prof. r. shanthini jan 21, 2012 module 05 renewable energy (re) technologies & impacts - use of...

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 21, 2012

Module 05

Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts

- Use of RE sources in electricity generation, in transport, and in other energy consumption modes

- Ecological impacts of RES, and mitigation measures


Renewable energycomes from resources that

naturally renew themselves (replenishable),

and practically never runs out (inexhaustible).

Sustainable energyis replenishable within a human lifetime

and causes no long-term damages to the environment.

Examples?


- Hydroelectric

- Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PVs)

- Solar Thermal (Solar T),

also known as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

- Wind

- Geothermal

- Marine (Wave and Tidal)

- Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and Biodiesel)

RE technology options:


RE in global final energy consumption, 2008:

RENEWABLES 2010 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

RE19%

Nuclear3%

Fossil78%

Wind/solar/biomass power generation, 0.7%

Biofuels, 0.6%

Biomass/solar/geothermalhot water/heating, 1.4%

Hydropower, 3.2%

Traditional biomass, 13%


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

Glo

bal C

onsu

mpt

ion

(Ter

awat

t-ho

urs)

Hydroelectric

Other Renewables

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Electricity from renewable energy sources:


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year

Glo

ba

l Co

nsu

mp

tion

Fo

reca

st

(Te

raw

att-

ho

urs

)Geothermal

Solar

Other

Wind

Hydroelectric

Source: Table 13, International Energy Outlook 2011

Electricity generation by renewable energy source:

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 21, 2012 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011

Electricity from renewable energy sources:

RE is given by actual annual energy production/consumption (in watt-hours).

RE is also given by the installed capacity power rating (in watts).

A hydro-electric plant, for example, rarely operates at its full power rating over a full year.

Capacity factor of RE plant =Annual average power

Installed capacity rating


Comparison of Technologies:

Technology Available energy

(PWh/yr)

Technical potential energy

(PWh/yr)

Current installed capacity

(GW)

Current electricity generation (TWh/yr)

Hydroelectric 16.5 < 16.5 778 2840

Solar PVs 14900 < 3000 8.7 11.4

Concentrated Solar Power

(CSP)

9250 – 11800

1.05 – 7.8 0.354 0.4


Hydroelectric power


Amount of electricity

generated depends

on the height

difference.

Prof. R. Shanthini Jan 21, 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity


Technological status mature

Average growth 2.2% per year

Total share of global energy mix

16% of electricity in 2008

16% of electricity in 2035 (potential)

Source: International Energy Outlook 2011

Hydroelectric power


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year

Hyd

roel

ectr

icity

gen

erat

ion

(Ter

awat

t-ho

urs)


World hydroelectric power generation projection:

Average growth is 2.2% per year


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Year

Ele

ctric

ity g

ener

atio

n

(Ter

awat

t-ho

urs)

HydroelectricTotal electricity


World electricity generation projection:


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Year

Ele

ctric

ity g

ener

atio

n

RestHydroelectric


World electricity generation projection:


Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.

No waste or pollution produced.

Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.

Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.

Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly.

Electricity can be generated constantly.

Dams help preventing flooding (following predicted climate change induced heavy rains), if built over capacity.

Hydroelectric power

Why hydroelectric power?


The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam in Washington state, USA, is one of two huge dams built in the 1910s to power a local paper mill, under the direction of Thomas Aldwell.

Hydroelectric power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwha_Dam

The reservoir that fills the

valley behind the dam is now known as Lake

Aldwell.


River bed is eroded by lack of sediment needed to create suitable habitats for spawning (25 million cubic yards of sediment have piled up behind the dam over time). Water stays for so long in the Lake Aldwell and Lake Mills (created by damming), it warms up to about 16°C (which would have been 0°C in the absence of dam). These high temperatures are unnatural for spawning fish. High temperature also increases parasite populations, which wipe out two thirds of a spawning population. Natural flow patterns (which promote the health of native species and help eliminate non native species) are evened out by the reservoirs and dams.

Hydroelectric power

Effects of dam on river habitat:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwha_Dam


The Elwha Dam is being dismantled since Sept 2011.

It is a 3-year project costing $351 millions.

Removal of dam will restore

the fish habitats, will create an

additional 715 acres of

terrestrial vegetation, and

improve elk habitats.

Hydroelectric power

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/09/110923-elwha-dam-removal/


The Three Gorges Dam project in China Installed capacity: 22,500 MW Project cost: 39 billion US$

Hydroelectric power

Length: 2.3 kmHeight: 101 m


- has flooded a total of 632 km² area

- displaced 1.24 million people

- washed away 13 major cities (submerging cultural and archaeological sites)

- causing dramatic ecological changes

- used 27,200,000 m3 of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel and moved about 102,600,000 m3 of earth.

- when the water level is maximum at 175 m over sea level (110 m above the river level down stream), the reservoir created is about 660 km in length and 1.12 km in width on average, and contains 39.3 km3 of water.

Hydroelectric power

The Three Gorges Dam project


Hydroelectric power

The Twin Aswan Dams of Nile river Installed capacity of 2100 MW.

Length: 3.8 kmHeight: 111 m

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam


provide protection from floods and droughts

load of rich fertilizing silt are deposited in reservoirs instead of the delta

lack of natural fertilizer has resulted in an increase in erosion of the river and Nile Delta, and an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers

chemical fertilizers have to be imported and thus cost money for the farmers, and it also causes pollution of the surrounding environment due to runoff.

chemical fertilizers contain high levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorous which are harmful to the water resources

Hydroelectric power

The Twin Aswan Dams

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam


Barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities.

The world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million. metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually.

Reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge.

Failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences.

Loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements.

The future generations must pay for destroying dams.

Hydroelectric power

What are the problems with hydroelectric power?

prof. r. shanthini jan 21, 2012 module 05 renewable energy (re) technologies & impacts - use of...

Documents

international energy

renewable energy sources

wave power

annual average power

solar pvs14900

hydroelectric power

hydroelectric powerhttp

capacity factor