Mega Floating Structures

Professor Wang Chien Ming

Engineering Science Programme and

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

National University of Singapore

E-mail: ceewcm@nus.edu.sg

Singapore Maritime Technology Conference 23rd & 24th April 2015

Marina Bay Sands Expo & Convention Centre, Singapore

Main Types of Mega Floating Structures

Semi-Submersible Type

Pontoon Type

Okinawa Marine Exposition

Aquapolis

Size: 104 x 100 x 26 m

Mega-Float

Size: 1000 x 60-120 x 3 m

Brazilian Petrobras P-51

Semi-submersible oil

platform

operating depth: 1700m

Constructed: 2006

Components of Mega Floating Structure System

Breakwater Access

Bridge

Mooring

System

Sea Bed

Land

Superstructure Mega-Float

Fabrication and Towing of Floating Units

Joining of Floating Units

▲Floating Hotel, King Pacific Lodge

Princess Royal Island British

Columbia

▲ Floating Heliport in Vancouver Canada

▲Floating Platform in Singapore

◄ Floating Hotel in Busan, Korea (70m x 50m x 7m)

Station Keeping Systems

c) Caisson Dolphins and Fenders

b) Tension Legs

d) Jackets, Piles and Fenders

a) Chains, Ropes and Anchors, Sinkers

Mooring Dolphin-Rubber Fender System

Pavement

Rubber

Fender

Steel Jacket

Steel Pipe Pile

Jacket Type Dolphin and Fender System

Applicable to Deep Water and Soft Seabed

Little Effect to Environment such as Sea Current and Water Quality

Short Construction Time

Expandable and Removable

Base Isolated to Earthquakes

Utilizing Buoyancy Force in Supporting Load

Possess Mobility

Easy Access to Water

Interior Space may be Utilized

Their Presence at Coastline Serve as Breakwaters

Not affected by Global Warming (Scientists predict a rise in sea levels

of up to 1 m by the year 2100)

ADVANTAGES OF MEGA FLOATING STRUCTURES

OVER LAND RECLAMATION

Applications of

Mega Floating Structures

Floating Airfield (1943)

Mega-Float: Floating Runway Test Model

Proposed Floating Runway at

Tokyo Airport (Haneda)

142 ha x 20 m

Estimated Cost 450 Billion Yen

845-m long Bergsoysund Bridge, built

in 1992 near Kristiansund over a fjord

depth of 320 m ▶

1246-m long Nordhordland Bridge, built in 1994 at Salhus over a fjord

depth of 500 m▶

Floating Bridges and Roads

King Xerxes’ Floating Boat Bridge

across the Hellespont

300 m long floating

bridge in Dubai ▶

▲ Mulberry Harbors, 6 miles of flexible steel roadways on concrete and steel pontoons

Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge,

Washington Lake, Seattle-Mercer

2018m long highway bridge

2nd longest floating bridge

Completed: 1993

Yumemai Bridge, Japan

World’s Largest Floating Steel Arch

Bridge

Length: 410 m

On 2 megafloat pontoons

Completed: 2000

Floating Road, Hedel, the Netherlands

Length: 70 m

Pontoons: Aluminium, filled with EPS

Dimensions pontoons: 5,25x3,5x1,0m3

Companies: Bayards Aluminium Construction, DHV,

TNO, XX Architects

Completed: 2003

Length: 1400 m 25 metres below water; not in sight, potential cheaper than normal tunnel Tube diameter: 9.5m Completed: Study NTNU www.ntnu.no

HogSWjord Tunnel, Norway

◄ Floating Prestressed Concrete

Pier (150m x 30m x 4m) at Ujina

Port, Hiroshima, Japan

Floating Piers and Container Quay

▲ Mobile Floating Container Quay

by Marine Research Institute

(480m x 160m x 8m Composite

of steel and concrete)

▲Floating Terminal Dock, Valdez, Alaska

Floating Rescue Emergency Bases

◄ At Tokyo Bay 80 x 25 x 4 m Steel structure

At Osaka Bay

80 x 40 x 4 m Reinforced Concrete Structure ►

◄ Floating Heliport Vancouver, Canada

Floating Fish Farms

Floating Wind Turbines

pontoon semisub spar

coastal type offshore type

Russia and China to Collaborate

on Developing Floating Nuclear

Power Plants BY Rob Almeida ON AUGUST 3, 2014

Rosatom, Russia’s State Atomic Energy Corporation announced last week that its subsidiary Rusatom Overseas signed a Memorandum of Understanding with CNNC New Energy Company (China) to cooperate in the development of floating nuclear power plants. This MOU followed a visit last month by a Chinese delegation to United Shipbuilding Corporation’s Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg where the world’s first floating nuclear power plant (NPP) is currently under construction. Delivery of that first unit is planned for Q3 2016.

Japan has built a 70 MW floating solar plant in the Kagoshima Prefecture of Southern Japan. Called the Kagoshima Nanatsujima Mega Solar Power Plant, it is the largest solar power plant in Japan and it can generate enough electricity to power approximately 22,000 average households. The plant started operation in November 2013.

Floating Oil Storage Bases

◄ Shirashima, Japan Capacity of 5.6 million kilolitres

Each module: 397m x 82m x 25.1m

Built in 1996

Kamigoto, Japan Capacity of 4.4 million kilolitres

Each module: 390m x 97m x 27.6m

Built in 1988 ►

◄ Pulau Sebarok, Singapore Capacity of 300,000 m3

Each module: 190m x 82m x 19m

Floating Islands of Han River, Seoul

Manmade Floating Islands, Maldives (by Dutch Docklands)

A Star Shaped

Floating Convention Hotel

Floating 18-hole Golf Course

Interconnected by Underwater Tunnel

KOH PANYEE, Thailand (AFP) - With its stunning limestone cliffs towering over stilt houses surrounded by azure waters, the island of Panyee is a typical Thai paradise. But it's not mother nature drawing tourists here - it's a floating football pitch. - See more at: http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-east-asia/story/floating-football-pitch-keeps-thailands-tourist-blues-bay-20141128#sthash.kEBuPs6s.dpuf

World’s Largest Floating

Performance Stage at

Marina Bay, Singapore

Floating Dwellings

Floating village on the Tonle Sap,

Cambodia

Floating village Halong Bay,

Vietnam Dwellings on rafts of totora reeds,

Lake Titicaca, Peru

Canoe Pass Village in Vancouver, Canada Floating Houses in Maasbommel,

The Netherlands

Luxurious Floating Homes by GAM

Floating Restaurants and Hotels

Jumbo restaurant in Hong Kong Floating restaurant in Yokohoma

Four Seasons Hotel King Pacific Lodge Princess Royal

Island, British Columbia

Proposed floating dormitory

by Joseph Lim and CM Wang, NUS

Vincent Callebaut’s

Floating Lily Pad Cities

Floating Cities by Finnish GAM

300m x 60m x 2m 75m x 60m x 2m

Rigid body

motion

Hydroelastic

response

VLFS response under wave action

When do we need to perform hydroelastic

analysis on floating structures?

based on characteristic length (by Suzuki, 1996)

1

4

2c

c

EI

k

: bending stiffness

(= g): spring constant of hydrostatic restoring forcec

EI

k

ISSC 2006; Suzuki, Fujikubo, et al.

x

y

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0

20

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v.m.s.

95

90

85

80

75

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65

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55

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40

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30

25

20

15

10

5

Frame 001 13 Jan 2008 moment

x

y

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0

20

40

60

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100

v.m.s.

28

26

24

22

20

18

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8

6

4

2

Frame 001 13 Jan 2008 momentx

0

20

40

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120

y

0

20

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w

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

Frame 001 13 Jan 2008 Displacement

x

0

20

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60

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y

0

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w

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Frame 001 13 Jan 2008 Displacement

Hydroelastic Response

Hydroelasticity Codes that Capture Seabed Profile

Utsunomiya and Watanabe (2006)

Length of VLFS = 1500m

Width of VLFS = 150m

Height of VLFS = 1m

Sea Condition

Wave direction = π/4, Wavelength = 156.8m

Water depths: constant water depth = 8m

Or variable water depth as shown by contour plot = /4

Reducing hydroelastic response using

flexible connector and gill cells

Summary of Findings

The hydroelastic response of the VLFS is

significantly reduced when combining the use of

hinge connector and gill cells, but at the expense

of sacrificing a small front end portion of VLFS

(b) = 60m , = 0.06

VLFS with hybrid system Continuous VLFS

z

x

L

x

y

h

Flexible connector

kr = ζD/L

xc=L

Gill cells

Hybrid system

(a) plan view

(b) side view

(a) = 30m, = 0.06

Gill cells

Reducing hydroelastic response

by changing the VLFS shape

Elliptical shaped VLFS

(b) = 60m

(a) = 30m

Rectangular shaped VLFS

Triangular shape

Elliptical shape

Circular shape

Rectangular shape

Summary of Findings

The hydroelastic response of VLFS can

be reduced by changing its edge shape.