Prof. Dr. Mir Shabbar Ali

Urban transport planning, definitions and approaches

• Urban Transportation Planning process• Urban mobility challenges• Urban travel indicators• Developing a transportation plan• Conclusions and Recommendations

Lecture covers

Urban Transportation Planning Process

Basic elements of transportation planning

Situation definition Inventory transportation facilities, Measure travel patterns, Review prior studies

Problem definition Define objectives (e.g., Reduce travel time), Establish criteria (e.g., Average delay time), Define constraints, Establish design standards

Search for solutions

Consider options (e.g., locations and types, structure needs, environmental considerations)

Analysis of performance

For each option, determine cost, traffic flow, impacts

Evaluation of alternatives

Determine values for the criteria set for evaluation (e.g., benefits vs. cost, cost-effectiveness, etc)

Choice of project Consider factors involved (e.g., goal attainability, political judgment, environmental impact, etc.)

Specification and construction

Once an alternative is chosen, design necessary elements of the facility and create construction plans

The Importance of Transportation planning

• Growth in the demand for mobility– Considerable growth of the transport demand:

• Individual (passengers) and freight mobility.

– Larger quantities of passengers and freight being moved.

– Longer distances over which they are carried.– Multiplication of the number of journeys.– Wide variety of modes servicing transport

demands.

Holistic Approach

Urban travel indicators

Households are getting smaller with more vehicles…

U.S. Census

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Vehicles per Household Persons per Household

More workers and more cars on the road…

41.4

59.7

81.3

99.6

112.7

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

A Real Shift to Longer Commutes…

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

1980 1990 2000

Commutes over 30 minutes one-way

Commutes over 45 minutes one-way

U.S. Census

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

45,000,000

50,000,000

ToFrmWrk

Vehicles commutes by time of day…

NHTS 2001

All Vehicles in Motion—The Changing Peak Period

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

45,000,000

50,000,000

ToFrmWrk FamPers Soc/Rec Other

22.1% of U.S. household vehicles

NHTS 2001

Urban Mobility• Traditional transport planning aims to improve

mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to adequately consider wider impacts.

• The real purpose of transport is to provide access for the citizens to work, education, friends and family, and goods and services.

• A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible, safe, environmentally-friendly, and affordable.

• Cities should improve the sustainability of their transport networks to create more vibrant, livable, sustainable cities.

Why Urban Mobility Matters ?

• Citizens expect high levels of mobility.• Sustainable urban mobility is essential

for:– Guaranteeing citizens a high quality of

accessibility and life– Facilitating economic development of cities,

thus helping growth and employment– Respecting the environment and ensuring

sustainable development

Challenges Faced By Cities• Congestion

– Increase of traffic in urban areas is causing congestion - this costs to citizens and businesses

– Parking – Major problem – Portion of road is occupied by Parking

• Energy consumption– Urban mobility - faced by the domination of oil as

a transport fuel.• Climate change

– Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO2 emissions of road transport.

Challenges Faced By Cities• Health issues

– towns and cities face increasing air pollution and noise problems, which impact on citizens health.

• Safety and security– road fatalities take place in urban areas -

pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable victims.

17

Impact of Global Economic ChangeUrbanization, More cars & other vehicles, pollution, congestion, infrastructure development

Problems of Transport

Increasing Traffic intensity

Road Congestion parking

Accidents

Reasons for Unsustainable Transport• Absence of a integrated city development strategies – Need

for Integrated Metropolitan Land transport authority • Unsustainable transport policies driven by meeting demand

by creating additional infrastructures (construction of underpasses, flyovers, road widening works, etc.)

• Governance problems where politics won over technocratic advice.

• Ineffective Integrated transport planning and modal connectivity's

• Little data about the success or failure of implementation in achieving policy goals

Framework for AchievingSustainable Urban Transport

• Planning– Vision for a livable city and city

master plan• Land use planning• Transport master plan

• Design Integrated Transport Systems– Public transport – commuter rail,

metro rail, mono rail, commuter rail, city buses, taxis, autos

– Intermodal Transportation Hubs to connect different modes

– Promotion of Walking and cycling– Private vehicles– Trucks and freight movement

• Analyses– Political– Economic– Social– Technical– Environmental

• Implementation and Monitoring– Technical support– Stakeholder involvement– Institutional setup– Capacity– Policies– Financing

Definition of Transportation Planning

• Transportation planning provides the information, tools, and public involvement needed for improving transportation system performance

• Transportation planning is a continuous process that requires monitoring of the system’s performance and condition

Transportation Planning Affects…

• Policies • Choices among alternative strategies • Priorities • Funding allocations

More than Transportation

• Land Use• Clean Air Act / Air Quality Standards • National Environmental Policy• Environmental Justice

Overview of Transportation Planning

• What are the purposes of transportation infrastructure?

--Moving people --Shape land use patterns--Moving goods --Sense of place--Structure the city--Others?

• National Trends--Trips/VMT?--Number of vehicles?--Commute times?--Mass transit?--Other transportation modes (bikes, peds)?

(Following slides from http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/index.shtml)

Transportation Planning Terminology

• Key Terminology--Trips, Origins, Destinations--Person trip vs Vehicle trip--Mode, Modal split

• Types of Streets/Highways--A hierarchical system

Modern Transportation Planning• TSM (Transportation Systems Management) • Still applies a rational planning approach, but recognizes

alternatives and doesn’t focus as much on the traditional transportation planning approach

• Advantages– Investigates a fuller range of alternatives– Looks to affect transportation demand as well as supply– Looks to both the public and private sector for

implementation and financing– Considers the full range of travel modes (not just the

automobile)– Considers other purposes of transportation in society

Transportation Demand Management (TDM)

• TDM is a Systems Management approach that further recognizes the current constraints to transportation planning (costs of projects, funding availability, sunk costs).

• Advantages– Emphasizes increased system efficiency;

1) reduce demand 2) redirect demand 3) expand capacity through minor improvements 4) increase occupancy

– Looks even further to nontraditional supply approaches – New financial strategies (impact fees, development fees)

Transportation planning challenges• Transportability

– Transport costs.– Attributes of the transported goods (fragility, perishable,

price).• Derived demand

– Transportation cannot exists on its own– Direct derived demand:

• Movements directly the consequence of an economic activity.

– Indirect derived demand:• Movements created by the requirements of other movements.

• Environmental:• Important environmental impacts.• Pollution, exploitation of natural resources.

The Importance of Transportation and land use planning

• Spatial differentiation of the economy– Different locations– Location of resources (raw materials, labor,

manufacturing).– Spatial division of production and consumption.– Service embedded in the socio-economic life of

individuals, institutions and corporations.– Often invisible for to consumer, but always part of

all economic functions.

Spatial Impact of Transport Improvements – Cost Space and Time Space Convergence

1. Demand forAccessibility

2. TechnologicalDevelopment

3. TransportInnovation4. Time-space

convergence

5. Spatial adaptationto changes in time-space organization(centralization andspecialization

6. IncreasedInteraction

Search

Pakistan Strategy

PAKISTAN TRANSPORT PLAN STUDY

Development of transport system to support economic and social activities

• Supporting economic activities by connecting major economic centres with motorways or national highways

• Demand oriented project formation to avoid traffic congestion

• Establishment of stability by providing alternative mode or route

• Increase of urban bypasses• Development or improvement of inter-modal facilities• Strengthening of international routes• Management and effective utilization of existing resources

Development of transport network to support balanced growth of regional economy

• Harmonization of transport network development with regional development policies and plans

• Network development aiming at alleviation of poverty and regional disparity

• High priority setting on transport projects in poorer areas

• Project implementation by utilization of local materials and procurement of local labor force

• Effective monitor of how poverty alleviation measures and projects affect

Transport system to realize optimal modal share

• Policy C. • • Minimization of transport cost by multi-

modal transportation• • Fare competition between road and rail

The Accessibility approachIncreased speed can result in a proportionally larger increase in accessible area.

Implications:• More and faster travel increases accessibility.• Congestion can limit accessibility by a particular mode.• Efforts to increase automobility can reduce other forms of accessibility.

Use of indicators

*VMT = Vehicle Miles Traveled

*

Percentage Traveling ModeTravelling Mode

4 - Tanga0.65%

5 - Taxi0.30%

3 - Motor Cycle10.18%

2 - Cycle1.67%

1- Walk20.37%

11 – Minibus / Wagon59.96%

10 - Suzuki0.31%

9 - Company OwnedBus

2.60%

8 - Van / pickup0.62%

7 - Car / J eep1.74%

6 - Rickshaw1.22%

14 - Rail Car0.06%

15 - Bus / Others0.28%

17 - Truck0.00%

16 - Water Launch0.04%

People use public transport (Bus/Minibus) is 60%.

Percent Distribution of Average Monthly Income Levels of Families

14.77

34.53

26.18

12.33

4.471.28 0.13 0.03 0.01 0

6.27

0

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10

15

20

25

30

35

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age

Income (Rs)

0%

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45%

50%

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60%

< 500 500 -1000

1001 -1500

1501- 2000

2001- 3000

3001- 4000

4001- 5000

5001- 6000

6001- 7000

7001- 8000

8001 -10,000

10,001- 12,000

12,001- 15,000

Monthly Travelling Expenditure

Cycle M. CycleCar / J eep Bus / MinibusPickup / Wagon Truck / Mini TruckOthers

Percentage Monthly Traveling Expenditure vs Traveling Mode

10% of income spent for transportation

⇒　Target for Tariff of any Transport

Trip Start Time vs Trip Generation Rate on Typical weekday

Total Population = 12,094,629, Total Trips = 24,227,337, Ave. Trip number =2.003

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

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Time

Pers

on T

rips

Total Trips

OFF PEAK

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Kimari Town

Site Town

Baldia Town

Orangi Town

Lyari Town

Saddar Town

J amsheed Town

Gulshan-e- Iqbal Town

Shah Faisal Town

Landhi Town

Korangi Town

North Nazimabad Town

New Karachi Town

Gulberg Town

Liquatabad Town

Malir Town

Bin Qasim Town

Gadap Town

Cantonment Areas

% of longer Time Trips

% of <90min% of <60min

1系列

M.W.Tower

Sohrab Goth

Quaidabad

Maikolachi

Korangi

Air Port

Super Highway

Major Flow of Citizen

1th

2nd

3rd

6th

4th

5th

Top 6 Major Route

CITY Corridor Plan

Strong Relationship of Town to Town

Port Area

Port Qasim

Airport

Industrial Area

Chinqui Filling the gap in absence of Urban Transit System

Urban public transport options

Bus Rapid Transit

• Premium transit using rubber tire vehicles• Dedicated running way• Fewer stops than local bus• Distinct stations, vehicles,

and systems

• Allows flexibility to operate multiple routes

LAMATA BRT Buses – Ojota Depot

LAMATA Bus Shelter – Ilupeju

Fixed Guide way Vehicles• Automated guide way

small and medium-sized vehicles that operate fully automatically on guideways with exclusive rights-of-way

• Typically on a loop or as a shuttle within central business districts, airports or other high activity centers

Light Rail Transit

• Modern version of traditional streetcars

• May operate alongside auto, rail traffic• Reduces costs• Increases travel time

• Stations 1∕3-1½ miles apart

Heavy Rail• The term heavy rail is often used

for regular rail, to distinguish from systems such as light rail, monorail, Street car etc.

• Heavy rail typically refers to the standard inter-city rail network, which is built to be robust enough for heavy and high-speed trains, including freight trains, and long distance passenger trains.

Role of the Transportation Planner

• “Bridge the gap”• Educate parties in an

understandable way• Focus on long term• Advocate for

underserved groups• Environmental justice• Use transportation to

improve community sustainability

ChoicesPrioritiesDecisions

Environmental

Economic Development

Land Use

Transportation

Outside Agencies/

Stakeholders

Public

Media support possible and useful

Conclusions and Recommendations

• Transportation needs and dynamics for Metropolitan cities of Pakistan must be exclusively addressed

• Sustainability issues must be incorporated in project planning and implementation

• Accessibility approach can provide a sustainable urban transportation system

• An integrated mass transit system is THE solution and the way forward.