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PROCEEDINGS

8th

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH AND DESIGN

AR+DC 2016

Place Speaks: Evoking Spirit of Place in Contemporary Architecture

Copyright

Department of Architecture ITS Surabaya

@2016

Editors:

Asri Dinapradipta

I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama

FX Teddy Badai Samodra

Arina Hayati

Nurfahmi Muchlis

Graphic and Cover Designer:


Nurfahmi Muchlis

First Edition October 2016

Publisher:

Department of Architecture

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)

Kampus ITS, Sukolilo

Surabaya, Indonesia, 60111

ISBN 978-979-3334-24-0

All Right Reserved

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) i

Foreword

The 8th

International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 2016 is an annual

international conference organized by Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and

Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. This year, the department

conducts the conference in collaboration with both the Indonesian Association of School of Architecture

(APTARI) and the Indonesian Institute of Architect (IAI). This collaboration is intended to widen topic of

the conference and embrace not only research on architecture, but also topics on architectural education

and practices. All the topics are believed to be the key ingredients in the more comprehensive and

integrative development of knowledge in architecture.

The theme for the AR+DC 2016 conference is “PLACE SPEAKS: EVOKING SPIRIT OF PLACE IN

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE”. Spirit of place has been a central issue for our vernacular

and traditional architecture for a long period of time. It becomes a basis for its design. Nowadays, context

for design is greatly changed, and the way the designers translate the spirit of place is likely to be

different. This conference brings academics, researchers and professionals in an international forum

where ideas and knowledge of architecture in relation to place is discussed, exchanged and shared. Five

specific topics are set as follows in order to embrace various and current development in architectural

knowledge, research and practice:

1. Architectural theory; Keywords: regionalism, critical regionalism, spirit of place, hybrid

language, contextualism, ecological, sustainable architecture.

2. Architecture research; Keywords: vernacular architecture, traditional architecture, urban

architecture, precedent, environmental, climate responsive architecture.

3. Architecture method; Keywords: transformation, contemporary idioms, digital hybridization,

contextual design, precedent

4. Architecture education; Keywords: context based design studio, responsive design studio,

narrative design studio

5. Architecture design practice; Keywords: contemporary vernacular, modern traditional, urban

architecture, ecological, sustainable architecture, climate adapted design.

This proceeding presents 31 accepted papers out of 75 abstracts and 38 full papers. Each paper presented

in this proceeding has been comprehensively and carefully selected by panel of reviewers of the

conference. The papers represent academics, researchers and students from four different countries.

Therefore, the quality of all selected papers is guaranteed by the author(s), and also by the qualified

reviewers who have recommended necessary improvements.

ii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

We indebted and express our gratitude to the keynote speakers, i.e. Dr. Rizal Muslimin (The University of

Sydney, Australia), Ar. Ahmad Djuhara, IAI, and Dr. Jeffrey Chan Kok Hui (National University of

Singapore); also to scientific committee and reviewers who have shared their ideas and given their time

and commitment for the conference. Special thanks are addressed to Department of Architecture of ITS,

APTARI and IAI for their continuous support, and also to all members of committee and participants who

have brought this conference to life.

EDITORS

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) iii

Introduction

The conference widely discusses the knowledge on how Architecture as a man-made environment has to

respond to place and makes the architecture meaningful. As distinct to space, place has its specific

characters. In one side, the landscapes, climates, and the urban environments determine physical

characteristics of a place. On the other side, social structures, social interaction, rituals, cultural activities

are those of non-physical that give life to a place. Both of these form places which bring spirit and create

their own language or expression, and therefore differ from one place to another. Over time, there are

changes over places and architecture. Places often become more specific due the changes, whereas

architecture tends to adopt more universal language. In order to maintain meaningful state and identity,

contemporary architecture then should allow a place to be its reference. In short, Architecture as place is a

meaningful space where life takes place and develops under its richness and its specific context.

The papers written and presented here take into account all above specific local factors that shape the

contextual Architecture. They report research results, design proposal, strategies, and process, as well as

discussion on design education in which they regard to various topics such as the physical environments

such climate and topography, symbolic meaning, analogy in design, and progressive design. The context

of discussion is also ranging from building components to urban issues which are seen from many point

of knowledge such as architectural theory, design practice, environmental design, housing and settlement,

urban design, and design education.

In the first day, the conference starts with the topics of architectural research and in all contexts of urban,

housing and settlement, and buildings/building components. In these topics, the papers mostly discuss

many design features and strategies and its influence to the urban/building quality. They range from those

that refer to the past by exploring architectural traditions to those that take current conditions of a place

by abstracting specific features of the place.

Meanwhile, in the second day, from the point of architectural theory and design practice, the papers

mainly discuss symbolic meaning when it has to represent social and cultural qualities, analogy in design

by resembling nature for avoiding environmental degradation, and design strategy to respond to ever

changing qualities of a place. Further, paper in the design education topics discusses learning method by

integrating assignment for successful studio-based learning.

iv Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

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Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) v

Conference Patronage

Prof. Ir. Joni Hermana, M.Sc, ES, Ph.D. Rector of ITS

Ir. Purwanita Setijanti, M.Sc., Ph.D. Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering and

Planning, ITS

Ir. I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ph.D. Head of Department of Architecture, ITS

Scientific Committee

Dr. Ir. Ima Defiana S,T, M.T. Chair, Department of Architecture ITS

Ir. I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ph.D. Laboratory of Architectural Science and

Technology, Department of Architecture,

ITS

Prof. Happy Santosa Laboratory for Housing and Human

Settlements, Department of Architecture,

ITS

Dr. Ir. Rika Kisnarini, M.Sc. Laboratory for Housing and Human

Settlements, Department of Architecture,

ITS

Dr. Ir V. Totok Noerwasito, M.T. Laboratory of Architecture Design,

Department of Architecture, ITS

Dr. Ing. Ir. Bambang Soemardiono Laboratory of Architecture Design,


Dr. Eng. Dipl. Ing., Ir. Sri Nastiti N.E., M.T. Laboratory of Architectural Science and


ITS

Dr. Ir. Murni Rahmawati, M.T. Laboratory of Architecture Theory and

Criticism, Department of Architecture, ITS

vi Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

Dr. Ir. Asri Dinapradipta, M.B.Env. Laboratory of Architectural Science and


ITS

Dr. Dewi Septanti, S.Pd, S.T., M.T. Laboratory for Housing and Human

Settlements, ITS

Dr. Arina Hayati, S.T., M.T. Laboratory of Architecture Design,


FX Teddy Badai Samodra, S.T., M.T., Ph.D. Laboratory of Architectural Science and


ITS

Prof. Regan Potangaroa UNITEC Auckland, New Zealand

Prof. Mohd. Hamdan Ahmad University of Technology Malaysia

Associate Prof. Dr. Tetsu Kubota Hiroshima University, Japan

Associate Prof. Dr. Chan Jeffrey Kok Hui National University of Singapore

Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo University of Indonesia

Paramita Atmodiwirjo, S.T., M.Arch., Ph.D. University of Indonesia

Organizing Committee

Asri Dinapradipta Chairperson, General Program Coordinator

Angger Sukma Vice Chairperson

Adinda Sih, Fardilla Rizqiyah Secretary

Kirami Bararatin, Tanti Nasution Management

Sri Nastiti Treasurer

Collintia Erwindi Accommodation

Arina Hayati, Fahmi Muchlis, FX Teddy BS Paper

Johanes Krisdianto Publication and Documentation

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) vii

N.E. Nuffida, Defry Agatha Event

Iwan Adi Indrawan, Andi Mappajaya Road Trip

Rabbani Kharismawan Transportation

Wahyu Setyawan, Endy Yudho Sponsorship

Bambang Gatot Event Facilities

viii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

Program Schedule

Tuesday, November 1, 2016

Day 1 : Architecture Research

1. 08.00 – 08.30 Registration

2. 08.30 – 08.40 Reported speech by Organizing Committee

3. 08.40 – 08.50 Speech and Opening of Conference by Rector ITS

4. 08.50 – 09.00 Coffee Break :

5. 09.00 – 10.30 Moderator : Dr.Ing.Ir. Bambang

Soemardiono

Keynote Speech :

09.00 – 09.50 Dr. Rizal Muslimin The University of Sydney

09.50 – 10.40 Ar. Ahmad Djuhara, IAI Chairman of IAI

10.40 – 11.10 Discussion (Question and Answer)

6. 11.10 – 11.30 Photo Session

7. 11.30 – 12.30 Lunch and Prayer Break

8. 12.30 – 14.30 Parallel Session I Room I, II, III

9. 14.30 – 15.00 Coffee Break

10. 15.00 – 17.00 Parallel Session II Room I, II, III

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) ix

Wednesday, November 2, 2016

Day 2 : Architecture Education, Architectural Theory, and Architecture Design

Practice

1. 08.00 – 08.30 Registration

2. 08.30 – 09.10 Moderator : Ir. Hari Purnomo, M.Bdg.Sc.

Keynote Speech :

08.30 – 09.20 Dr. Jeffrey Chan Kok Hui National University of

Singapore

09.20 – 09.50 Discussion (Question and Answer)

3. 09.50 – 10.00 Photo Session

4. 10.00 – 10.20 Coffee Break

5. 10.20 – 12.20 Parallel Session Room I and II

6. 12.20 – 12.30 Closing Ceremony by Head Department of

Architecture

7. 12.30 – 13.00 Lunch and Prayer Break

8. 13.00 – finish City Tour

Kampung Ketandan, Surabaya Urban Public Space:

Sharing and Culinary

Kampung Candirejo, Genteng, Surabaya Herbal Kampung: Herbal

Environment and Culinary

x Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

DAY I

PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM I (12.30 – 14.30)

Architecture Research: Urban Planning and Design

Moderator: Angger Sukma Mahendra, S.T., M.T.

Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title

12.30 - 12.45 PP-ARDC16-

026

Achmad Delianur

Nasution, Wahyuni

Zahrah

Public open space as urban

architecture: Design and public life

12.45 - 13.00 PP-ARDC16-

042

Dessy Syarlianti Identifying great street in Bandung

as part of Bandung technopolis

concept: a perception-based

approach

13.00 - 13.15 PP-ARDC16-

049

Herry Santosa, Nur

Fauziah

Aesthetic evaluation of restaurants

facade through public preferences

and computational aesthetic

approach

13.15 - 13.30 PP-ARDC16-

052

Nurlisa Ginting, Julaihi

Wahid

Defining distinctiveness aspect of

place identity in urban heritage

tourism

13.30 - 14.30 Discussion

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xi

PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM II (12.30 – 14.30)

Architecture Research: Housing and Human Settlements

Moderator: Ir. Purwanita Setijanti, M.Sc., Ph.D.


12.30 - 12.45 PP-ARDC16-

022

Johannes Adiyanto, M.

Fajri Romdhoni, Hendi

Warlika SP

A comparative study on spatial

configuration of human settlements

in riparian area

12.45 - 13.00 PP-ARDC16-

044

Dwira Nirfalini Aulia,

Beny OY Marpaung

Transformation of gated

community in the last three decades

in Medan City, Indonesia

13.00 - 13.15 PP-ARDC16-

047

Ainun Nurin Sharvina,

Muhammad Faqih,

Happy Ratna Santosa

Sustainable fisherman settlement

development

13.15 - 13.30 PP-ARDC16-

073

Rika Kisnarini

Patterns and uses of mezzanine of

low cost apartments in Surabaya


PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM III (12.30 – 14.30)

Architecture Research: Architectural Science and Technology

Moderator: Dr.Ir. Asri Dinapradipta, M.B.Env.


12.30 - 12.45 PP-ARDC16-

021

Rani Prihatmanti, Maria

Yohana Susan

Adaptive reuse of heritage building

and the impact to the visual

comfort: assessed by the lighting

quality

xii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)


12.45 - 13.00 PP-ARDC16-

031

Eka Susanti, Desak

Putu Damayanti, Sri

Nastiti N. Ekasiwi, Ima

Defiana

The effect of opening on building

envelope toward daylight

performance in Betang house at

Central Borneo

13.00 - 13.15 PP-ARDC16-

056

FX Teddy Badai

Samodra

Sustainable design of past-rural

architecture in the present urban-

tropical environment

13.15 - 13.30 PP-ARDC16-

070

Vincentius Totok

Noerwasito

Type simple house walled CEB

which efficient heat energy and

embodied energy in Indonesia


PARALLEL SESSION II; ROOM I (15.00 – 17.00)

Architecture Research: Design Research

Moderator: Dr. Eng. Dipl. Ing., Ir. Sri Nastiti N.E., M.T.


15.00 - 15.15 PP-ARDC16-

018

Titien Saraswati Vernacular buildings as tourism

asset in eastern Indonesia

15.15 - 15.30 PP-ARDC16-

019

Primadella A planning model for creative

industry zone-producer of clothes

used as cultural tourism product:

case study in the area of Tuan

Kentang 15 ulu

15.30 - 15.45 PP-ARDC16-

054

Khosyiatillah Hakim,

Bart Julien Dewancker,

Usep Surahman

A Japan compact bus terminal;

Review on Hakata bus terminal,

Fukuoka

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xiii


15.45 - 16.00 PP-ARDC16-

041

Defry Agatha Ardianta,

Bambang Soemardiono,

Tiara Kartika Rini

From present to the past: The

different way of thinking about

conservation

(A case from design idea for Siola

Building, Surabaya)

16.00 - 16.15 PP-ARDC16-

081

Gunawan Tanuwidjaja,

Daniel, Ishak Tedjo,

Ritzky Karina

Brahmana

The creative hawker center for

small - family - business in

traditional food of Surabaya


PARALLEL SESSION II; ROOM II (15.00 – 17.00)

Architecture Research: Housing and Human Settlements

Moderator: Dr.Ir. Rika Kisnarini, M.Sc.


15.00 - 15.15 PP-ARDC16-

023

Muhammad Fajri

Romdhoni, Hendi

Warlika Sedoputra

The visual character of colonial

housing in Palembang

Case study : Colonial housing

settlement of Talang Semut in

Palembang

15.15 - 15.30 PP-ARDC16-

078

Beny OY Marpaung

Appearance of unplanned

settlement as a reality in Medan

City and surrounding area

xiv Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)


15.30 - 15.45 PP-ARDC16-

082

Gunawan Tanuwidjaja,

Jocelin Marchelina,

Valerie Layni Y, Joyie,

Arina Hayati

The low cost apartment for

wheelchair user

15.45 - 16.00 PP-ARDC16-

096

Dewi Septanti, Rika

Kisnarini, Purwanita

Setijanti, Ayi Syaeful

Bahri, Wahyu

Setyawan

Preliminary study towards eco-

design of housing in coastal

settlements in Surabaya


PARALLEL SESSION II; ROOM III (15.00 – 17.00)

Architecture Research: Architectural Science and Technology

Moderator: Dr.Ir. Ima Defiana S,T, M.T.


15.00 - 15.15 PP-ARDC16-

025

Laila Fitriana,

Mengting Tsai

Safety assessment of Moso bamboo

column under fire by using bamboo

as protection layer

15.15 - 15.30 PP-ARDC16-

028

Usep Surahman, Johar

Maknun, Erna

Krisnanto

Survey on household energy

consumption of public apartments

in Bandung city, Indonesia

15.30 - 15.45 PP-ARDC16-

032

Desak Putu Damayanti,

I Ketut Suwantara, I

Gusti Ngurah

Antaryama, Ima

Defiana

Occupancy based architecture: a

case of traditional Savunese house

in East Nusa Tenggara province

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xv


15.45 - 16.00 PP-ARDC16-

063

Johanes Krisdianto, FX

Teddy Badai Samodra,

Mudji Irmawan

Evaluation on green concept of

high-rise building design and its

architectural feasibility


DAY II

PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM I (10.20 – 12.20)

Architecture Education and Theory

Moderator: Prof.Dr.Ir. Josef Prijotomo, M.Arch.


10.20 - 10.35 PP-ARDC16-

046

Yaseri D. Apritasari,

Doni Fireza

Assignment integration in order to

achieve the successful studio-based

education

(an idea implementation of

integrated architecture experiential

learning)

10.35 - 10.50 PP-ARDC16-

017

Eva Evita Chatharina

Josephine

The study of geometric forms,

proportion and scale of heritage

buildings due to architectural

theory

10.50 - 11.05 PP-ARDC16-

035

Ferro Yudistira Questioning identity: architecture

of subrepresentation

xvi Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)


11.05 - 11.20 PP-ARDC16-

079

Bert Hugo Raf De

Muynck

Adaptation | a reflection on

contemporary Chinese architecture

(in four case-studies)


PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM II (10.20 – 12.20)

Architecture Design Practice

Moderator: Dr.Ir. Murni Rachmawati, M.T.


10.20 - 10.35 PP-ARDC16-

037

Diky Apriargo

Narrative approach in Urban

Cacophony project

10.35 - 10.50 PP-ARDC16-

038

Inggrid Julianti Dewi,

Usep Surahman

Park and ride city terminal,

Antapani Bandung

10.50 - 11.05 PP-ARDC16-

095

Bambang Soemardiono,

Defry Agatha Ardianta

The role of infill building in the

sustainable conservation. Case

study : Surabaya downtown

11.05 - 11.20 PP-ARDC16-

053

E.Y. Prasetyo, D.L.

Putra, D. Apriargo

Off the grid!, (N)either roof (N)or

floor


Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xvii

Venue

xviii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

Table of Contents

FOREWORD i

INTRODUCTION iii

CONFERENCE PATRONAGE v

STEERING COMMITTEE v

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE vi

PROGRAM SCHEDULE viii

VENUE xvii

TABLE OF CONTENTS xviii

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Ethics after theory

Dr. Jeffrey CHAN Kok Hui

1

TOPIC I: ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH

A. URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN

1. Public open space as urban architecture: Design and public life

Achmad Delianur Nasution, Wahyuni Zahrah

11

2. Identifying great street in Bandung as part of Bandung technopolis concept:

A perception-based approach

Dessy Syarlianti

21

3. Aesthetic evaluation of restaurants facade through public preferences and

computational aesthetic approach

31

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xix

Herry Santosa, Nur Fauziah

4. Defining distinctiveness aspect of place identity in urban heritage tourism

Nurlisa Ginting, Julaihi Wahid

41

B. HOUSING AND HUMAN SETLLEMENTS

1. A comparative study on spatial configuration of human settlements in

Riparian area

Case studies : Old kampoong and colonial settlements in Palembang

Johannes Adiyanto, M. Fajri Romdhoni, Hendi Warlika SP

51

2. Transformation of gated community in the last three decades in Medan City,

Indonesia

Dwira Nirfalini Aulia, Beny OY Marpaung

61

3. Sustainable Fisherman Settlement Development

Ainun Nurin Sharvina, Muhammad Faqih, Happy Ratna Santosa

71

4. Patterns and uses of mezzanine of low cost apartments in Surabaya

Rika Kisnarini

81

5. The visual character of colonial housing in Palembang

Case study: Colonial housing settlement of Talang Semut in Palembang

Muhammad Fajri Romdhoni, Hendi Warlika Sedoputra

89

6. Appearance of unplanned settlement as a reality in Medan City and

surrounding area

Beny OY Marpaung

99

7. The low cost apartment for wheelchair user 109

xx Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

Gunawan Tanuwidjaja, Jocelin Marchelina, Valerie Layni Y, Joyie, Arina Hayati

8. Preliminary Study towards Eco-Design of Housing in Coastal Settlements in

Surabaya

(Case study of fishermen housing design after the development of Kenjeran

Bridge, Surabaya)

Dewi Septanti, Rika Kisnarini, Purwanita Setijanti, Ayi Syaeful Bahri, Wahyu

Setyawan

117

C. ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Adaptive reuse of heritage building and the impact to the visual comfort:

Assessed by the lighting quality

Rani Prihatmanti, Maria Yohana Susan

127

2. The effect of opening on building envelope toward daylight performance in

Betang House at Central Borneo

Eka Susanti, Desak Putu Damayanti, Sri Nastiti N. Ekasiwi, Ima Defiana

141

3. Sustainable design of past-rural architecture in the present urban-tropical

environment


153

4. Type simple house walled CEB which efficient heat energy and embodied

energy in Indonesia

Vincentius Totok Noerwasito

163

5. Safety assessment of Moso bamboo column under fire by using bamboo as

protection layer

Laila Fitriana, Mengting Tsai

171

6. Survey on household energy consumption of public apartments in Bandung

City, Indonesia

181

Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xxi

Usep Surahman, Johar Maknun, Erna Krisnanto

7. Occupancy based architecture: a case of traditional Savunese House in East

Nusa Tenggara province

Desak Putu Damayanti, I Ketut Suwantara, I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ima

Defiana

189

8. Evaluation on green concept of high-rise building design and its architectural

feasibility

Johanes Krisdianto, FX Teddy Badai Samodra, Mudji Irmawan

201

D. DESIGN RESEARCH

1. Vernacular buildings as tourism asset in Eastern Indonesia

Titien Saraswati

211

2. A planning model for creative industry zone-producer of clothes used as

cultural tourism product

Case study in the area of Tuan Kentang 15 Ulu Palembang

Primadella

221

3. A Japan compact bus terminal; Review on Hakata Bus Terminal, Fukuoka

Khosyiatillah Hakim, Bart Julien Dewancker, Usep Surahman

237

4. From present to the past: The different way of thinking about conservation

(A case from design idea for Siola Building, Surabaya)

Defry Agatha Ardianta, Bambang Soemardiono, Tiara Kartika Rini

247

TOPIC II: ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION AND THEORY

1. Assignment integration in order to achieve the successful studio-based

education

253

xxii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

(An idea implementation of integrated architecture experiential learning)

Yaseri D. Apritasari, Doni Fireza

2. The study of geometric forms, proportion and scale of heritage buildings due

to architectural theory

Eva Evita Chatharina Josephine

263

3. Adaptation | A Reflection on Contemporary Chinese Architecture (in four

case-studies)

Bert Hugo Raf De Muynck

273

TOPIC III: ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PRACTICE

1. Park and ride city terminal, Antapani Bandung

Inggrid Julianti Dewi, Usep Surahman

284

2. The creative hawker center for small - family - business in traditional food of

Surabaya

Gunawan Tanuwidjaja, Daniel, Ishak Tedjo, Ritzky Karina Brahmana

286

3. The role of infill building in the sustainable conservation

Case study: Surabaya downtown

Bambang Soemardiono, Defry Agatha Ardianta

305

4. Off the grid!, (N)either roof (N)or floor

E.Y. Prasetyo, D.L. Putra, D. Apriargo

317

8th

International Conference on

Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

November 1-2, 2016

Sustainable design of past-rural architecture in the present urban-

tropical environment

FX Teddy Badai Samodraa*

aDepartment of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +6281232508454 E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

With large open space, traditional houses as representative of rural architecture, have been designed in the past in sufficient air

flow. However, nowadays, they fight to accommodate unsupportive environment; high density neighborhoods and global

warming effect. This research studies adaptation method and concept of sustainable design of the rural architecture in urban

environment of tropical climate. Simultaneous direct measurement and occupant interview were conducted on 19 buildings and

71 respondents. Ecotect Analysis and CFD Fluent program were also used to obtain the proposed model. The results highlighted

that by active and passive ventilation method, the occupants respond their urban environment. Moreover, the sustainable design

can be reached by raising the floor and roof in order to give higher potency of cooler sufficient air movement through openings

and shading. Providing solar chimney as vertical ventilation with sufficient ceiling fan works is also proposed.

Keywords: rural architecture; sustainable design; tropical climate; urban environment

1. Introduction to the subject

Indonesia has tropical climate, which is represented by the geographical altitude: Lowland and highland. The

altitude difference indicates the environment variation (Fig. 1.). As a result, more of the non-physical factors, the

traditional building forms are similar for the same social and cultural context. This condition requires adaptation

from the occupants in different altitudes. Meanwhile, with large open space, traditional houses as representative of

rural architecture, have been designed in the past in sufficient air flow. However, they fight to accommodate

unsupportive present urban environment; high density neighborhoods and global warming effect. This study

evaluates the building thermal performance for improving tropical building, evaluates the occupant's perception and

determines the tropical thermal environment factor and the occupant' adaptation way in a changing environment.

Furthermore, it studies adaptation method and concept of sustainable design of the rural architecture in urban

environment of tropical climate.

2. Research theory and methods

In general, passive control for thermal environment could be distinguished into four basic strategies such as

passive solar heating, mass effect, air movement effect, and evaporative cooling (Szokolay, 2008). As for Indonesia,

the tropical country, the suitable method could be mass effect, air movement and evaporative cooling. With

consideration of high both air temperature and relative humidity in tropical climate and material cost, the ventilation

154 Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)

development with accelerating of the air movement is the most possible way. The mass effect is very expensive and

the evaporative cooling has risk in raising relative humidity.

Fig. 1. Research location.

Nguyen and Reiter (2014) reported that natural ventilation and direct evaporative cooling have the similar

effect. Natural ventilation is low-cost, easy to apply and provides good indoor air quality, but it relies strongly on

natural wind and the building configuration as well as the building location. Prianto and Depecker (2003) explained

that the indoor thermal comfort could not be reached by a higher air speed only. The integration with other

environment factors and building design elements was required. If solar irradiance is more than 700 W/m2, the

significance of the ambient air speed will drop (Tan and Wong, 2014). Furthermore, under the tropical weather

conditions of high solar irradiance and low ambient air speed, cross ventilation performs better than a solar chimney

which is recommended under a zero ambient air speed. Chungloo and Limmeechokchai (2007) reported that at high

ambient temperatures and high solar intensity in the daytime, the solar chimney can reduce the indoor temperature

by 1.0–3.5°C compared to the ambient air of 32.0–40.0°C. In addition, the velocity magnitude can be increased to

4–25% (Kasaeian et al., 2014).

The traditional Javanese houses in both lowland (Surabaya) and highland (Malang) regions as a case studies are

6×7 m2 in average size with many variations in materials depending on the location and built period (Fig. 2.).

Recently, wood1 and/or bamboo

2 are being used for the walls and the roofs are made from tile

3 as a building

envelope.

The study sets 2 research steps as follows:

(1). Study on traditional building occupants as the main subjects with a thermal vote and direct measurements as

a method. The number of remaining traditional buildings were 19 objects, as a representative number in both

lowland and highland areas, with 71 occupants (See Table 1.). The range of clothing was 0.16 to 0.57. The range of

metabolic rates was 0.8 to 1.7, indicating from sleeping to working activities.

(2). Analysis on existing and proposed building simulation of PMV using Ecotect Analysis and ANSYS Fluent

(CFD=Computational Fluid Dynamics). Its evaluation consists of natural ventilation, air flow by solar chimney, and

1 Thermal properties: U-value = 3.19 W/m²K, Tlag = 0.3 hour. 2 Thermal properties: U-value = 3.69 W/m²K, Tlag = 0.1 hour. 3 Traditional tile/clay, thermal properties: U-value = 0.84 W/m²K, Tlag = 1.0 hour.

Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 155

PMV. The building plan consists of indoor areas (main room and additional room/service room) and transition area

(terrace).

This study proposed the thermal environment improvement with the same housing plan to maintain the

occupant indices (clothing and activities/met). The focus of this study was on improving the thermal environment by

obtaining thermal comfort in a PMV standard. The main concept is directed at developing ventilation (horizontal

and vertical) because by accelerating a sufficient wind speed (V), both the air temperature (T) and relative humidity

(RH) are solved simultaneously. Raising the floor and roof are also suggested in order to give higher potency of

cooler sufficient air movement through openings and shading. For the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), the

proposed building provided overhang shadow and surface paint control. Moreover, the occupant indices were also

suggested (see Fig. 3. and Fig. 4.).

Fig. 2. Building profile.

Table 1. Respondents.

No. Information Lowland Highland

1. Number of Traditional Tropical Houses 8 11

2. Number of Occupants: 28: 43:

a. Adult Males (≥17 years old) 11 13

b. Adult Females (≥17 years old) 9 17

c. Children (<17 years old) 8 13

Fig. 3. Modification building of proposed sustainable building.


Fig. 4. Sustainable design concepts.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Factor and method of occupant’s adaptation

In addition to main factor, climate, the changing environment is felt by the occupants (Fig. 5.). Higher building

density in the present time is perceived as the largest problem in producing a windy feeling as ventilation makes a

contribution. The building dimension also gives a consequence to environmental change in the context of social

meaning and population growth. Nevertheless, though the building dimensions are the same, the number of family

members is growing, which provide psychological interpretation as a factor of thermal comfort. Physically, the

number of members affects the metabolic rate and internal heat gain by occupancy.

(a) (b)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

LOWLAND HIGHLAND

Building: Dimension

Building: Ventilation

Building: Material

Building: Orientation

Environment: Building

Density

Environment:

Environmental Ground

Condition Environment: Vegetation

Environment: Climate

Per

cen

tage

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

LOWLAND HIGHLAND

Receiver Control: Hand-

Fan

Receiver Control: Clothing

Receiver Control: Self-

Control

Medium Control: Active

(Electric Fan)

Medium Control: Passive

(Open The Window)

Source Control

Per

cen

tag

e

Fig. 5. (a) factor of thermal comfort; (b) thermal adaptation method.


The natural meaning is perceived as being useless by lowland occupants. A fan, of course, is cheaper than AC

(Air Conditioner) and effective for cooling, even though it still uses more energy than natural means. For the

occupants (dominated in mid-lower income), this is a critical point. The highland occupants have a distributed

method among passive and active in medium control and self-control in the receiver control. The personal

adjustment has a relationship with their metabolic rate; if the condition is hot, they tend to do light activities

(sleeping/resting). The occupants did not have the will or capability for source interruption. Source means the

factors. The occupants made no efforts to change the source. The adaption in using ventilation indicated the use of

windows or fans as a function, instead of redesign efforts.

3.2. Existing condition

The existing building has a hot environment (PMV is >1), not only for indoors, but also in outdoors, which

effects the ground reflectance (Fig. 6.). When the lowland building has environmental problem, the highland

building almost reaches the comfort criteria of PMV. Except for harder activity conducted in additional room, the

other zones have 0.5 of PMV. Therefore, as analyzed by minimum wind speed, 0.8 m/s for physiological cooling, it

should be improved by ventilation as proposed building design (Samodra, 2016).

Fig. 6. Comparison of the PMV of existing building plans in the hottest time of lowland and highland.

3.3. Natural ventilation analysis

Base on field study data, the buildings have opened doors schedule from 05:00 to 19:00 when the occupants

stay at home. It is potency for accelerating wind speed in the daytime. On the other hand, for night-time, from 20:00

to 04:00 they are closed, the potency of heat gain is higher even though the ambient/outdoor temperature is lower.

Fig. 7. presents the result of a CFD simulation of proposed lowland building with a South overhang and a door as

the inlet (based on dominant wind direction in a year provided by climate data of the Center of Meteorology,

Climatology, and Geophysics at Juanda and Perak, Surabaya, 1997-2012 for lowland and Center of Climatology at

Karangploso, Malang, Indonesia, 1993-2012 for highland). The climate data also provided the wind speed data for

the rural terrain roughness that was converted to an urban context as the study object location by a calculation for

every reference height. The velocity inlet of the simulation has a wind speed of 1.4 m/s (from that climate data and

calculation) and 28°C according to an Ecotect Analysis calculation based on the field study environment data. The

simulation is set in the critical time (15:00, 15th of October). The outlet is categorized as the pressure outlet in the

boundary condition with 32°C obtained using the same method as the inlet input. The opened door of highland

building results better performance as indicated by sufficient wind speed and lower temperature. With the same

method of lowland, lower both wind speed and temperature, 1.2 m/s and 24°C, respectively, the building in highland

is still cool for hottest time (1st of January). Air cooling by a longer overhang on all sides accelerates directly

through opened doors (can be combined with additional windows). Under-floor ventilation reduces both the air


temperature and humidity. In fact, there is a lower wind speed in the upper part of the room (<0.4 m/s), but the lower

air temperature is still distributed evenly (27-29°C for lowland). This is in comfort zone (24.3-29.3°C in average)

based on the Psychrometric chart analysis (Samodra, 2016). A small problem is only found in underheated condition

of highland building (the lower part of highland building gets 23-25°C). However, the lower degree-hours

potentially and easily could be solved by occupancy (opening schedule and occupant adaptation). Furthermore, the

more important problem is when the building opening (aperture) as horizontal ventilation is closed because of

occupancy schedule and limitation space of outdoor urban environment. Thus, the vertical ventilation improvement

should be implemented.

(a) (b)

Fig. 7. (a) natural ventilation in the opened door case of the proposed building in lowland; (b) natural ventilation in the opened door case of the

proposed building in highland.

Air is cooled by under-floor ventilation (could be combined with water evaporative cooling) and sucked by the

pressure and air temperature difference with a solar chimney that is heated by the heat absorber material. For a

cooler and more even distribution, it is supported by wall opening ventilation in the upper wall that is cooled by roof

shading. The wall opening is useful for controlling the roof heat transfer after being reduced by the attic and ceiling.

With the same inlet and outlet settings as the opened door case, the additional condition of the chimney in

lowland building has a surface and air temperature of 50°C and 40°C, respectively. All of them were also the result

of an Ecotect Analysis calculation (Fig. 8.). The stack effect is found in the chimney, as indicated by its higher wind

speed than the indoor rooms. With a lower reference height, the inlet of the under floor has a lower wind speed, 0.9

m/s, even though it has the same air temperature input. Furthermore, it potentially has a lower air temperature with

its under-floor shading and can be developed more with water evaporative cooling (this study focused on shading,

more than evaporative cooling for reducing the air temperature of the inlet). Meanwhile, with about 4°C lower air

temperature of chimney, the highland building has similar pattern of air movement and wind speed but it has lower


indoor temperature, especially for high pressure, supplied area, by higher wind speed. This condition is much better

than opened door where its underheated is reduced. The natural method is effective for highland when the lowland

building still has problem.

(a) (b)

Fig. 8. (a) natural ventilation in the closed door case in lowland; (b) natural ventilation in the closed door case in highland.

(a) (b)

Fig. 9. (a) wind speed in mixed-mode ventilation in the closed door case in lowland.; (b) air temperature in mixed-mode ventilation in the

closed door case in lowland.


In lowland building, by natural method of vertical ventilation, there is a lower wind speed in the center of the

room (<0.4 m/s), but it has a better air temperature (lower and distributed evenly for indoor) in the comfort range,

24.3-29.3°C, as in the open door case. This can be solved by mixed-mode/hybrid ventilation with a fan. As

recommended by lowland adaptation method (see Fig. 5), the wind speed can be distributed by making a distributed

diffuser (inlet) at under-floor. On the other hand, it has the risk of a lower wind speed and many inlets that could

cause interior space reduction and interference with the occupant activities.

Fig. 9. shows the additional inlet element with the intake ceiling fans on the main and additional rooms. The

wind speed was set to a pleasant condition (0.5 m/s) because a lower or higher wind speed not only makes the

conditions unpleasant, but it also makes sufficient wind speed for undistributed physiological cooling in the indoor

environment. The intake fan is useful not only for providing a higher and more distributed wind speed of indoor

areas, but also for reducing the air temperature by approximately 2°C than that using natural ventilation only (for the

higher activities zone-additional room and half of the main room). Reducing the air temperature with a fan may

consume more energy, but it is potential in reducing the cooling load with zero overheating.

3.4. Air flow analysis on solar chimney

Based on the flow rate (CFM total) minimum requirement, 51.1 CFM or 0.024 m3/s (Samodra, 2016), this

proposed study (d = 0.25 m) should receive minimum a solar intensity of 700 W/m2, 350 W/m

2, 400 W/m

2, and 450

W/m2, for 0.15 m, 1.0 m, 2.0 m, and 3.0 m (top of chimney), respectively (Fig. 10.). It shows that located the glass

for example for receiving solar radiation in 1 m is the most efficient. If it is compared to d = 0.15 m and 0.35 m,

wider chimney shows the higher requirement of solar intensity for resulting higher and sufficient flow rate.

d=width of solar chimney, z=measured height in solar chimney

Fig. 10. Flow rate of the solar chimney.


3.5. PMV analysis

With the same materials, the proposed building reaches the PMV standard for indoor, transition and outdoor

areas in both using the natural (lowland and highland buildings) and mixed-mode method of ventilation for lowland

only (Fig. 11.). Furthermore, shading plays an important role in reducing 0.5 of the PMV in the outdoor and

transition areas. Both natural and mixed-mode ventilation result in a PMV in the comfort range (-5 to +5) in all

zones. On the other hand, there are heavier activities in the additional room, the proposed building maintains the

thermal comfort condition (PMV is 0.0-0.5). Meanwhile, the mixed-mode helps to reach the neutral PMV for the

indoor zones (main and additional rooms) and half of terrace.

(a) (b)

(15:00, 15th of October) (15:00, 1st of January)

Fig. 11. (a) PMV of the proposed plan in the hottest time of lowland; (b) PMV of the proposed building in the hottest time of highland.

4. Conclusions

Climatic determinism fails to differ house forms, but it is important aspect. The changing environment directs

the tropical building occupants to vote climate as the most decisive factor that affects their thermal condition.

Furthermore, the higher building density in urban environment as additional factor to the building dimension factor

in the present time than the past is perceived as the greatest problem in giving a windy feeling. Although the

condition is hot in a lowland environment, fans are effective for cooling.

For proposal on thermal environment improvement, both lowland and highland buildings need optimization to

reduce cooling load and PMV improvement for existing condition. The ventilation design, horizontal in opened door

case and vertical (solar chimney) in closed door case and limited outdoor space should be conducted, because the

natural method is not enough for distributing wind speed in lowland. Therefore, the application of fan is effective

and the PMV approaches not only still reaching -0.5 to +0.5 as comfort limits, but also it approaches to neutral (0).

In terms of occupancy, this study suggests that for better conditions in reducing the cooling load and energy

consumption, the occupants should maintain their habit of wearing simple clothing (such as shorts and t-shirts: less

than 0.4 clo) and avoid strenuous/heavy activity because it can result high internal heat gain.


Appendix: Matlab Code

% ---------------------------------------------------------------

% SOLAR CHIMNEY ANALYSIS (PLOT ONLY) % by: FX Teddy Badai Samodra

% Developed from: Ashish Meshram (Updated 14 May 2013) %

% --------------------------------------------------------------- clear all;clc; %---Clear workspace and command window

%---Predefining values Tg = 323.15;Tf = 303.15;Tw = 303.15;T = [Tg;Tf;Tw];Ta = 301.15;

Ls = 3;W = 0.25;

H = linspace(200,800);

d = [0.15 0.25 0.35];

z = [0.15 1 2 3];

V = zeros(length(H),length(d),length(z));

for ii = 1:length(H) for jj = 1:length(d)

for kk = 1:length(z)

[~,~,V(ii,jj,kk),~,~,~] = EISCRV(H(ii),T,Ta,Ls,W,z(kk),d(jj)); end

end

end

figure('Name','Volume Flow Rate','NumberTitle','off')

for ii = 1:length(z) subplot(2,2,ii)

plot(H,V(1:length(H),1:length(d),ii));

grid on; legend('d = 0.15 (m)','d = 0.25 (m)','d = 0.35 (m)','Location','NorthWest');

str = 'Volume flow rate vs Solar intensity at z = ';

title([str, num2str(z(ii)),' (m)']); xlabel('Solar intensity (Watt/m^2)');

ylabel('Volume flow rate(m^3/s)');

end

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Directorate General of Resources for Science, Technology and Higher Education

(DG-RSTHE), Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia. The authors

gratefully acknowledge the financial and technical support.

References

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chimney and wetted roof in Thailand. Building and Environment, 42, 3341–3351.

Kasaeian, A., Ghalamchi, M., Ghalamchi, M. (2014). Simulation and optimization of geometric parameters of a solar chimney in Tehran. Energy

Conversion and Management, 83, 28–34.

Meshram, A. (2013). Experimental investigation on solar chimney for room ventilation. http://kr.mathworks.com/

Nguyen, A. T., & Reiter, S. (2014). A climate analysis tool for passive heating and cooling strategies in hot humid climate based on typical

meteorological year data sets. Energy and Buildings, 68, 756–763.

Prianto, E., & Depecker, P. (2003). Optimization of architectural design elements in tropical humid region with thermal comfort approach,

Energy and Buildings, 35, 273–280. Samodra, F. X. T. B. S. (2016). Proposal for thermal and noise environment improvement of the traditional house in Indonesia. Busan: Thesis for

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Pusan National University.

Szokolay, S.V. (2008). Introduction to architectural science. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.

Tan, A. Y. K., and Wong, N. H. (2014). Influences of ambient air speed and internal heat load on the performance of solar chimney in the tropics.

Solar Energy, 102, 116–125.

http://kr.mathworks.com/

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