production systems there are four basic types of production system - each one can use a different...

Production SystemsProduction Systems

There are four basic types of production system - There are four basic types of production system - each one can use a different type of machine and each one can use a different type of machine and with different levels of automation. Which system with different levels of automation. Which system is used depends generally on how many identical is used depends generally on how many identical products are to be produced, and how continuous products are to be produced, and how continuous the production is to be. the production is to be.

JobbingJobbing- making a - making a one-offone-off product product BatchBatch - making a specific - making a specific quantityquantity of a product of a product Mass-ProducedMass-Produced - - high volumehigh volume production production ContinuousContinuous – – non-stopnon-stop production 24hrs/day production 24hrs/day


1. One-off or jobbing production 1. One-off or jobbing production is used to is used to produce very small amounts or specialised produce very small amounts or specialised products. This might mean producing a single products. This might mean producing a single piece of switch gear for a factory machine. piece of switch gear for a factory machine. Workers in this type of industry need to be highly Workers in this type of industry need to be highly skilled in a range of different areas and able to skilled in a range of different areas and able to work on a number of aspects of the project. work on a number of aspects of the project. Examples include made—to-measure furniture Examples include made—to-measure furniture and one-off buildings like the Millennium Dome.and one-off buildings like the Millennium Dome.

Luxury and customised productsLuxury and customised products


2. Batch production 2. Batch production is the most common type is the most common type of production in industry. It involves making a set of production in industry. It involves making a set number of exactly the same product. Some number of exactly the same product. Some batches will be small, others could be thousands. batches will be small, others could be thousands. Batch production might be used to make PCBs for Batch production might be used to make PCBs for aircraft controls, for example, or control panels aircraft controls, for example, or control panels for central-heating boilers.for central-heating boilers.

Makes a group of identical productsMakes a group of identical products


3. Mass or in-line production3. Mass or in-line production is used when is used when very many identical products are required, such very many identical products are required, such as cars, washing machines and fridges. The as cars, washing machines and fridges. The products are assembled as they flow along a products are assembled as they flow along a production line. The operators tend to be semi-production line. The operators tend to be semi-skilled. skilled.

As well as expensive specialist equipment, a large As well as expensive specialist equipment, a large work force is required. Production can be broken work force is required. Production can be broken down to small repetitive task, therefore not down to small repetitive task, therefore not necessary to employ skilled people.necessary to employ skilled people.

Cheaper Identical ProductsCheaper Identical Products


4. Continuous-flow production4. Continuous-flow production is is where production is heavily where production is heavily automated and runs 24 hours per automated and runs 24 hours per day. Continuous-flow production is day. Continuous-flow production is used in oil refining and chemical used in oil refining and chemical processing. A considerable amount of processing. A considerable amount of electronic control is used in the electronic control is used in the running and monitoring of these running and monitoring of these plants.plants.

Slack, a.o., Operations ManagemSlack, a.o., Operations Managementent

Va

riet

y

Process types in manufacturing

High

LowVolumeLow High

Project

Jobbing

Batch

Mass

Continuous


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Project Process• customized P/S• devoted resources• ill defined activities• complex process• long time period • well defined start & end

Construction WorkShipbuildingInstalling Computer SystemMovie Production CompaniesBuilding Mass Rapid Transportation SystemDrilling Oil Wells


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Jobbing Process•More products; smaller items •Sharing of resources• Low degree of repetition• Fewer unpredictable circumstances

Specialist ToolmakersFurniture RestorersTickets Printer Social Events


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Batch Process• More products in one batch• Repetitive with large batches• Can be used over wide range• Different process routes

Machine Tool MakersComponent Parts ProductionProduction of most ClothingProduction of Gourmet Frozen Food


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Mass Process• High volume/low variety• Discrete products• Repetitive• Large predictability

Automobile PlantConsumer Durables MfgFood Processes (pizza’s)Beer Bottling


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Continuous Process• Long production periods• Liquid flow processing• Capital intensive technologies• Highly predictable flow

Petrochemical RefineriesEdible Oil ProcessingSteel MakingPaper MakingElectricity UtilitiesBeer Brewing


Va

riet

y

Process types in service operations

High

LowVolumeLow High

Professional Services• High customer contact• High customization• Highly adaptable• Value adding in front-office• People based• High ratio of staff to customers• Emphasis on process (how)

Management ConsultantsLawyer’s PracticesArchitectsAuditorsH&S InspectorsComputer Field Service Operations


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Service Shops• Services by mix of front/back office• People & Equipment based• Product/Process emphasis

BankingHigh Street ShopsTour OperatorsCar Rental Co’sSchoolsTravel Agents


Va

riet

y


High

LowVolumeLow High

Mass Services• Limited Customer Contact Time• Little customization• Equipment based• Product oriented (what)• Value adding in back-office• Division of labor/mainly non-prof.

SupermarketsNational Rail NetworkAirportTelecomLibraryTelevision StationPolice Service

CAD & CAMCAD & CAM Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

CAM is essentially the use of automated machines that are CAM is essentially the use of automated machines that are controlled by computers. Some of the advantages of using controlled by computers. Some of the advantages of using computer-aided manufacturing are thatcomputer-aided manufacturing are that

machines can be quickly reprogrammed for each new batch of machines can be quickly reprogrammed for each new batch of products products

consistent quality can be maintained consistent quality can be maintained specifications can be transmitted quickly from design to specifications can be transmitted quickly from design to

manufacturing, and from one machine to another manufacturing, and from one machine to another machines can work continuously for long periods machines can work continuously for long periods work can be carried out in conditions which would be hazardous to work can be carried out in conditions which would be hazardous to

humans humans

Computer numerical control (CNC)Computer numerical control (CNC) When computers are used to carry out bespoke precision tasks, such When computers are used to carry out bespoke precision tasks, such

as soldering circuit boards, this is called as soldering circuit boards, this is called computer numerical computer numerical controlcontrol or CNC. CNC machines can be programmed and operated or CNC. CNC machines can be programmed and operated from computers or other microprocessor systems - either directly from computers or other microprocessor systems - either directly using a keyboard or keypad, or indirectly by means of disks, smart using a keyboard or keypad, or indirectly by means of disks, smart cards or other removable media.cards or other removable media.

In electronics CNC machines are used - among other applications - to In electronics CNC machines are used - among other applications - to 'populate' PCBs and solder the components in place.'populate' PCBs and solder the components in place.

production systems there are four basic types of production system - each one can use a different...

Documents