product market reforms in eu countries (eng)/ las reformas del mercado de productos en los países...

8/2/2019 Product Market reforms in EU countries (Eng)/ Las reformas del mercado de productos en los pases de la UE (Ing)/

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Dlipq` ?& Xqmkpj{ Coqg`{ Q`dmqcz oz zpaz`{z md Cljqm @jmfmclj Q`dmqcz

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1&1 Xqmkpj{ Coqg`{ Q`dmqcz" còzpq`c`f{

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[e` @pmxòf Jmcclzzlmf" lf jbmz` jmmxò{lmf yl{e {e` Jmpfjlb)z , @jmfmclj

Xmblj| Jmccl{{``" eoz k`t`bmx`k {ym jmcxb`c`f{o| ko{o z`{z dm {e` xpxmz` md{ojglfi cljm#`jmfmclj ofk boamp cog`{ `dmcz md @P C`ca` Z{o{`z zlfj`1888& [e` ko{o z`{z `foab` {e` {ojlfi ofk {e` jeooj{`lz{ljz md fo{lmfob `dmcz ofk{e` k`tlo{lmfz dmc oi``k a`fjecogz m {oi`{z" z`è{{x>--`j&`pmxo&`p-`jmfmc|]dlfofj`-ka]lfkljo{mz-clj`d-lfkù]`f&e{c dm obb {e``b`tof{ blfgz {m CLJQ@D" lfjbpklfi mf` {m o )Q`xm{ {m {e` i`fòb xpablj) fm ko{`"ap{ xmaoab| dmc {e` op{pcf md 1885, lf yelje {e` xm{`f{lob pz`z md CLJQ@D o`ùxbolf`k lf k`{olb"xbpz e{{x>--`j&`pmxo&`p-`jmfmc|]dlfofj`-ka]lfkljo{mz-boa`d-lfkù]`f&e{c dm obb{e` `b`tof{ blfgz {m BOAQ@D,& [e` {ym ko{o z`{z o` qpobl{o{lt` ofk dmjpz `f{l`b|mf jeofi`z md cog`{ ìpbo{lmf m `bo{`k còzp`z," fm{ mf z{mjgz md ìpbo{lmf

blg` `&i& {e` M@JK XCQz, ofk {e`l lfdbp`fj` mf cog`{ jmfkpj{ m dpfj{lmflfi&Lf{``z{lfi dm {e` xpxmz` md {e` x`z`f{ xox`" emy`t`" o` {e` {oumfmcl`z mdCLJQ@D ofk BOAQ@D& Dlip` ? md mp xox` lz jmfzlz{`f{ yl{e {e`z` {oumfmcl`z"ap{ l{ mpie{ {m a` òbl~`k {eo{ {e` k`{olb lf {e` {ym ko{o z`{z lz do iò{`& Dmjpzlfimf CLJQ@D lz boi`b| mf xmkpj{ cog`{ `dmcz," {e`` o` dmp elòjeljob b`t`bz{m z{pj{p` {e` oòz md `dmc& [e` elie`z{ bo|` jmfzlz{z md {e`` )xmblj| kmcolfz)>mx`f $ jmcx`{l{lt` cog`{z" apzlf`zz `ftlmfc`f{ $ `f{`x`f`pzelx ofkgfmyb`ki`#aoz`k `jmfmc|& [e` {elk xmblj| kmcolf lz matlmpzb| lfzxl`k a| {e`Blzamf xmj`zz 1888 18?8, 7 {e` m{e` {ym kmcolfz jof a` ìok`k" yembb| mboi`b|" oz xmkpj{ cog`{ `dmcz& [e` )mx`f $ jmcx`{l{lt` cog`{z) lz kltlk`k lf{m{e`` )amok xmblj| dl`bkz)" foc`b|" cog`{ lf{ìo{lmf" jmcx`{l{lmf xmblj| ofk z`j{m#

zx`jldlj ìpbo{lmf& Lf {pf" {e`z` o` zpakltlk`k lf{m ?0 )oòz md xmblj| lf{`t`f{lmf)"lf {pf oiolf zpakltlk`k lf{m o {m{ob md 45 )`dmc oòz)& [e` kmcolf md )apzlf`zz`ftlmfc`f{ ofk `f{`x`f`pzelx) lz kltlk`k lf{m {e` amok xmblj| dl`bkz md )z{o{#pxjmfkl{lmfz) ofk )lcxmtlfi {e` zcobb, apzlf`zz `ftlmfc`f{)" lf {pf kltlk`k lf{mflf` )oòz md xmblj| lf{`t`f{lmf)" lf {pf oiolf zpakltlk`k lf{m o {m{ob md 1; `dmcoòz&


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Dm {e` xpxmz` md {e` Blzamf xmj`zz ofk x`zpcoab| fmy @P#1818," {elz lz pz`dpb&Emy`t`" o kl`j{ )òklfi) md {e` dpfj{lmflfi md cog`{z lfdbp`fj`k a| {e` )z{mjg) mdùlz{lfi ìpbo{lmf ofk jeofi`z {e``lf" lz fm{ xmzzlab` yl{e CLJQ@D ofk BOAQ@D& Dm{elz cm` `jmfmclj oxx`jlo{lmf md {e` fo{p` ofk zlifldljofj` md xmkpj{ cog`{ `dmcz"cof| ofob|z{z" lfjbpklfi {emz` md {e` Jmcclzzlmf" `b| mf {e` M@JK XCQz&

[e` M@JK XCQz `foab` ofob|z{z ofk xmblj|#cog`z dm {e` dlz{ {lc` {m cmt` a`|mfk {e`lfj`klab` zx`jldljl{| ofk `qpl`k k`{olb md obb glfkz md @P m fo{lmfob, ipbo{lmf& Ye`fk`t`bmxlfi of mtòbb tlzlmf md a`{{` dpfj{lmflfi md cog`{z ofk {e` mb` md XCQz lfojel`tlfi {eo{" yelb` o{{`cx{lfi {m otmlk lk`mbmiljob {oxz md xlm klzxmzl{lmfz dm xmbl{ljobòzmfz" zpje mtòbb `cxlljob còzp`c`f{ md {e` z{o{pz#qpm ofk xmi`zz md `dmcz lz`clf`f{b| pz`dpb& Xmblj|#cog`z lf {e` @P o` fm{ iò{b| e`bx`k a| b`fi{e| k`zjlx{lt`zpt`|z md ìpbo{m| `dmc ld {e`| ylze {m pfk`z{ofk ofk jmft`| {m xobloc`f{ ofktm{`z {e` g`| c`zzoi`z md XCQz ofk {e`l lcxoj{& Yeo{ {e`| f``k lz x`jlz`b| o cmòjj`zzlab`" z{o{ìlj mt`tl`y pfk`xlfflfi `dmc xbofz ofk zemylfi tm{`z {e` o{lmfob`lf z{olie{dmyok {`cz&

[elz ùxbolfz {e` zòje dm qpof{l{o{lt` lfkljo{mz oz xmul`z dm {e`z` `dmcz ofk {e`lxmi`zz mt` {lc`& A| k`dlfl{lmf" {e` xmblj| oj{ltl{l`z `d``k {m lf Dlip` ? o` eok {mcòzp` ùoj{b| ofk {e` cm` zm mfj` mf` `f{`z lf{m k`{olb& F`t`{e`b`zz" a| ofglficòzp`z m lf{`t`f{lmfz lf {`cz mdkì``z md `z{lj{lt`f`zz md jmcx`{l{lmf lf cog`{z"jmfzlkòab` xmi`zz eoz a``f cok` kplfi {e` boz{ k`jok` m zm lf k`t`bmxlfi lfkljo{mzlf {e` bl{ o{p`& Amu 1 xmtlk`z o zpcco| md {e` cm` lcxm{of{ `cxlljob lfkljo{mzyl{e t`| al`d jmcc`f{z&

[e`` lz fm zlfib` jbozzldljo{lmf md XCQz& Zlfj` {e` colf x`mjjpxo{lmf lz yl{e {e` zpxxb|zlk`" {e`` lz o {`fk`fj| {m eot` zx`jlob ìok {m {e` lcxoj{ mf apzlf`zz& Zpje lcxoj{co{{`z zp`b| ap{ o zlfipbo dmjpz mf apzlf`zz ympbk i`fò{` pfkp` aloz`z& [e` {e``

md{`f qpm{`k ko{o zmpj`z yelje xmkpj` qpof{l{o{lt` lfklj`z o` qpl{` klz{lfj{ ofk km fm{mt`box cm` {eof xo{lobb| lf jmtòi`& [e`l blfg yl{e XCQz tol`z& Dlz{" ofk xmaoab|jbmz`z{ {m mp XCQz k`dlfl{lmf" lz {e` M@JK )xmkpj{ cog`{ ìpbo{lmf) ko{o aoz` ofk {e`l`zpb{lfi XCQ lfkljo{mz W fm{` {eo{ {e` Q e`` z{ofkz dm )ìpbo{lmf) ofk {e` jeofià`{y``f ?


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M@JK `jmfmclz{z eot` xpablze`k z tòb f`y"cm` {oi`{`k lfkljo{mz zlfj` 1884 z`` z`j{lmf 0 dm k`{olb,& Mf` z`{ `d`z zmb`b| {mzx`jldlj zpaz`{z md z`tlj`z zpje oz 4 f`{ymg lfkpz{l`z ofk mok {ofzxm{," xbpz`{olb klz{lap{lmf ofk ; xmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z {mi`{e` jobb`k {e` FCQ lfkljo{mz,&[e` lkò lz {eo{ {e` cm` lcxm{of{ xmjg`{z md `z{lj{lt`f`zz o` fmyoko|z {m a`dmpfk lf zx`jldlj z`tlj`z cog`{z& [e` ko{o pfk`b|lfi FCQz o` do cm` `dlf`k{eof {e` z`tlj`z `b`c`f{z md, XCQz& Ofm{e` lfkljo{m o{{`cx{z {m còzp` {e`z{`fi{e md jmcx`{l{lmf xmbljl`z md M@JK jmpf{l`z" lfjbpklfi cmz{ `pm ~mf`jmpf{l`z& Md jmpz`" y`bb k`zlif`k ofk xmx`b| `fdmj`k jmcx`{l{lmf xmbljl`ziò{b| e`bx cog`{z {m dpfj{lmf a`{{`& O {elk lfkljo{m lz {e` dm`lif kl`j{lft`z{c`f{ `z{lj{lt`f`zz lfkù" còzplfi {e` k`tlo{lmfz dmc fo{lmfob {ò{c`f{&@P jmpf{l`z zjm` y`bb" dm {e` zlcxb` òzmf {eo{ fo{lmfob {ò{c`f{ lz o {ò{|mablio{lmf o{&0;" [D@P,& Jmfyo| $ Fljmb`{{l" 18847 Emn `{ ob&" 18897 Gm|oco $Imbpa" 1884,

j& [e` Ymbk Aofg)z offpob Kmlfi Apzlf`zz zpt`| dmjpzz`z mf {e` apzlf`zz`ftlmfc`f{" yl{e ?8 lfkljo{mz `bo{lfi colfb| {m `f{|" {ofzoj{lmf jmz{z ofkcog`{ ojj`zz&

Eml~mf{ob ozx`j{z zpje oz z{o{lfi o apzlf`zz" `fdmjlfi jmf{oj{z ofk i`{{lfij`kl{ o` jmcalf`k yl{e zx`jldlj lzzp`z zpje oz blj`fzlfi" {oklfi ojmzzamk`z ofk `cxbm|lfi ymg`z& [e` lfkljo{mz km fm{ {oi`{ zx`jldlj cog`{zm{e` {eof {e` boamp cog`{ Ymbk Aofg" 1889,&


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[e` Ymbk Aofg obzm xmkpj`z {e` YIL Ymbk )Imt`fofj`) Lfkljo{mz, mt` oflfj`klab| ylk` zx`j{pc md toloab`z z`` Gopddcoff" Goo| $ Co{p~~l" 188


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Qìpbo{lmfz lfdbp`fjlfi zx`jldlj cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi o` {e``dm` jmt``k mfb| xo{lobb| o{a`z{& Ye`` cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi lz odd`j{`k )eml~mf{obb|) )z{o{lfi o apzlf`zz)" )`fdmjlfijmf{oj{z)" )i`{{lfi j`kl{) ofk )ìlz{`lfi xmx`{|)," {e` {`jefljob `ddljl`fj| md bmjobcog`{z lz o{ z{og` ofk {elz jof a` fìo{lt`b| odd`j{`k a| okclflz{o{lt` lf`ddljl`fjl`z mapk`fz& [e` M@JK XCQz mt`box xo{lobb| yl{e {e`z` lfkljo{mz" oipoab| yl{e {e` cm``b`tof{ mf`z dm @P jmpf{l`z&

Dmc {e` x`zx`j{lt` md {e` Ymbk Aofg" zpje zpt`|z jof a` ù{`c`b| e`bxdpb dmk`t`bmxlfi jmpf{l`z lf {e`l `ddm{z {m i`fò{` o cm` jmfkpjlt` apzlf`zz `ftlmfc`f{&[e` qp`z{lmf lz ye`{e` ofk {m yeo{ ù{`f{ zpje eml~mf{ob lfkljo{mz oamp{ {ofzoj{lmfjmz{z md `f{| ofk z`b`j{`k, cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi ympbk a` zlifldljof{ ofk kldd``f{lo{`k`fmpie lfzlk` {e` @P#19& [e` @P" cm`mt`" eoz {ym b`t`bz md imt`fc`f{ ofk {elz ozx`j{lz fm{ y`bb `db`j{`k& Lf `cxlljob ymg" l{ clie{ a` xmab`co{lj {m `cxbm| {e`z` lfkljo{mzdm @P jmpf{l`z lf o{{`cx{lfi {m dlfk {e` k`{`clfof{z md `&i& xmkpj{ltl{| m imy{e"yl{emp{ oxxmxlo{` jmf{mb doj{mz&

O {elk ko{o z`{ lz {e` Doz` lfkù md )`jmfmclj d``kmc) Doz` Lfz{l{p{`" 1889," yelje lz

aplb{ px lf{` oblo # dmc lfklj`z mf )apzlf`zz ìpbo{lmf)" mf z{o{` lftmbt`c`f{ ofk mfd``kmc md {ok`& Lf {e` bl{ò{p`" l{ lz fmy ofk {e`f `d``k {m" `t`f ld {e` koyaojgz md{e` oxxmoje o` z`lmpz& [e` kmclfof{ zem{jmclfi lz {e` bojg md `bloalbl{| ofk{ofzxo`fj| md {e` pfk`b|lfi zmpj` mxlflmfz md apzlf`zz bòk`z lf cof| jmpf{l`z"{og`f dmc {e` Ymbk Jmcx`{l{lt`zz Q`xm{ md {e` Y@D,&L{ lz qp`z{lmfoab` ye`{e` apzlf`zz bòk`z m {e`l ozzlz{`f{z jof, ofzy` cof| k`{olb`kqp`z{lmfz mf cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi lf o òzmfoab| man`j{lt` ofk y`bb#lfdmc`k coff` W {e`lfdmco{lmf ofk gfmyb`ki` `qpl`k" lfk``k" ozzpc`k" ympbk a` do {mm jmz{b| {m jmbb`j{z|{`co{ljobb| lf {e` dlcS& Cm`mt`" {m {e` ù{`f{ {e`l clu md lf{pl{lmf ofk lfdmco{lmf lzo{ bòz{ lfkljo{lt`" {e` lf{pl{lmf ympbk kldd` ocmfiz{ fpc`mpz dlcz ofk {e` )clu) co|eot` t`| kldd``f{ y`lie{z lf òje lfz{ofj`& Obzm" {e` x`jlzlmf md cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi

qp`l`z bòt`z zmc`{elfi {m a` k`zl`k& Ymz` z{lbb" {e` jmcxooalbl{| a`{y``f jmpf{l`z lziò{b| odd`j{`k a| apzlf`zz jpz{mcz ofk xlto{`-xpablj `bo{lmfzelxz lf òje ofk `t`|jmpf{|" ofk {e`` lz fm yo| md je`jglfi m jm`j{lfi dm {elz& Dlfobb|" {e`` xmaoab| lz oflk`mbmiljob aloz lf {e` Doz` lfkù" lf xo{ljpbo" yl{e {e` lfkù md )z{o{` lftmbt`c`f{)"zlfj` {e`` lz fm `cxlljob jmfdlco{lmf {eo{ `&i& `bo{lt`b| elie z{o{` apki`{z bòk {m yògcog`{ dpfj{lmflfi m pfzo{lzdoj{m| `jmfmclj x`dmcofj` l{ obb k`x`fkz& [elz co{{`za`jopz` zmc` @P jmpf{l`z eot` `bo{lt`b| elie zeo`z md z{o{` apki`{z m zmjlob {ofzd`z&

5

Dm obb {e`z` òzmfz" {e` Doz` lfkù zempbk a` {ò{`k yl{e p{cmz{ jop{lmf lf `cxlljobymg" ld o{ obb" m z`b`j{lt`b| ld mf` eoz immk òzmfz {m km zm&

5 L{ lz lf{``z{lfi {m fm{` {eo{" k`zxl{` {e` zlifldljof{ kldd``fj`z a`{y``f Doz` ofk M@JK" Klù" Lb~gmtl{~

$ Zjeclk{" 1884" x& ?98" dmm{fm{` 1 " dmpfk {eo{ zlcxb` Zxòcof ofk Xòzmf {`z{z zemy`k o zlifldljof{fìo{lt` jm`bo{lmf a`{y``f {e` 188: M@JK XCQ lfkljo{mz ofk {e` Doz` lfkljo{mz md `jmfmcljd``kmc" ùj`x{ lf {e` joz` md z{o{` lftmbt`c`f{&


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:& [e` M@JK XCQz ofk {e`l oktof{oi`z

[e`` jof a` fm kmpa{ {eo{ {e` M@JK `jmfmclz{z lfl{lobb| b`k a| Ilpz`xx` Fljmb`{{l ofkZ{`dofm Zjox`{{o eot` kmf` o ymfk`dpb z`tlj` {m xmblj|#cog`z lf of oò yelje eozobyo|z a``f ù{`c`b| klddljpb{ {m jmc` {m ilxz yl{e" kp` {m {e` ù{`c` {`jefljobl{|"

zx`jlob{l`z ofk tolofj` lf ìpbo{lmf" fm{ {m zxòg md {e` lf{lfzljobb| qpobl{o{lt` fo{pòfk z``clfi lfjmcxooalbl{|, md ìpbo{lmf& F`t`{e`b`zz" l{ lz jpjlob {m pfk`z{ofk {e`xm)z ofk jmf)z md {e` M@JK oxxmoje a`dm` pzlfi {e`l `cxlljob co{`lob ofk `zpb{z lfdp{e` `cxlljob ofob|zlz& L{ lz md jmpz` lcxm{of{ {m dlz{ xmtlk` o zpcco| md {e` M@JKXCQz&

Jmfzlk` Dlip` 1" {og`f dmc Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l 1880" ofk mp Offù ?" ofùxbofo{m| Amu dmc {e` zoc` zmpj`& Dlip` 1 zemyz {eo{ {e` M@JK XCQz còzp` am{e)`jmfmclj ìpbo{lmf)< ofk okclflz{o{lt` ìpbo{lmf yelje oj{z oz )aol`z {m`f{`x`f`pzelx),& Lf Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" mx& jl{&" {e` op{emz z`{ mp{ {e` 188:lfkljo{mz" ilt` o dolb| k`{olb`k c`{emkmbmi| lfjbpklfi {e` {|x`z md qp`z{lmfz ozg`k dm obb?4 jo{ìml`z o zpcco| lz lf mp Offù ? # " ofk {e` zjm`z yl{elf {e`z` qp`z{lmfz $zpaqp`z{lmfz,&

[e` op{emz klzjpzz {e` tù`k lzzp` md {e` y`lie{z yl{e z{o{lz{ljob xmj`kp`z {m `kpj` {e`kì`` md )zpan`j{ltl{|)," lbbpz{o{` {e` x|oclkob aplbk#px md {e` XCQz obb {e` yo| pf{lb ozlfib` mtòbb lfkljo{m lz jmfz{pj{`k # {e` {mx md {e` Dlip` 1 x|oclk, ofk xmtlk` ojmfzlkòab` fpca` md k`zjlx{lt` ap{ lfzlie{dpb, ù`jlz`z W x` lfz{pc`f{ {|x`7a`{y``f jmpf{l`z7 mt` {lc`7 `{j&S oz y`bb oz jm`bo{lmf ù`jlz`z m zjo{{` kloiocc`z"xbpz cof| {oab`z iltlfi {e` lfkljo{mz x`jlz`b|& [e`` z``cz bl{{b` xmlf{ lf `xò{lfi obb{e`z` k`{olbz e`` oz {e`| o` òzlb| ojj`zz`k dmc {e` M@JK& Mfj` {e` òk` ylbb eotòazma`k {e`z` zje`co)z" {`fk kloiocz ofk `cxlljob lfdmco{lmf" mf` co| aìlf {moxx`jlo{` {e` c`l{z md {elz ymg&

[e` flf` oktof{oi`z md {e` M@JK XCQ lfkljo{mz o`>

l& man`j{lt`" oz jmcxo`k {m lf{`tl`y-mxlflmf#qp`z{lmffol`#aoz`k lfkljo{mz7 aoz`k mfdoj{pob qp`z{lmffol`z {m jmmxò{lt`, fo{lmfob okclflz{o{lmfz" yl{e cpb{lxb`t`ldljo{lmf 666 {elz lf {pf `fk`z {e`c cm` `bloab` oz zpje" oz y`bb oz mt` {lc`"ofk jmcxooab` a`{y``f jmpf{l`z a`jopz` {e` `xm{lfi f``k fm{ a` )jmf{ù{#zx`jldlj)oz {e` M@JK jobbz {eo{,7

ll& qpof{ldloab`" a| zjmlfi %{e` ? {m 4 ofi`," y`lie{lfi ofk oiiìo{lmf {`jeflqp`zlll& dmjpz`k mf cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi7 {e`| km {eo{ a| jmfj`f{o{lfi zmb`b| mf ìpbo{lmf

yelje lz zpzx`j{`k {m `fi`fk` of{l#jmcx`{l{lt` `dd`j{z m pff`j`zzo| )apk`fz)yelje clie{ zcm{e` `f{`x`f`ploblzc ofk oz zpje" elfk`z immk cog`{dpfj{lmflfi,7 {e` op{emz o` jo`dpb {m `cxeozl~` {eo{ {e`| f`t` npki` m lcxb| ofozz`zzc`f{ md {e` qpobl{| md ìpbo{lmf 7

< Ojjmklfi {m Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" 1880" {elz lfjbpk`z {e` jo{ìml`z )xpablj myf`zelx)" Wz{o{`S)lftmbt`c`f{ lf apzlf`zz mxò{lmfz)" )aol`z {m jmcx`{l{lmf)" )ùxbljl{ aol`z {m {ok` ofk DKL)" )m{e`Wù{`fobS aol`z)&


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Dlipq` 1> {e` XCQ lfkljo{mq z|z{`c

lt& pfpzpobb| k``x lft`z{lio{lmf7 lf {e` 4 z`j{lmfz md {e` 188: qp`z{lmffol` {m M@JKC`ca` Z{o{`z" o {m{ob md 580 ko{o xmlf{z y`` jmbb`j{`k7

t& xoj{ljobb| jmcxb`{` `{pf o{`z md qp`z{lmffol`z od{` dmbbmy#pxz," oz o `zpb{ md {eòi``k jmmxò{lmf md obb {e` :8, fo{lmfob okclflz{o{lmfz7 {elz dp{e` olz`z {e``bloalbl{| ofk `fk`z {e` jmbb`j{lmf op{eml{o{lt` # yem ympbk ko` {m jeobb`fi` zpjeo `zmpj`dpb `ddm{ md zm cof| fo{lmfob zx`jloblz{z" b`k a| jmcx`{`f{ M@JK`jmfmclz{z /=7

tl& zmxelz{ljo{`k qpof{l{o{lt` c`{emkz eot` a``f pz`k {m man`j{lto{` {e` )y`lie{z)`cxbm|`k o{ bòz{ {m zmc` kì``" ofk {m jbold| {e` xm{`f{lob md {e` ko{o z`{7

tll& {e` XCQ lfkljo{mz o` òz| {m )jmfzpc`) dm xmblj| cog`z7 {e` c`zzoi` i`{z ojmzztlo mf` zlfib` lfkljo{m x` jmpf{|, ofk" ld k`zl`k" o zlfib` lfkljo{m dm jeofià`{y``f ?


15/42


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;& [e` klzoktof{oi`z md {e` M@JK XCQ lfkljo{mz

[e` klzoktof{oi`z md {e` M@JK XCQz oz dlz{ `cxbm|`k o` f`t`{e`b`zz jmfzlkòab` ldmf` ylze`z {m `cxbm| {e`c dm o `bloab` `jmfmclj ofob|zlz md {e` z{o{` md xbo| yl{e `zx`j{

{m xmkpj{ cog`{ `dmcz lf {e` @P" lf {e` xpzpl{ md elie` xmkpj{ltl{| ofk imy{e" m"dm {eo{ co{{`" zcmm{e` oknpz{c`f{ ofk a`{{` zemjg oazmx{lmf lf {e` `pm~mf`&

[e`` o` {e`` impxz md koyaojgz md {e` lfl{lob M@JK XCQz> o, mclzzlmfz yeljeco{{`" a, yògf`zz`z lf {e` lfkljo{mz ofk j, {e` fìb`j{ md @P dpfkoc`f{obz& [ym md{e` ob{mi`{e` {`f klzoktof{oi`z boi`b| mt`box& Yeo{ fm b`zz {eof flf` md {e` {`fklzoktof{oi`z eot` lf jmccmf lz {eo{ {e`l `dd`j{ lz {m xm{o| {e` @P jmpf{l`z oz cm``z{lj{lt` lf immkz ofk z`tlj`z cog`{z" lf jmcxolzmf yl{e m{e` M@JK jmpf{l`z" {eof{e`| òbb| o` / [elz maz`to{lmf lz o{ bòz{ klz{palfi& L{ zempbk xmcx{ o k``x` `{elfg mdemy do mf` ylze`z {m im lf lcxmtlfi zpje {mmbz a`dm` `b|lfi mf {e`c lf xmblj| ymg&

;&? Mclzzlmfz lf {e` M@JK XCQz

[eo{ mclzzlmfz jof a` dmpfk lf zpje ù`jlz`z lz md jmpz` lf`tl{oab`& Qìpbo{lmf lz zmylk`zxòk ofk x`tozlt` {eo{ l{ zlcxb| ympbk fm{ xo| {m o{{`cx{ {m a` ùeopz{lt`" a|lfjbpklfi bm{z md {ltlob ìpbo{m| kmcolfz m {lf| `jmfmclj oj{ltl{l`z& Emy`t`" l{ lzxmzzlab` {m lk`f{ld| {e`` jbozz`z mdmclzzlmfz yelje co{{`&

[e` dlz{" ofk xmaoab| {e` boi`z{" mclzzlmf lz {e` `f{l` jbozz md yeo{ L jobb" dmjmft`fl`fj`" ZE@J ìpbo{lmf ZE@J 3 Zod`{|" Eòb{e" @ftlmfc`f{ $ Jmfzpc`xm{`j{lmf,& @P xmkpj{ cog`{ ìpbo{lmf jmfzlz{z mt`ye`bclfib| md ZE@J ìpbo{lmf"

pzpobb| lf `zxmfz` {m )cog`{ dolbp`z)& ZE@J ìpbo{lmf lz {|xljobb| oamp{ ZE@Jman`j{lt`z `bo{`k {m lzg" l&`& lzg `kpj{lmf {m b`t`bz {eo{ zmjl`{| jof blt` yl{e& A| mcl{{lfiZE@J ìpbo{lmf" {e` M@JK XCQz lcxbljl{b| ozzpc` {eo{ {e` dmc` km`z fm{ xbo| ozlifldljof{ mb` lf elfk`lfi, cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi& Lf m{e` ymkz" {e` M@JK XCQz lcxb|{eo{ `jmfmclj ofk okclflz{o{lt` ìpbo{lmf mpie{ {m a` `kpj`k dm xpxmz`z md a`{{`cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi" ye`òz lzg ìpbo{lmf zmc`{lc`z jobb`k )zmjlob) ìpbo{lmf, km`z fm{x`z`f{ o xmab`c dm cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi" `f{`x`f`pzelx ofk {e` blg`& [elz lcxbljl{ozzpcx{lmf lz `cogoab` lf {e` blie{ md {e` bmfi#z{ofklfi kào{` md ye`{e` {e` @P b`t`bìpbo{`z {mm cpje m" ob{`fo{lt`b|" @P ìpbo{lmf lz pff`j`zzolb| jmz{b|& [elz kào{` eoz`t`f{pobb| xmcx{`k yeo{ lz fmyoko|z jobb`k !A`{{` @P Qìpbo{lmf! oi`fko)z ofkxlfjlxb`z" jpbclfo{lfi lf {e` zmxelz{ljo{`k 188< Qìpbo{m| Lcxoj{ Ozz`zzc`f{ 3QLO,

Iplk`blf`z?8

ofk of ocal{lmpz xmiocc` {m bmy` {e` `k {ox` jmz{z md @P pb`z&??

?8 Z`` Z@J 188


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?0

[e` mclzzlmf md ZE@J lz qpof{l{o{lt`b| ali& L{ jmcxlz`z eml~mf{ob zod`{| bìlzbo{lmf yl{e{e` oboc xmj`kp` {oglfi )pfzod`) immkz mdd {e` cog`{" tmbpf{o| m jmcxpbzm| o t`|jmz{b| oj{ltl{| lf bmilz{ljz ofk `xp{o{lmf," t`{ljob eòb{e ofk zod`{| ìpbo{lmf dm cof|jo{ìml`z md immkz ofk z`tlj`z" yl{e o jmc`{#{olb md {empzofkz md @pmxòf z{ofkokz@P m xp`b| tmbpf{o|" jmcalf`k yl{e conm ofk ojj`kl{`k jmfdmcofj` z|z{`cz" a`{e`| xlto{` m xpablj, aèlfk l{" o boi` amk| md z`tlj` ìpbo{lmf klt`f a| oz|cc`{l`zmd lfdmco{lmf oiolfz{ jeobo{ofz" cmob eo~ok" okt`z` z`b`j{lmf" m{e` jmfkpj{ pb`z"`{j&, ofk lf {e` @P, {e` qp`z{lmfz md cp{pob `jmifl{lmf md klxbmco)z ye`` `b`tof{"zx`jldlj jmfzpc` xm{`j{lmf pb`z oamp{ kmmz{`x z`bblfi" okt`{lzlfi" `k`zz" `{j&," ofk{e` toz{ ofk mjjozlmfobb| lf{pzlt` amk| md `ftlmfc`f{ob ìpbo{lmf ofk l{z jmz{b|,`fdmj`c`f{& Cmz{ md {ofzxm{ ìpbo{lmf dm 4 cmk`z, ofk dlfofjlob z`tlj`z ofk `qpl{|cog`{z ìpbo{lmf lfjbpklfi dlfofjlob lfz{l{p{lmfz mxò{lfi lf {e`z` cog`{z ofk {e`lzpx`tlzlmf oz y`bb oz lft`z{m xm{`j{lmf, o` xo{ ofk xoj`b md ZE@J ìpbo{lmf&

Clzzlfi mp{ `f{l`b| mf {elz epi` amk| md xmkpj{ cog`{ ìpbo{lmf lf {e` @P m {e`M@JK cm` ylk`b|, jof a` npz{ldl`k ld ofk mfb| ld mf` jof o{ {e` t`| bòz{ mdd` ozzpofj`z{eo{ ZE@J ìpbo{lmf lz ymglfi òzmfoab| y`bb" {e` ìpbo{m| apk`f mf cog`{ xbo|`z

lz fm{ odd`j{lfi cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi cm` {eof coilfobb|" `f{| lz fm{ ap{ {ltlobb| odd`j{`kofk `f{`x`f`plob ofk `&i& lft`z{c`f{ k`jlzlmfz lfjbpklfi DKL, o` fm{ iò{b|lfdbp`fj`k& Mf` clie{ man`j{" dm immk òzmfz" {eo{ lf{mkpjlfi ZE@J ìpbo{lmf ympbkfm{ mfb| toz{b| ùxofk {e` jmcxè`fzlt`f`zz md XCQz" ofk xèoxz a`jmc` pfymgoab`"ap{ lf okkl{lmf jò{` of ù{o npkic`f{ob doj{m > ~`m lzgz eot` lfdlfl{` jmz{z" zm {eo{ mf`jof mfb| `kpj` lzgz lf cog`{z odd`j{`k a| ZE@J lzzp`z # ap{ emy do = Yeo{ ympbk {eà`fjecog a`=

[e`` lz fm xmzl{lmf mf ZE@J lf Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" ap{ {e`l zlb`fj` lz o k`#doj{mojj`x{ofj` md obb {e`z` jmfkl{lmfz& Jplmpzb|" {elz jmcxb`{`b| lifm`z {e` `fmcmpzlfdbp`fj` {e` zoc` M@JK ap{ ofm{e` kltlzlmf, eoz ù`jlz`k zlfj` {e` òb| ?


17/42


?4

[e` ZE@J ìpbo{m| ojqplz joffm{ a` z``f lf lzmbo{lmf dmc d`` cmt`c`f{ ofk {e` lie{md `z{oablzec`f{& [e` lfj`zzof{ x`zzp` md aplbklfi o y`bb#dpfj{lmflfi lf{`fob cog`{ eoz`t`f{pobb| |l`bk`k qpl{` zmxelz{ljo{`k ofk md{`f dbùlab` ìpbo{m| zmbp{lmfz" d`qp`f{b|cog`{#klt`f {mm" yl{e lfi`flmpz jmcalfo{lmfz md d`` jmzz#amk` oj{ltl{l`z" cp{pob`jmifl{lmf" blie{ eocmflzo{lmf" cm` x`jlz` jmccmf ìpbo{lmf lf |`{ m{e` lfz{ofj`zofk mjjozlmfobb| do#òjelfi j`f{oblzo{lmf ofk @P zpx`tlzlmf& Aèlfk l{" o elieb|dbùlab` z{ofkokz ofk jmfdmcl{| z|z{`c eoz a``f aplb{ px" {mm" yelje lz fmf`{e`b`zzklt`f a| @P oi``k ìpbo{m| man`j{lt`z md ZE@J,& [e` @P eoz" lf zem{" cofoi`k {mcmt` do yo| dmc {e` lilk" lf{pzlt`" j`f{oblz{ ofk elieb| z`b`j{lt` {okl{lmfz md {e` zm#jobb`k )mbk) oxxmoje {myokz o kldd``f{lo{`k ofk y`bb#{empie{#mp{ ìpbo{m| ZE@J ojqplz&L{ lz cofld`z{ lf {e` F`y Oxxmoje zlfj` ?


18/42


?9

[e` cljm jmcxmf`f{ lz lfk``k o tolof{ mf yeo{ ZE@J lz dm m{e` immkz ofk z`tlj`zcog`{z" foc`b|" zmbtlfi cog`{ dolbp`z `bo{`k {m oz|cc`{l`z md lfdmco{lmf oamp{ {e`qpobl{| md dlfofjlob lfz{l{p{lmfz Wozzpclfi jo`dpb zpx`tlzlmfS ofk zmc` pb`z md jmfkpj{ lfdlfofjlob z`tlj`z o{ {e` `{olb b`t`b," lft`z{m xm{`j{lmf pb`z boi`b|" klzjbmzp` pb`z"lfjbpklfi lzg xmdlb`z" ofk xmx`- zpddljl`f{ zpx`tlzlmf md cog`{ xbo|`z a| ìpbo{m|op{eml{l`z, oz y`bb oz `ddljl`fj| xmcm{lmf lf `qpl{| cog`{z& [e` jp`f{ jlzlz lf dlfofjlobcog`{z lz colfb| kp` {m of lo{lmfobb| `bou`k o{{l{pk` lf zpx`tlzlmf md cm{ioi` cog`{zlf {e` PZ" xbpz o bojg md lfk`x`fk`f{b| t`ldloab` lzg#xmdlb`z lf apfkb`k dlfofjlob ozz`{zjmf{olflfi {e`z` elie#lzg m fmf#x`dmclfi ozz`{z, {ok`k ojmzz lf{`fo{lmfob dlfofjlobcog`{z" ye`` zpx`tlzlmf oxxò`k {m a` oaz`f{ ofk o{lfi oi`fjl`z dolb`k& Blie{ìpbo{lmf ofk o bojg md {ofzxo`fj| ofk zpx`tlzlmf jof {epz a` t`| jmz{b| lfk``k/ Yeo{lz pflqp` oamp{ dlfofjlob ìpbo{lmf lz {eo{ e`k lzg, aèotlmp ofk jmf{oilmf jof {pfcljm dolbp`z lf{m o conm cojm xmab`c" jobb`k o dlfofjlob jlzlz&

[e` cojm jmcxmf`f{ lz oamp{ )z|z{`clj lzg)" ye`` cpje {obg lz fm immk zpaz{l{p{` dmoxxmxlo{` jmmxò{lmf {m x`#`cx{" nmlf{b| jmf{mb m d`fk mdd jlz`z xmcx{`k a|jmf{oilmf& [e` oxxmoje pf{lb {mko| eoz {|xljobb| a``f mf` md )od{` {e` doj{" `zjp` dlz{

ofk `xol zyld{b|)" ofk t`| boi`b| mf o fo{lmfob aozlz& Aoz`b#LL yoz oxxo`f{b| fm{ immk`fmpie `l{e`& [e` xmab`c e`` lz {eo{ {e` M@JK op{emz zo| {e`| km fm{ ozz`zz {e`qpobl{| md ìpbo{lmf" mfb| l{z xm#jmcx`{l{lt` fo{p`" ap{ {e` kofi`mpz, lcxbljo{lmf mdzpje o c`{emk lz {eo{ !blie{` lz a`{{`!" yl{e {e` PZ pzpobb| oz {e` a`fjecog& Emy`t`" lfaofglfi ofk dlfofjlob cog`{z cm` amokb|" {e`` lz of mbk kào{` oamp{ {e` {ok`#mdda`{y``f ìpbo{lmf ofk zpx`tlzlmf, ofk dlfofjlob lfz{oalbl{|> {m xp{ l{ zlcxb`" {mm bl{{b` md{e` dlz{ ylbb bòk {m {mm cpje md {e` z`jmfk& Of ob{`fo{lt` tl`y yelje mt`boxz boi`b|yl{e {eo{ mf ìpbo{lmf lz {eo{ jmcx`{l{lmf lf `&i& aofglfi z`tlj`z cog`{z jof bòk {mx`zzp`z {m ìpbo{` )blie{b|) m" {m `zlz{ofj` oiolfz{ {lie{`flfi l{, ofk lf {elz dozelmf)jò{`) l{z myf dlfofjlob lfz{oalbl{| zmmf` m bo{`& [epz" lf zem{" `t`f ye`f ZE@Jbìlzbo{lmf i`fòbb| ympbk fm{ a` lfjbpk`k" {e`` lz z{lbb o joz` {m lfz`{ dlfofjlob cog`{z

ìpbo{lmf" ld mfb| dm z|z{`clj lzgz&?;

[e` {elk mclzzlmf yelje co{{`z lz {eo{ md bloalbl{|& Lf XCQz xmkpj{ bloalbl{|" oz y`bb ozj`{olf xmd`zzlmfob bloalbl{l`z lf z`tlj`z cog`{z" o` cpje cm` lcxm{of{ lf {e`jmcxolzmf a`{y``f `&i& {e` @P ofk {e` PZ {eof {e` zlb`fj` oamp{ l{ lf {e` M@JKlfkljo{mz z``cz {m zpii`z{& [e` Zy`klze Jmfd`kò{lmf md Lfkpz{| Noftobb" Z{`fbpfk `{ob&" 1889, zxògz oamp{ o {`fdmbk kldd``fj` a`{y``f {|xljob o{`z lf {e` @P ofk {e` PZ lfxmkpj{ bloalbl{| lfzpofj` x`clo dm immkz& Zmc` Z{o{`z lf {e` PZ eot` zpje oii`zzlt`c`kljob bloalbl{| pb`z m jmp{z" yl{e npl`z, {eo{ zx`jloblz{z zlcxb| km fm{ x`dmc j`{olfz`tlj`z lf {emz` z{o{`z # o {m{ob ìpbo{m| dolbp`" {e` cog`{ lz fm bmfi` / ?0

?; Fm{`" {eo{" lf o bo{` okkl{lmf {m {e` mbk XCQz" M@JK `jmfmclz{z eot` ampie{ lf dlfofjlob ìpbo{lmf" lf

of ok#emj dozelmf" `t`f {empie ZE@J ìpbo{lpm cm` i`fòbb| eoz a``f otmlk`k& Z`` Dlip` :&?0 Fm{` {eo{ lf {e` PZ fpjbò bloalbl{| md xmy` z{o{lmfz lz blcl{`k 7 emy`t`" dm c`kljob z`tlj`z" l{ z``czfm{ xmzzlab` {m lf{mkpj` ofobmip` còzp`z" ye`` npz{ldl`k


19/42


?5

Ye`f {|lfi {m oxx`jlo{` XCQz" {e` xmlf{ lz {eo{ xmkpj{ bloalbl{| lz xlto{` boy aoz`k mfo xpablj bloalbl{| boy" ap{ z{lbb,& ofk" jmcxo`k {m @pmx`" zpaz{l{p{`z dm o, z{lj{` xpabljzod`{| boyz?4" a, zmjlob z`jpl{|" lfjbpklfi klzoalbl{| xm{`j{lmf W yelje lz cpje b`zzx`tob`f{ lf {e` PZ ofk e`fj` )zmbt`k) tlo xlto{` kocoi`z lf bloalbl{| joz`zS& [e` dolblfizmd {e` PZ xmkpj{ bloalbl{| z|z{`c eot` a``f ofob|z`k d`qp`f{b|" oz {m jmz{z" lfj`f{lt`z ?9ofk pfx`klj{oalbl{| jopzlfi `&i& @P jmcxofl`z {m a` ù{o mf#ipok ye`f ùxm{lfi lf{e` PZ,& A| bòtlfi mp{ bloalbl{| x`jlz`b| dm xmkpj{ cog`{ ìpbo{lmf" )blie{) ìpbo{lmfa`lfi xpablj boy, lz ab`zz`k cm` {eof lz yoof{`k ofk {e` @P oxxmoje clie{ a` òk oz`bo{lt`b| )eòt|)&

;&1 Yògf`zz`z md {e` M@JK XCQz

Oz {m {e` yògf`zz`z" l{ lz xèoxz o bl{{b` x`zpcx{pmpz {m jl{ljl~` {e` {`c`fkmpz `ddm{md jmfz{pj{lfi `cxlljob XCQ lfkljo{mz& Emy`t`" ye`f lk`f{ld|lfi dmp lcxm{of{yògf`zz`z" dmpfk a`bmy" mf` ma{olfz o klz{palfi `zpb{> oxo{ dmc `{olb" {e` yògf`zz`zeot` {e` pflf{`fk`k, `dd`j{ md xm{o|lfi @P jmpf{l`z oz jmcxoo{lt`b|, cm` `z{lj{lt`lf xmkpj{ cog`{z {eof j`{`lz xolapz, {e`| òbb| o`/ Gfmylfi {e` `jmfmc`{ljù`jlz`z aoz`k mf {e` lfkljo{mz" {elz M@JK XCQz ympbk {e``dm` lzg {m lcxo{ ofpff`j`zzolb| fìo{lt` aloz mf {e` `zpb{z md @P jmpf{l`z&

Lf {e` klzjpzzlmf md {e` dmp yògf`zz`z" `d``fj` lz cok` {m {e` aozlj XCQc`{emkmbmiljob kmjpc`f{ md Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" 1880" lf xo{ljpbo" {e` b`fi{e|ofk t`| k`{olb`k Offù& Dlz{" [oab` ? lf Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" 1880" Offù, lzoamp{ {e` )zjmx`) md {e` xpablj `f{`xlz` z`j{m" a| `jmklfi o !4! dm o z`j{m lf yelje mf`dlc lz z{o{`#jmf{mbb`k z{o{`" xmtlfj`" {j&, ofk o !8! ld fm dlc lz z{o{`#jmf{mbb`k& [elz lzo còzp` yelje lz bloab` {m xpze px {e` zjm`z md `z{lj{lt`f`zz dm obb cog`{z mlfz{ofj`z ye`f oj{pob jmcx`{l{lt` x`zzp`z ympbk clbl{o{` oiolfz{ {eo{&

Ye|= @jmfmcljz md ìpbo{lmf zo| jbòb| {eo{ yeo{ co{{`z lz {e` )jmcx`{l{lt``ftlmfc`f{) md jmcxofl`z" fm{ z{o{`#myf`zelx oz zpje& Ld {e` `ftlmfc`f{ lz jmcx`{l{lt`"mf` dlc z{o{`#myf`k m fm{, eoz {m oj{ blg` of| m{e` dlc ofk còzplfi l{ yl{e o !4! lzyl{emp{ of| tl{p`&Lf @P f`{ymg lfkpz{l`z" o iokpobb| cm` ofk cm` jmcx`{l{lt` `ftlmfc`f{ lz`cìlfi7 md jmpz`" {elz obzm k`x`fkz mf {e` zx`jldlj f`{ymg cog`{ z{lbb" lf {e` XCQzof| `colflfi z{o{`#myf`zelx zlcxb| i`{z o !4!" {e` elie`z{ zjm`" {e`à| clzzlfi mp{ mf{e` kì`` md jmcx`{l{lt` x`zzp`z lf zpje cog`{z&?5

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22/42


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1: Lf o al`dlfi xox` dm {e` @X" Q`fko $ Zje`db` 1885, `xm{ {eo{ 19 % md J@F z{ofkokz `db`j{ LZMz{ofkokz" ye`òz fm b`zz {eof 09 % md J@F@B@J z{ofkokz o` lk`f{ljob {m L@J z{ofkokz ofk ofm{e` 5 %lz mfb| zblie{b| oc`fk`k& Dm {e` PZ m Noxof {e`z` mt`boxz o` do zcobb`&


23/42


11

[m zmc` ù{`f{" {elz cpz{ zemy px lf {e` oambl{lmf md fo{lmfob boyz ye`f {e`| a`jmc`pz`b`zz" {eo{ lz" pf`fdmjòab`" m" lfdlfilfi @P boy, ofk lfzmdo oz {elz lz {e` joz`" {e`lfkljo{mz ylbb xljg l{ px ld {e` còzp`z jox{p` l{ lf {e` qp`z{lmffol`,&Ap{ md{`f l{ lz fm{ {og`f lf{m jmfzlkò{lmf7 xmaoab|" {e` fo{lmfob jltlb z`tof{z dlbblfi lf{e` dmcz o` fm{ oyo` md òje ofk `t`| ozx`j{7 l{ lz obzm xmzzlab` {eo{ fo{lmfob xmtlzlmfz`colf" `t`f ld {e`l oxxbljo{lmf lz z`t``b| `z{lj{`k a| @P boy" oz o glfk md `zlkpob" dobb#aojg mx{lmf dm {e` fo{lmfob okclflz{o{lmf& Ap{ lf obb zpje joz`z" ye`` @P boy x`tolbz"yeo{`t` `z{lj{lmfz o` z{lbb mf {e` ammgz md C`ca` Z{o{`z ympbk i`fò{` o cm``z{lj{lt` xlj{p` {eof lz oj{pobb| jm`j{& Z`jmfk" {e`` lz obzm fm ùxbljl{ `jmifl{lmf md{e` xmzl{lt` lf{ìo{lmf md {e` @P dm @P jmpf{l`z& [elz jmcxlz`z @P ìpbo{lmf ofkjmcx`{l{lmf xmblj| ofk z`tòb m{e` jmccmf xmbljl`z& Oxo{ dmc ZE@J ìpbo{lmf" {elzlz `b`tof{ dm f`{ymg lfkpz{l`z lf lk`c" [oab`z ?" ;" ??" ofk ?1, ofk zmc` m{e`lfz{ofj`z `&i& [oab` ?0 mf ìpbo{m| {ok` aol`z,& [m zmc` ù{`f{" {elz obzm oxxbl`z {mxmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z&1; [elk" {e`` lz of )@P fìb`j{ aloz) kp` {m {e` jmcxb`{` a|#xozzlfimd {e` @P b`t`b md imt`fc`f{& Mf` co| man`j{ {eo{ {elz xmlf{ lz cm` m b`zz {e` zoc` oz{eo{ oamp{ xmzl{lt` lf{ìo{lmf" oamt`& Emy`t`" l{ im`z a`|mfk {eo{& [e` M@JK dmjpz`z mfyeo{ @P jmpf{l`z km ofk kmf){&

Ap{ lf {e` oò md ìpbo{lmf" amok` z{o{ìl`z o` ozzpc`k o{ {e` @P b`t`b ofk mf` cpz{{og` {e`z` lf{m ojjmpf{" ld mf` lz {m oxx`jlo{` {e` lcxoj{ mf ìpbo{lmf ofk cog`{dpfj{lmflfi& Dlz{" {e` @P A`{{` Qìpbo{lmf z{o{ì| `f{olbz z`tòb ozx`j{z ye`` immkxoj{lj`z lf{mkpj`k o{ @P b`t`b yelje kl`j{b| zpxxm{ cog`{ dpfj{lmflfi, obzm lfdbp`fj`)a`{{`) xoj{lj`z o{ {e` C`ca` Z{o{`z) b`t`b& [elz lz {e` joz` dm `&i& zlcxbldljo{lmf"okclflz{o{lt` apk`fz ofk ob{`fo{lt`z {m jmccofk $ jmf{mb ìpbo{lmf&10 Z`jmfk" oj`klab` dmc md @P b`t`b lfdbp`fj` lz md jmpz` {e` t`ldljo{lmf md `fdmj`c`f{ ofk oj{lmfmf lfdlfi`c`f{z md @P boy" d`qp`f{b| yl{e `zx`j{ {m ìpbo{m| lzzp`z yelje jò{`jmcxbljo{lmfz dm jmzz#amk` apzlf`zz oj{ltl{l`z& Ofk {e` zpaz`qp`f{ `jmpz` {m {e` @JN&Mf {e`z` ozx`j{z" @P C`ca` Z{o{`z o` lfjmcxooab` {m m{e` M@JK jmpf{l`z lfjbpklfi

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1;[oglfi fìo{lt` ofk xmzl{lt` `jmfmclj lf{ìo{lmf {mi`{e`" mf` maz`t`z {e` jpjlob kldd``fj` a`{y``fCLJQ@D z`` Amu ?, ofk {e` M@JK XCQz lf {e` o{{`f{lmf xolk {m cog`{ lf{ìo{lmf lf {e` dmc`&10 [og` [oab` 9 lf Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" mx& jl{&, ye`` o zlcxbldljo{lmf lzzp` lz okk`zz k" obb oamp{blj`fz`z ofk x`cl{z o immk xmlf{ lf l{z`bd,& Ap{ {e` zlcxbldljo{lmf xmiocc`z md {e` @P oamp{ zlcxb`boyz" fm{ blj`fz`z, imlfi mf zlfj` ?


24/42


1:

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AMU :> M@JK XCQz fìb`j{ @P fìo{lt` coqg`{ lf{ìqo{lmf

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0& K``x`flfi ofk ylk`flfi {e` M@JK XCQ lfkljo{mz

0&? F`y qìpbo{mq| lfkljo{mqz

Q`j`f{b|" M@JK `jmfmclz{z eot` xpablze`k o z`l`z md f`y lfkljo{mz" zmc` md yelje o`

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Ilt`f {e` bojg md jmcx`{l{lt` x`zzp`z lf cof| z`tlj`z z`j{mz oz y`bb oz {e` maz`t`k xlj`z{ljglf`zz lf z`tlj`z mtòbb" {e` FCQz o` xmaoab| {e` cm` lcxm{of{ mf`z& Dlip` : k`xlj{z{e` z|z{`c jbòb|> {e`| o` amg`f px lf @[JQ f`{ymg lfkpz{l`z ' mok {ofzxm{, ofkQAZQ `{olb $ apzlf`zz z`tlj`z ìpbo{lmf,&15 Jmfyo| $ Fljmb`{{l" 1884" zpaz`qp`f{b|jobjpbo{` yeo{ {e`| jobb )QL lfkljo{mz)> {e`z` )ìpbo{lmf lcxoj{) lfkljo{mz zemy o còzp` md{e` )gfmjg#mf) `dd`j{ {m m{e` z`j{mz" a` {e`| cofpdoj{plfi m z`tlj`z" md {e` kì`` md`z{lj{lt`f`zz md {e` z`tlj`z lfkljo{mz {e` FCQz, aoz`k mf lfxp{#mp{xp{ co{lj`z o{ {e` 1#klil{ LZLJ b`t`b& Mf` jof a`z{ )òk) {e` QL lfkljo{mz oz o jmcxoo{lt` dlip` obb lz còzp`kdmc 8 {m ?" {e` bo{{` a`lfi cmz{ `z{lj{lt`, oiolfz{ ù{`c` kì``z md `z{lj{lt`f`zz mdz`tlj`z ìpbo{lmf" jopzlfi gfmjg#mf `dd`j{z dm z`j{mz jmfzpclfi {e`z` z`tlj`z& Fm{` {eo{FCQz mfb| lfkljo{` ìpbo{m| `z{lj{lt`f`zz" e`fj`" {e` QL lfkljo{mz" {mm" lf o yo|7 {e`| km

fm{ zemy xlj` m qpobl{| `dd`j{z oz zpje& Dlip` : obzm zemyz {eo{" lf o zmc`yeo{ ok#emjdozelmf" ìpbo{lmf md dlfofjlob cog`{z eoz a``f ampie{ lf dm mf` |ò mfb|,& Oz klzjpzz`koamt`" {e` lfjbpzlmf md dlfofjlob cog`{ ìpbo{lmf lz npz{ldl`k `t`f ye`f ZE@J ìpbo{lmf lzb`d{ mp{," ld mfb| dm z|z{`clj òzmfz md dlfofjlob z{oalbl{|& Dlip`z ; ofk 0 zemy {e` kì`` mdk`{olb lf `zx& {e` f`{ymg lfkpz{l`z" ofk `{olb ' xmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z& [e` k`#doj{m mt`box mdDlip` ; yl{e {e` 188: XCQz lz iò{&1< Emy`t`" t`{ljob lf{ìo{lmf m z`xoo{lmf ofk cog`{z{pj{p` o` okk`k ofk o dlf` klzoiiìo{lmf lf{m zpacog`{z lz xpzp`k `&i& aozlj b`{{`z"xoj`b ofk jmpl` z`tlj`z lf xmz{ob,& Zm" {e`| o` a`{{` ofk cm` `dlf`k&:8 Oz {m Dlip` 0" {e`xmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z o` jmcxb`{`b| f`y ofk im k``x,7 dm `{olb" 1 )`f{|) qp`l`z boi`#mp{b`{`z{lj{lmfz" {|xljob dm @pmx`" ofk xm{`j{lmf md lfjpca`f{z" fmy dlfobb| dmalkk`f lf {e` f`yz`tlj`z kl`j{lt` 1884-?1:, o` f`y ofk xlj` jmf{mbz o` f`y dm )jmfkpj{) pb`z ob{empie

ofk qpl{` o d`y z`tlj`z cog`{z" {e` {`c {pb| aol`#d`` oxxbl`z" j`{olfb| jmcxo`k {m `jmfmcljlf{`jmpz` a`{y``f m{e` M@JK jmpf{l`z&15 Apzlf`zz z`tlj`z jmcxlz`z e`` {e` xmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z ofk" lf doj{" mfb| dmp md {e`c,& Fm{` {eo{@pmz{o{ `cxbm|z o cpje ylk` k`dlfl{lmf md )apzlf`zz z`tlj`z)&1< Z`` {e` Dlip`z ?1 ofk ?: Jmfyo| $ Fljmb`{{l" mx& jl{&" x& ;9, yl{e o jm`bo{lmf jm`ddljl`f{ md 8&4

[elz jobjpbo{lmf lz xmzzlab` o{ 1 klil{z LZLJ b`t`b" lf {m{ob :< zpje z`j{mz mt` ?


27/42


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Dlipq` 0> z{qpj{pq` md {e` QAZQ lfklj{mq z|z{`c

Oz lbbpz{o{lmf md {e` gfmjg#mf `dd`j{z md `z{lj{lt` ìpbo{m| ìlc`z dm z`tlj`z" jmfzlk` dlz{ Dlip`4& L{ zemyz {eo{" mf o zjob` dmc 8 {m ?" {e` `z{lj{lt`f`zz md z`tlj`z ìlc`z lz {ofzcl{{`k {mcofpdoj{plfi" ofilfi dmc ompfk 8&? dm Zy`k`f ofk {e` F`{e`bofkz obb {e` yo| {m 8&:0 dm Opz{lo&L{ clie{ obzm a` md lf{``z{ {m z{pk| {e` gfmjg#mf `dd`j{ md `z{lj{lt` z`tlj`z ìlc`z mf LJ[#pzlfiz`j{mz" lk`f{ldl`k oz {e` xlfjlxob `filf` md ù{o xmkpj{ltl{| imy{e lf {e` PZ a`{y``f ?


28/42


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29/42


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y`bb oz `f{| aol`z ofk {e` kì`` md t`{ljob lf{ìo{lmf& [e` JBX lfkljo{m lz mfb|otolboab` dm 188:& L{ lz ùj``klfib| klddljpb{ {m ozz`zz {e` p{lbl{| md {elz lfkljo{m dm {e`còzp`c`f{ md ìpbo{lmf md cog`{z&Lf {e` bl{ò{p`" t`| d`y o{{`cx{z eot` a``f cok` {m ofob|~` {e` fpc`mpz zpa{b`kldd``fj`z lf fo{lmfob jmcx`{l{lmf xmbljl`z

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30/42


1 o, yl{e {e` FCQ" md{`f `z{lj{lt` ofk x`tozlt`, z`tlj`z ìpbo{lmf ozzpc`z ocpje iò{` xmclf`fj` yelje lz npz{ldl`k oz y`bb a| {e` `fmcmpz y`lie{ md z`tlj`z lfIFX zmc` 98 % lf {e` @P, ofk a, z`tòb zem{jmclfiz m yògf`zz`z md {e` dmc`XCQ o` {e`à| okk`zz`k&

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31/42


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Dlipq` 5> Q`tlz`k ofk lf{`iqo{`k M@JK XCQ

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{e` y`lie{z ymfi {eo{ lz" oal{o| m aloz`k,& Lf of o{{`cx{ {m otmlk oal{o| ofkzpan`j{lt` y`lie{z" {emz` lf Dlip` 1 y`` k`{`clf`k a| xlfjlxob jmcxmf`f{z ofob|zlz{og`f {e` ?


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1885" lf Ym`bdb `{ ob" 188 ![e` )lf{ìo{`k XCQ) " yelje `camkl`z cm` z`j{mob lfdmco{lmf {eof lf xoz{t`zlmfz md {e` XCQ" elieblie{z {eo{ kldd``fj`z lf XCQ ojmzz jmpf{l`z ofk mt` {lcèlfi` {m o boi` ù{`f{ mf kldd``fj`z lf z`j{mob ìpbo{m| xmbljl`z&! Zmc` klzokotof{oi`z"zx`jldl`k lf z`j{lmf ; oamt`" o` `kpj`k m `blclfo{`k a| {e`z` cmkldljo{lmfz& Fmf`{e`b`zz"z`tòb mclzzlmfz ofk yògf`zz`z oz y`bb oz {e` @P fìb`j{ aloz o` fm{ mt`jmc` yl{e {e``tlz`k " lf{ìo{`k XCQ&

4& Jmfjbpzlmfz

Mtòbb ìpbo{m| `dmc z{o{ìl`z lf M@JK jmpf{l`z jof a` `tlk`fj`#aoz`k zlfj` {e`bo{` ? {e` x`lmk ?


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ofk `bo{`k jmccmf xmbljl`z& [elz zemyz px" lf cof| lfz{ofj`z" lf {e` bojg md `jmifl{lmfmd am{e fìo{lt` ofk xmzl{lt` cog`{ lf{ìo{lmf& Lf m{e` ymkz" {e` @P {ò{|" joz` boy"{e` Jmcclzzlmf oz {e` ipoklof md {e` {ò{| ofk {e` @pmxòf Jmp{ md Npz{lj` eot` bmfixmt`k joxoab` md colf{olflfi o z{lj{ ìlc` md d`` cmt`c`f{ md immkz" z`tlj`z ofkjoxl{ob ye`f blfg`k {m dlfofjlob z`tlj`z, oz y`bb oz {e` lie{ md `z{oablzec`f{" yelje lzlf{pzlt` dm 19 C`ca` Z{o{`z ofk klzjlxblf`z {e`l xmzzlab` lf{`t`f{lmflzc yelb` x`#`cx{lfi xm{`j{lmflz{ ìpbo{lmf& Cm`mt`" jmccmf @P ìpbo{lmf ofk xmbljl`z o`" cm`md{`f {eof fm{" `bo{`k {m {e` xmx` dpfj{lmflfi md {e` lf{`fob cog`{" lf `&i& mt`jmclfifpc`mpz cog`{ dolbp`z ofk tlo @P jmcx`{l{lmf xmblj|& [elz fìb`j{#aloz ù{`fkz {m {e`fìb`j{ md @P ZE@J#ìpbo{lmf lf o fpca` md yo|z& Dlfobb|" l{ dolbz {m k`{`j{ {e`jmfzlkòab` @P#b`t`b lfdbp`fj` mf fo{lmfob ìpbo{m| `dmc&

Zlfj` 1884" {e` `tlz`k XCQ eoz a``f k`t`bmx`k" a| lfjmxmo{lfi aplbklfi abmjgz blg`f`{ymg lfkpz{l`z" `{olb ofk zmc` xmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z7 o jmcx`{l{lmf boy ofk xmblj|JBX, lfkljo{m7 ofk of DKL `z{lj{lt`f`zz lfkù& Cm`mt`" {e` y`lie{z lf {e` jbozzljobXCQ y`` ob{``k {m of `qpob#y`lie{z z|z{`c&Lf {e` joz` md {e` @P" {e` JBX ofk DKL lfkljo{mz ympbk z``c {m okk bl{{b`> {e` JBX

lifm`z mfj` oiolf, @P jmcx`{l{lmf xmblj| l{z`bd ofk {e` lfdbp`fj` md l{z z{ofkokz mffo{lmfob JBX7 {e` DKL lfkù lftoloab| zjm`z y`bb dm @P jmpf{l`z {e` òzmf lz zlcxb|{eo{ lf {e` @P" fo{lmfob {ò{c`f{ eoz obyo|z a``f mablio{m|,&

[e` k`{olb`k okkl{lmf md {e`` jmcxmf`f{z md z`tlj`z f`{ymgz" xmd`zzlmfob z`tlj`z ofk`{olb, jmfz{l{p{`z o conm lcxmt`c`f{& Ye`f lf 188< {e` 1885 zpt`| yoz `xm{`k mf {eàozlz md {e` `tlz`k XCQ z`` Ym`db `{ ob" 188


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lilkl{l`z md boamp cog`{z {`fk {m im {mi`{e` yl{e `bo{lt`b| `z{lj{lt` z`tlj`z cog`{ìpbo{lmf&;? [elz jof eokb| a` zpxlzlfi ilt`f {e` elie boamp jmf{`f{ md z`tlj`z&Emy`t`" `t`f ye`f dmjpzlfi zmb`b| mf xmkpj{ cog`{z" lf xo{ljpbo z`tlj`z cog`{z"{e`` o` immk òzmfz {m ìok {e` z{mfib| z`j{mob zbof{ lf {e` )lf{ìo{`k XCQ) Dlip`5, oz f`j`zzo| ap{ lfzpddljl`f{" `t`f ye`f obb {e` jl{ljlzc b`t`bb`k mf XCQz ympbkzmcèmy a` okk`zz`k& [e` lf{pzlt` zj``flfi xmj`zz md fo{lmfob ofk ìlmfob ofk bmjob,z`tlj`z ìpbo{lmf lfjbpklfi x`cl{z" `{j&, yelje eoz {og`f xboj` lf {e` @P kplfi 1889 -188< pfk` {e` eml~mf{ob z`tlj`z kl`j{lt` 1884-?1: oz y`bb oz m{e` ù`jlz`z {e`@pmxòf Jmcclzzlmf eoz pfk`{og`f lf j`{olf z`tlj`z cog`{z yelje y``)cobdpfj{lmflfi) ;1 eot` cok` jbò {eo{ z`tlj`z `z{lj{lmfz o` )k``x) ofk ylk`zxòk 7{e`| co| obzm zemy px o{ cm` {eof mf` b`t`b md imt`fc`f{& L{ ylbb fm{ a` òz| {m k`t`bmxf`y XCQz yelje ylbb a` joxoab` md )jo{jelfi) cmz{ md {e`z` fpc`mpz x`{{| m b`zz x`{{|`z{lj{lmfz {em{{blfi lfl{lo{lt`z m ltob| lf z`tlj`z cog`{z& Md jmpz`" y` km fm{ gfmyye`{e` ofk {m yeo{ ù{`f{ z`tlj`z cog`{z lf m{e` M@JK jmpf{l`z clie{ a` `qpobb|`z{lj{`k lf jmpf{b`zz yo|z& Ld fm{ m b`zz" {e` jm`j{lmf md {e` mtòbb @P fìb`j{ aloz`z md{e` XCQz co| y`bb a` mddz`{ oiolf a| {e` lfjlk`fj` md zm cof| z`tlj`z `z{lj{lmfz&Cm`mt`" l{ zempbk a` fm{`k {eo{ {e` z`tlj`z kl`j{lt` eoz o bmfi blz{ md k`mio{lmfz ofk o

fpca` md {emz` ympbk z``c {m a` {e` c`` `zpb{ md bmaa|lfi o{e` {eof md o zmpfknpz{ldljo{lmf&

[e` jmfjbpzlmf lz {eo{ {e` pfk`xlfflfi `dmc z{o{ìl`z zempbk a`z{ a` aoz`k mf XCQzyelje o` dp{e` ù{`fk`k zm oz {m jmt` )k``x`) `z{lj{lmfz oz y`bb oz jm`j{`k dm {e`@P fìb`j{ aloz`z" lk`f{ldl`k lf {e` x`z`f{ xox`" a`zlk`z m{e` yo|z md còzplfi mlft`z{lio{lfi {e` )cobdpfj{lmflfi) md cog`{z&

;? Z`` `&i& Am`l" Fljmb`{{l $ Zjox`{{o" 1888 ofk Dlml `{ ob& 1885& Ye`òz Aozzoflfl $ Kptob" 1884" dlfkjmcxb`c`f{ol{| a`{y``f boamp ofk z`tlj`z cog`{z" Ilddl{e `{ ob" 1889 ofk Dlml mx& jl{& dlfkzpaz{l{p{oalbl{|&;1 Mf` jof c`f{lmf {e` KI Jmcx`{l{lmf lfqpl| lf @P `{olb dlfofjlob cog`{z ofk {e` mfimlfi KI @jDlfymg mf cog`{ cmfl{mlfi `&i& lf dmmk tobp` jeolfz ofk klz{lap{lmf&


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Alablmioxe|

Obblm" B&" K& Qmklim $ X& Ofk`z#Ocm" 188 òzz`zzlfi {e`mb` md xmbljl`z ofk lfz{l{p{lmfz" M@JK Zmjlob" `cxbm|c`f{ ofk clio{lmf xox`z" fm& :0

Am`l" [& " I& Fljmb`{{l $ Z& Zjox`{{o" 1888" Qìpbo{lmf ofk boamp cog`{ x`dmcofj`" lf> I& Iobbl $ N& X`bgcofz" `k&z" Qìpbo{m| `dmc ofk jmcx`{l{lt`f`zz lf @pmx " Tmb& ?"Je`b{`feoc" @& @bio" xx& :1? # :58

Apjjlmzzl" X&" B& Jlol" [& Kpzm" Z& Dlkmbzmf" I& Zxoifmbm $ J& Tl{ob`" 1885" O zem{mt`tl`y md o c`{emkmbmi| dm {e` ù#xmz{ `tl`y md cì` jmf{mb k`jlzlmfz" K`@jmfmclz{" Tmb& ?04" ;" K`j`ca` xx& ;0: ;90

Jo|z``b`" X& tof" X& Zoaao{lfl $ Y& tof C`à``jg" 1888" Fo{lmfob jmcx`{l{lmf xmbljl`z"lf > I& Iobbl $ N& X`bgcofz" `k&z"Qìpbo{m| `dmc ofk jmcx`{l{lt`f`zz lf @pmx " Tmb&?" Je`b{`feoc" @& @bio" xx& ?19 # ?90

Jmfyo|" X&" Nofmk" T& ofk Fljmb`{{l" I& 1880, Xmkpj{ Cog`{ Qìpbo{lmf lf M@JKjmpf{l`z> ?--`j&`pmxo&`p-lf{`fob]cog`{-`jmfmclj#`xm{z-lfkù]`f&e{c

Klù" O&" Xlje`bcoff" G& ofk Qmi`" Y& 188;, Xmkpj{ cog`{ `dmcz ofkcojm`jmfmclj x`dmcofj` lf {e` @pmxòf Pflmf" lf Klù" O&" Lb~gmtl{~" D& ofk Z`ggo{"G& `kz,@pmxòf Lf{ìo{lmf ofk {e` Dpfj{lmflfi md Xmkpj{ Cog`{z" @kyok @bio

@pmxòf Jmcclzzlmf 1884o," [e` @P @jmfmc| 1884 Q`tl`y& Oknpz{c`f{ K|focljz lf{e` @pm Oò> @ux`l`fj`z ofk Jeobb`fi`z"@pmxòf @jmfmc| Fm&4" Fmt`ca` 1884

@pmxòf Jmcclzzlmf 1884a," @pmxòf Jmcx`{l{lt`f`zz Q`xm{ 1884" Jmcclzzlmf Z{oddYmglfi Kmjpc`f{" Z@J1884,?;49-1" ?;&??&1884

@pmxòf Jmcclzzlmf 1885, @CPH?8" Zpjj`zz`z ofk Jeobb`fi`z md ?8 \òz md @CP" 9Co| 1885" {m oxxò lf @pmxòf @jmfmc| 1885-1

Dlml" I&" Fljmb`{{l" I" Z&Zjox`{{o $ D& Zjelof{o`bbl" 1885" @cxbm|c`f{ mp{jmc`zofk {e`lf{òj{lmf a`{y``f a`{y``f xmkpj{ ofk boamp cog`{ k`ìpbo{lmf > o` {e`| zlaz{l{p{`z m


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jmcxb`c`f{z =" xox` x`z`f{`k o{ {e` LCD jmfd `fj` mf {e` jopz`z ofk jmfz`qp`fj`z mdz{pj{pob `dmcz" Yozelfi{mf KJ" 15 Dà& 1885

Doz` Lfz{l{p{`" 1889" @jmfmclj D``kmc md {e` Ymbk> 1889 offpob `xm{" TofjmptÀ&J&7 yyy&d``{e`ymbk&jmc

Iopy`" X& k` 1885, B`{z Z{mx A`lfi Ibmmc| oamp{ @pmx`" J@XZ Ymglfi Kmjpc`f{1 [e` Lf{`fob Cog`{ lf {e` 1?z{ J`f{p|& O Jmf{lap{lmf [m {e`Zlfib` Cog`{ Q`tl`y" @pmxòf Jmcclzzlmf"@jmfmclj Xox`z Fm& 19?" Nofpo| 1889

LCD 188;o," @pm Oò xmbljl`z> z`b`j{`k lzzp`z"LCD Jmpf{| Q`xm{z Fm& 8;-1:0

LCD 188;a," Dmz{`lfi Z{pj{pob Q`dmcz lf Lfkpz{lob Jmpf{l`z" LCD Ymbk @jmfmcljMp{bmmgJeox{` :" Oxlb 188;

Noftobb" @&" Z{`fbpfk Z&" Ylio{& O&" Blfkaì G& ofk Zgo F& 1889," Ibmaob Apzlf`zz Qpb`z {eo{ E`bx ofk Elfk`" Z{mjgembc" Co|" Zy`klze Jmfd`kò{lmf md Lfkpz{|Wyyy&zt`fzg{folfizblt&z` S

Gopddcoff" K&" Goo|" O& $ C& Coz{p~~l" 1889" Imt`fofj` co{{`z TL > imt`fofj`lfkljo{mz dm ?


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Cmm`" C& $ G& Tlzjpzl" 1888" Xmkpj{ bloalbl{| lf {e` |`o 1888 > {e` PZ x`zx`j{lt`"x`z`f{`k o{ o J@XZ - Ammglfiz z`clfo" Apzz`bz" Z`x{& 19" 1888 pfxpablze`k,

F`t`f" K& $ E& ^`fi`" 1885" @u xmz{ `tobpo{lmf md `fdmj`c`f{ > o xlfjlxob#oi`f{x``zx`j{lt`"K` @jmfmclz{" Tmb& ?04" ;" K`j`ca` xx& ;99 # ; M@JK@tlk`fj`"@jmfmclj Xmblj|" Oxlb

Fl`bz" I& $ Q& tof Klng" 1885" Jmcx`{l{lmf xmblj| > yeo{ o` {e` jmz{z ofk a`f`dl{z mdc`ozplfi l{z jmz{z ofk a`f`dl{z ="K` @jmfmclz{" Tmb& ?04" ;" K`j`ca` xx& :;< :4;

M@JK" ?


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Zlbto" D& $ O& Jotobl``" 1888" [e` `jmfmclj lcxoj{ md xmkpj{ bloalbl{| > b`zzmfz dmc {e`PZ ofk {e` @P ùx`l`fj`" lf > I& Iobbl $ N& X`bgcofz" `k&z" Qìpbo{m| `dmc ofkjmcx`{l{lt`f`zz lf @pmx`" Tmb& ?" Je`b{`feoc" @& @bio" xx& 1 o bl{ò{p` `tl`y" F`y \mg" PFxpabljo{lmfz

Ym`bdb" O&" L& Yoff`" [& Gm~bpg $ I& Fljmb`{{l" 188


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OFF@U ? G`| qp`z{lmfz dm M@JK XCQ lfkljo{mz

Zmpj` > Jmfyo|" Nofmk $ Fljmb`{{l" 1880


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Blz{ md Aqpi`z @pqmxòf @jmfmclj Q`zòqje Xox`qz %A@@Q,

A@@Q xox` f ?9 %Npb| 18?8,

Xmkpj{ Cog`{ Q`dmc lf @P Jmpf{l`z # O` {e` c`{emkmbmi| ofk `tlk`fj` zpddljl`f{b| mapz{=" a|

Nojqp`z X`bgcofz

A@@Q xox` f ?4 %Coje 18?8,

[e` K`{`clfof{z md Lft`z{c`f{ lf Lfdmco{lmf ofk Jmccpfljo{lmf [`jefmbmil`z a| Xombm Ip`l`l"Co{{`m Bpjlofl ofk Tob`f{lfo C`bljlofl

A@@Q xox` f ?0 %K`j`ca` 188 [mm Bl{{b`" [mm Bo{`=" a| Dlm`bbo Gmz{mlz Xokmo

Zjelmxxo&

A@@Q xox` f 0 %Mj{ma` 1884,

Q$K" Zxlbbmt`z" Lffmto{lmf Z|z{`cz ofk {e` I`f`zlz md Qìlmfob Imy{e lf @pmx`" a| Ofkz

Qmkip`~#Xmz` ofk Qljjokm J`zj`f~l&

A@@Q xox` f ; %Npb| 1884,

Clu`k Xpablj#Xlto{` @f{`xlz`z lf @pmx`> @jmfmclj [e`m| ofk of @cxlljob Ofob|zlz md L{oblof

Yo{` P{lbl{l`z" a| Ob`zzofkm Coo&


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A@@Q xox` f : %Fmt`ca` 1880,

Qìlmfob Yoi` Ofk @cxbm|c`f{ Q`zxmfz`z [m Cog`{ Xm{`f{lob Lf [e` @P" a| G`l{e Eòk $

[el`| Co|`&

A@@Q xox` f 1 %Co| 1880,

[`jefmbmi| klddpzlmf" z`tlj`z ofk `fkmi`fmpz imy{e lf @pmx`& Lz {e` Blzamf Z{o{ì| z{lbb oblt`= "

a| Xombm Ip`l`l " A`fokm Coiil " Tob`f{lfo C`bljlofl $ Xl` Jobm Xokmof&

A@@Q xox` f ? %Fmt`ca` 188;,@kpjo{lmf" Clio{lmf" Ofk Nma Zo{lzdoj{lmf> [e` Qìlmfob Q`{pfz Md Epcof Joxl{ob Lf [e` @P" a|

Ofkz Qmkip`~#Xmz` $ Cmf{zò{ Tlbob{o#Apd&

Blz{ md Aqpi`z @pqmxòf @jmfmclj Xmblj| aql`dlfiz %A@@X,

A@@X al`dlfi f ?< %Z`x{`ca` 1885,

[e` Xmblj| Doc`ymg dm {e` Xmcm{lmf md E|kmi`f ofk Dp`b J`bbz lf @pmx`" O Jl{ljob

Ozz`zzc`f{" a| Qolcpfk Ab`lzjeyl{~ ofk Flgmboz Aok`

A@@X al`dlfi f ?5 %Z`x{`ca` 1889,Emy Zmjlob lz @pmxòf Lf{ìo{lmf=" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?9 %Z`x{`ca` 1889,

[e` Zpz{olfoalbl{| Lcxoj{ md {e` @P @clzzlmfz [oklfi Z|z{`c mf {e` @pmxòf Lfkpz{| " a|

Qolcpfk Ab`lzjeyl{~" Go{lf Dpecoff ofk @bloz Epjeb`&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?4 %Coje 1889,

Z`tlj`z lf @pmxòf Xmbljl`z" a| Bplz Qpaobjoao&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?0 %Npb| 1884,

@pmxòf Lfkpz{lob Xmblj|" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?; %Coje 1884,

Eoz {e` @pmxòf LJ[ Z`j{m o Jeofj` {m a` Jmcx`{l{lt`= a| Imk`dm| Kofi Fip|`f $ Jelz{of

I`f{emf&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?: %Dàpo| 1884,

[`z{lfi dm Zpazlklol{|" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz

A@@X al`dlfi f ?1 %Fmt`ca` 1880,

Bo i`z{lmf k` bo {ofzl{lmf t`z bo cmffol` pflqp` `{ b{oablzz`c`f{ k` bo jklalbl{ k` b`pm " a|

Nòf#Jbopk` [lje`{&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?? %Z`x{`ca` 1880,

Km`z {e` @pmxòf Pflmf Jò{` {e` Dmpfko{lmfz md of Lfdmco{lmf Zmjl`{| dm obb=" a| Imk`dm|

Kofi Fip|`f $ Col` Nmbbz&

A@@X al`dlfi f ?8 %Nofpo| 1880,

O [lxb`#L Z{o{ì| dm {e` Dp{p` md @pmx`" a| Qolcpfk Ab`lzjeyl{~&

A@@X al`dlfi f < %K`j`ca` 188;,

[e` [pglze Aofglfi Z`j{m" Jeobb`fi`z ofk Mp{bmmg lf [ofzl{lmf {m @P C`ca`zelx" a| Obd`k

Z{`lfe`" Obl [pg`b $ Cpo{ Pj`&

A@@X al`dlfi f 5 %Mj{ma` 188;,

[e` @jmfmcljz md @P Qolbyo| Q`dmc" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz $ Bmlz kl Xl`{of{mflm&


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A@@X al`dlfi f 9 %Npf` 188;,

Zpz{olfoab` K`t`bmxc`f{ ofk Jmbb`j{lt` Bòflfi> [e`m| ofk o @pmxòf Joz` Z{pk|" a| Qolcpfk

Ab`lzjeyl{~" Cljeo`b Bo{zje $ Glz{lof Zfm` Ofk`z`f

A@@X al`dlfi f 4 %Nofpo| 188;,

Jof @pmx` K`blt` Imy{e= [e` Zoxl Q`xm{ ofk A`|mfk" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz $ Nòf#Xl``

Joz`|&

A@@X al`dlfi f 0 %Oxlb 188:,

@ddljl`f{ [ouo{lmf md Cpb{l#Fo{lmfob @f{`xlz`z lf {e` @pmxòf Pflmf" a| Z{`dofm Cljmzzl" Xombo

Xoozjofkmbo $ Aoaoo [la`{l&

A@@X al`dlfi f ; %Oxlb 188:,

@P @fboi`c`f{> @u{`fob @jmfmclj Lcxbljo{lmfz" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz $ Nòf#Xl`` Joz`|&

A@@X al`dlfi f : %Coje 188:,

Cp{pob Q`jmifl{lmf" Pf`cxbm|c`f{ ofk {e` Y`bdo` Z{o{`" a| Dlm`bbo Gmz{mlz Xokmo Zjelmxxo&

A@@X al`dlfi f 1 %K`j`ca` 1881,

Cp{pob Q`jmifl{lmf lf Immkz ofk Z`tlj`z> of @jmfmclj X`zx`j{lt`" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz&

A@@X al`dlfi f ? %Mj{ma` 1881,

@jmfmclj Lcxbljo{lmfz md @fboi`c`f{" a| Nojqp`z X`bgcofz&

product market reforms in eu countries (eng)/ las reformas del mercado de productos en los países...

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