programme models - trialogthe jocv model •part of jica, so essentially a governmental run...
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Volunteers, development workers
and experts
Programme Models
Cliff Allum
Chief Executive Officer, Skillshare International
President, International Forum on Development Service
Presentation to Study-Visit for NMS-NGDOs on Expert-
Sending
3 March 2008
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About Forum • We facilitate the sharing of information, through our
website, news updates, sharing of knowledge and experiences.
• We commission and undertake research, as well as facilitating members’ involvement in research into issues around international volunteering.
• We organise an annual conference known as IVCO. This conference is primarily concerned with issues of change, redefining International Volunteering and offering opportunities to learn about new models of activity.
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About Skillshare International
• One of four UK based long term volunteer
agencies
• Geographical focus on Africa and Asia
• Key focus of social change
• Uses a variety of international volunteering
models as well as range of other development
inputs
• Annual turnover around E7million
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The Origins of “International
Volunteering”
A view from the 1960s: the two year model
– Low cost philanthropy
– Aid for development (including technical
assistance)
– Public relations between countries
– Education for the volunteers
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Low cost philanthropy
“It is possible to think of volunteer
programmes in terms of sending
philanthropic people to places where they
can do charitable jobs – and maintaining
them there at minimal cost “
ODI - 1966
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Aid for development (including
technical assistance)
• International Volunteering as a “valuable
and inexpensive addition to other technical
assistance programmes.”
• a two year model for volunteers providing
technical assistance, a subsidised benefits
package, training and adaptation prior to
placement
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Aid for development (including
technical assistance)
A move to greater technical “expertise”
– Demand led by local partners
– Poverty focus and economic development
objectives
– Supply side - broadening opportunities to
“volunteer” at different stages of our life cycle
– Is it volunteering or a job? – a range of
motivations
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Public relations between countries
• Long term programmes are very often state led
or state funded and are located as part of the
relationship between nation states
• Can be understood in the context of colonial and
“cold war” history
• Can be understood in the context of economic
co-operation
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Education for the volunteers
• Building the leaders of the future – the
historic elite model of Peace Corps in the
USA
• Raising awareness back in the “home”
country – the role of those returning in
public engagement
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The journey
• From solidarity to technical assistance?
• From inputs to outcomes?
• From voluntarism to “professionalism”?
• From mission to commodity?
• A diversity of models
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Breaking the Mould
“In the past, International Volunteer
Co-operation Organisations (IVCOs) typically
focused on volunteer sending. Today
however this mould has been broken and
IVCOs are now engaging in a wide range
of activities”
Development Initiatives 2006 survey report
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Programme models - how they
have changed and developed
• Refining the technical assistance model
– Agencies as capacity builders of development rather than senders of volunteers or experts (widespread)
– Integrated forms of technical assistance with other agencies (DED)
– Development or relief?
• Beyond North South models
– Breaking down the nationalism in programmes
– South-south as an emergent model (UNV, VSO, Skillshare, Progressio)
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Programme models - how they
have changed and developed
• Exchange / partnership model
– Principle of reciprocity (FK Norway, CCI)
• Exchanges for young people – development or global
understanding?
– Canada World Youth,
• Bringing in young people – global understanding rather
than development?
- German and UK Governments
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Programme models - how they
have changed and developed
• Short term / leave franchise – Retired executive professionals
– Welcome to the corporate sector, career and personal development
– Supply side realities
• Online volunteering – UNV leading the way
– An alternative or an additional model?
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The JOCV Model
• Part of JICA, so essentially a
governmental run programme
• Has a strong resemblance to the
traditional two year model
• Strategic agreement between JOCV and
Peace Corps since 2005 for joint co-
operation
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The JICA Model – how it works
• “JICA’s volunteer programme is designed
to optimize volunteers’ knowledge,
technical know-how and valuable
experience for the benefit of local people
in developing countries while they live with
locals” JICA promotional leafet
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Japan Overseas Cooperation
Volunteers (JOCV) programme
• 2,500 people between the ages of 20-39
working in 77 countries in 120 different
fields
• They are mainly assigned to governmental
organisations
• Term is basically two years
• Short term can be from one to ten months
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Volunteers for Japanese
Communities Overseas • Assigned to support the development of areas where
local Japanese communities are located, living and working with Japanese immigrants and their descendents in overseas communities
• Usually work in education, culture and health care/social welfare
• Japanese language education takes up most of the posts
• 50 people in 6 countries
• Has a senior volunteer programme (mainly south America) with 36 people in 6 countries
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Senior Volunteers (SV) programme
• Age range 40 – 69
• 650 assignments in 53 countries
• Assigned to government organisations for 1 to 2 years
• Short term programme also applies to the SV programme
• System engineering, computer engineering, organic farming, wood processing, judo and karate… (nine assigned fields)
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How it works
• Requests made from partner governments
through their partnership with the Japanese
government
• After requests accepted, recruitment and
screening process, “pre-dispatch training” and
volunteers sent
• On return debriefing sessions and training
• Living expenses and airfare costs met by JICA
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How it works – some reflections
• The volunteer is pitched at the practical or
community level and has a relationship
with the experts at higher or central levels.
There are parallels with the Korean
agency – Koica
• This is a simple uncomplicated model that
has not changed much over a long period
of time
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Recruitment and Selection of
personnel • Assessment of placement and drawing up person
specification
• Two key components:
– Technical
– Personal - will they make a development worker?
• Assessment centre or interview(s)?
• Ongoing process during per placement phase?
• Reviewing diversity – are you recruiting a wide enough range of people ?
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Briefing, training, learning
• Pre departure
– Knowledge base of where the development worker is going and the partner organisation. Direct contact?
– Dealing with expectations and cultural adaptation – the “six month rule”
• During Placement
– Orientation and familiarisation
– Ongoing professional development
• Post placement
– Preparing to return
– On return – public engagement
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Key Future trends
• International Voluntarism in a post – colonial period:
– Technical assistance provider
– Capacity builder
– Facilitator of partnerships
– Development at the door of emergency relief
• Flexibility and diversity in models
• Global citizenship
• Shifting geographical focus of the sources of volunteers
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International voluntarism
in the future
• Will the nation state model decline?
• Will international voluntarism become global in its
thinking?
• Will the consumerist model become more dominant?
• Will future generations engage more with “virtual”
volunteering?
• Will IVCOs become multi-national?