77 272,970.16 4,278.25 803.91 85.82 13,480.79

71

Table 69- Ethio-Somali Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Ethio-Somali Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 1,087.86 272,154.53 264.28 0.62 3.01 525.97

Croplands 80.15 19.12 3,996.53 1.11 0.25 0.67

Wetlands 0.19 0.00 0.00 802.05 0.00 0.00


Other land 1.60 710.08 9.91 0.00 0.00 12,954.14

72

Table 70_ Ethio_somali Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Ethio_somali Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

Tree-covered areas 104.49 553.64 3,638.85 13,309.10 143.16 24.73

Grasslands 878.18 5,247.32 35,955.58 225,475.42 3,277.51 1,320.52

Croplands 214.76 345.76 856.86 2,329.23 242.19 7.73

Wetlands 0.49 1.17 33.02 553.37 213.37 0.62


Other land 13.95 948.51 3,319.43 4,689.83 1.41 3,981.02

73

Table 71- Ethio-somali Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Ethio-somali Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2001 44.87 36.53 56.11 49.15 41.69 36.90

2002 44.87 36.53 56.11 49.15 41.69 36.91

2003 44.87 36.53 56.11 49.15 41.69 36.94

2004 44.87 36.53 56.10 49.15 41.69 37.00

2005 44.86 36.53 56.10 49.15 41.69 37.08

2006 44.86 36.53 56.10 49.15 41.69 37.15

2007 44.86 36.53 56.11 49.15 41.69 37.23

2008 44.86 36.53 56.11 49.15 41.69 37.30

2009 44.86 36.52 56.11 49.15 41.69 37.38

2010 44.86 36.52 56.12 49.15 41.69 37.46

2011 44.86 36.52 56.12 49.15 41.68 37.54

2012 44.86 36.52 56.13 49.15 41.68 37.63

2013 44.86 36.51 56.13 49.15 41.68 37.72

2014 44.86 36.51 56.14 49.15 41.68 37.82

2015 44.86 36.51 56.15 49.15 41.68 37.91

74

16. Progress on sub-indicators of SDG-15.3.1 of Tigray Regional state

Table 72- Rate of land degradation of Tigray Regon

Area (sq km)


area

Total land area: 49,186.3 100.00%





Table 73- Tigray water and land surface area

Tigray water and land surface area


km

2000 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2001 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2002 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2003 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2004 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2005 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2006 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2007 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2008 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2009 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2010 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2011 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2012 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2013 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2014 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

2015 49,186.34 27.81 49,214.15

75

Table 74- Tigray Trends in land cover

Tigray Trends in land cover


2000 5,670.86 22,489.48 20,649.49 26.17 33.60 316.73

2001 5,595.08 22,398.21 20,813.21 26.17 33.60 320.05

2002 5,532.91 22,356.84 20,915.92 26.17 33.60 320.90

2003 5,502.16 22,262.59 21,041.34 26.17 33.60 320.48

2004 5,519.12 22,211.35 21,076.70 26.17 33.72 319.27

2005 5,511.69 22,195.45 21,099.73 26.17 33.91 319.39

2006 5,528.35 22,163.65 21,113.96 26.17 34.63 319.58

2007 5,520.19 22,161.93 21,123.30 26.17 35.29 319.46

2008 5,520.32 22,141.00 21,140.00 26.17 38.74 320.12

2009 5,513.91 22,074.67 21,210.08 26.17 40.49 321.02

2010 5,515.60 22,058.62 21,220.34 26.17 44.23 321.38

2011 5,521.57 22,073.31 21,196.17 26.17 48.22 320.90

2012 5,552.28 22,049.22 21,187.26 26.17 50.51 320.90

2013 5,560.49 22,121.71 21,101.73 26.17 55.34 320.90

2014 5,581.60 22,098.49 21,098.66 26.05 60.65 320.90

2015 5,581.60 22,092.46 21,096.06 26.05 69.27 320.90

76

Table 75- Tigray Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)

Tigray Land cover area change matrix (sq. km)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

in

ba

seli

ne

ye

ar


Grasslands 148.82 21,701.95 602.92 0.00 27.70 8.08

Croplands 15.83 145.41 20,480.95 0.00 7.29 0.00

Wetlands 0.12 0.00 0.00 26.05 0.00 0.00


Other land 0.18 3.37 0.00 0.00 0.60 312.58

77

Table 76- Tigray Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)

Tigray Trends in land productivity or functioning of the land (for pixels with unchanged land cover)



La

nd

co

ve

r ty

pe

Tree-covered areas 79.72 1,463.07 2,644.81 902.72 321.73 4.59

Grasslands 859.76 6,200.73 7,179.08 7,349.01 98.30 15.07

Croplands 687.84 2,272.55 7,776.82 9,697.78 29.22 16.76

Wetlands 0.84 12.12 2.00 9.69 1.39 0.00


Other land 26.95 143.61 68.94 61.39 0.24 11.43

78

Table 77- Tigray Trends in carbon stock above and below ground

Tigray Trends in carbon stock above and below ground



2000 64.43 57.43 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.07

2001 64.42 57.43 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.07

2002 64.42 57.42 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.08

2003 64.42 57.40 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.09

2004 64.42 57.39 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.11

2005 64.42 57.38 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.13

2006 64.42 57.37 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.15

2007 64.42 57.36 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.17

2008 64.42 57.34 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.20

2009 64.41 57.33 57.40 59.65 61.41 49.22

2010 64.41 57.31 57.40 59.65 61.39 49.24

2011 64.41 57.30 57.40 59.65 61.37 49.26

2012 64.41 57.28 57.40 59.65 61.34 49.29

2013 64.41 57.26 57.40 59.65 61.32 49.31

2014 64.41 57.25 57.40 59.65 61.29 49.33

2015 64.41 57.23 57.41 59.65 61.26 49.35

79

17. Summary and Conclusion

80

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19. Appendix

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