producing milk mike gamroth dept. of animal sciences oregon state university
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Producing MilkProducing Milk
Mike GamrothDept. of Animal SciencesOregon State University
Tonight...
Background on dairy industryBasics for milk productionMilk production cycleNutritionBreeding HealthManagement and FacilitiesDairy products
A few dairy facts...
Man first used milk about 9,000 BCFirst cows at Jamestown in 1609,
most came in 18th and early 19th centuries
Most milk was produced as “town” milk before WWII
35% is drank, 30% is cheese, 18% is butter and milk powder
Trends in the dairy industry
Fewer, but larger, herdsMore milk production out WestMore milk per cow More specialized equipment and
servicesBusiness concerns more important
than husbandry concerns
General background
Most milk in U.S. is from dairy cowsSome goat dairies producing locallySheep milk production rareEven water buffalo milk has a market
Cow and Goat terminology
The animalBreeds
Nubian, Saanan, Toggenberg for goatsGoats and sheep are 1/10th a cowMost important...Stop me and ask
questions!
Milk economics
Price for raw cow’s milk is about $14/cwt. $.14/lb = $.28 per quart
Costs about equal now for milk producerPrice for producer/distributor about 3x,
more for dairy productsNiche markets, processing can increase
income and even out production with demand
Annual Dairy Income
About $270 per doe from milk
About $10-$15 per doe manure fertilizer value
Dairy Costs (% of totals)
About 50% is feeds
10-15% paid labor8-10% interest
(20% inc. payback)
10% rearing replacements
Some basic biology
80% of production comes from the environment feed, facilities, health, management
20% comes from geneticsThis is a year-round enterpriseIncome and production tell you how
you’re doing all the time
Basic needs
Housing - protect from rainfall, mud, heat
Milking area - milk area, processing?, storage?
Feed supply and storageManure handlingLabor - 24, 7, 365Money – big investment
Milk synthesis
The alveoli - making it all possible
Milk synthesis
The alveoli - making it all possibleKeeping the factory working
Nutrients, including water Animal health and comfort Mastitis!
The Ideal Lactation Cycle
…the key to efficient milk production with any animal.
Week of LactationWeek of Lactation
Milk ProductionMilk Production
MilkMilk
Ideal lactation cycleIdeal lactation cycle
Dry
Week of LactationWeek of Lactation
Milk ProductionMilk Production Dry Matter IntakeDry Matter Intake
DMIDMI
MilkMilk
Ideal lactation cycleIdeal lactation cycle
Dry
Week of LactationWeek of Lactation
Milk ProductionMilk Production Dry Matter IntakeDry Matter Intake
DMIDMI
MilkMilk
Body weight changeBody weight change
Ideal lactation cycleIdeal lactation cycle
Dry
Nutrition - Feeding
Milk producers can use lots of forageMust supply maintenance needs
plus…Needs for growth and production
Feeds
Forages grass hay grass pasture grass silage alfalfa hay alfalfa silage clover corn silage
Supplements grains for energy protein supplements minerals vitamins pre-mixed feeds liquid feeds
and water
National Research Council
Tables of requirements for different sizes, ages, production
Description of deficiencies
Tables of average nutrient content of common feedstuffs
Other sourcesFeed and forage
analysis
For example...
We find our goat needs 16% protein in the daily ration
We analyze our hay and it tests 14% protein
How much 18% protein grain do we need to feed to meet the protein requirement?
14%
16%
18%
2 parts
2 parts
Another example...
We find our doe needs 16% protein in the daily ration
Same hay. We want to feed 3.5 lb/day
What level of protein do we need in 1.2 pounds of grain we are going to feed?
3.5 lb @ 14% = .49 lb protein in hay
4.7 lb @ 16% = .75 lb protein req’d
.26 lb needed
.26 lb needed / 1.2 lb grain = 21.6% in grain
Breeding
Sheep and goats are seasonal breeders
Select bucks from the highest producing female estrus or heat
detection very important when lactating
Estrus detection
The estrous cycle is 18-21 days in sheep and goats generally in the fall only
Estrus lasts about 18 hours animal restless, maybe off feed,
standing to be ridden by another, maybe a discharge, tailhead disturbed
Breed near the end of estrus
Genetics - a word or two
Most traits are heritableJust remember only 20% expressedTry to improve one or two
Trying to change everything at once reduces genetic progress
Call the Vet...
Don’t wait too longObserve the animal first
take its temperature monitor feed intake respirations per minute? motion? discharges? other abnormalities
Producing quality milk
Keep healthy animalsHandle milk carefully
in glass or stainless steel cover cool immediately
Maintain clean equipment
Clean equipment
Chlorinated alkaline detergent to remove protein and sugers
Concentrated acid solution rinse or soak to remove minerals and “milkstone”
Chlorine or Iodine solutions for sanitizing before milking
Clean equipment
TEMPERATURE hot water for
detergent
TIME soak and scrub
CONCENTRATION appropriate amount
of chemical watch water
hardness
ACTION it takes some elbow
grease
Dairy product manufacture
Start with quality milkMaintain exceptionally clean
facilityAlways pasteurizeRecipes and techniques in a
variety of booksStart small and test to develop
your best product
A word about manure...
Nitrate, bacteria, and phosphorus can spoil our water
More public and agency awareness
It is not toxic waste, but handle it safely
Storing manure properly
Keep it high and dry 100’ from
water on dry soil or
concrete under cover divert other
water away
Questions?
http://outlands.tripod.com/farm/national_goat_handbook.pdf