process var
TRANSCRIPT
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Processes and Process
Variables
Chapter 2
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Mass and Volume
Densitymass/unit volume
g/cm3
Specific Volume volume/ unit mass
cm3 /g
Specific GravityDimensionless
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Specific Gravity
Ratio of the density of a substance to areference substance at a specific
condition
SG= ref
The reference is often the density of
water at 4
0
C 1000 kg/m3
62.43 lb/ft3
1.000 g/cm3
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What Does this mean?
0
0
4
206.0SG
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American Petroleum Institute
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Example
Ex 2.5/ p. 54
Given: Volumetric flow rate = 10.5 L/min41.2% drug
sp. gr. =1.024
MW drug = 192
Required: a) conc. [kg/L]
b) flow rate [kgmol/min]
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Flow Raterate at which material is transported in a pipe per unit
time
Mass flow rate
Mass/time
Volumetric flow rate
Volume/time
V
m
V
m
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Flow Rate Measurement
Flowmeter
Rotameter
Orifice Meter
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Example
Prob. 1/ p.57
Given: HC fuel
F = 40 gal/min sp. gr. = 0.91mass = 40,000 lb
Required: time to fill up
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Moles and Molecular Weight
Atomic Weight
Molecular Weight
gram-mole lb-mole
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Example
Ex 2.2/ p.46
Given:
2.00 lbmass of NaOHDetermine
a) lbmole of NaOH
b) gmole of NaOH
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Mass and Mole Fraction
Mass fraction
Mole fraction
masstotal
Aof mass
A x
molestotal
Aof moles
A y
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Example
Ex. 2.6/p.57
Given:
solution: mass H2O = 7.5 kgmass NaOH = 6.5 kg
Required: mass fraction, mole fraction
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Multicomponent Solutions
Liquid/Solid mixtures – assume %mass
Gas mixtures – assume %n = %vol
Ex. Air ( 79% N2 and 21% O2)
MWave = 28.89 g/mol
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Example
Prob 3/p.61
Given
mixture %mn-C4H10 50
n-C5H12 30
n-C6H
1420
Required:
a) mass fraction c) % mole
b) mole fraction d) MWave
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Concentration
Mass concentrationMass/volume
Molar concentrationMoles/unit volume of the mixture
MolarityMolar concentration in gram moles per liter
of solutionppm and ppb
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Temperature
The degree of heat as an inherentquality of objects expressed as hotness
of coldness relative to something else.
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TYPES OF TEMPERATURESCALES
Relative Scale
Degree Fahrenheit (0F)
Degree Celsius (0C)
Absolute Scale
Degree Rankine (0
R)Kelvin (K)
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TEMPERATURE SCALES
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Temperature Conversion
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PRESSURE
The normal (perpendicular) force perunit area.
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PRESSURE
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure +barometer pressure
Gauge pressure (relative pressure)
is zero referenced against ambient air
pressureAbsolute pressure
is zero referenced against a perfect vacuum
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Atmospheric Pressure
Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric
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PRESSURE
Measured in psi, pascals, bars
Head
Height of a column of water or mercury 1 atm = a head of 33.9 ft of water
1 atm = a head of 760 mm of Hg
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Pressure Measurement
Bourdon Gauge
Manometer
Barometer
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In imperial units the Standard
Atmospheric Pressure is 14.696 psi.
1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101.3 kPa =
14.696 psi (lbf /in2 )= 760 mmHg =10.33 mH 2 O = 760 torr = 29.92 inHg
= 1013 mbar = 1.0332 kg f /cm
2
=33.90 ftH 2 O