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Project on HERZBERG TWO FACTOR THEORY&MAYOS HAWTHORNE

SUBMITTED BY :MIHIR JAIN 1139441GROUP- EHERZBERGS Motivation-Hygiene TheoryPsychologist Frederick Herzberg believed that:

Intrinsicnatural, realfactors are related to job satisfaction &Extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction. TWO FACTOR THEORY Two Factor Theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.IDEAGENERATIONThe theory was based around interviews with 203 American accountants & engineers in Pittsburgh, chosen because of their professions' growing importance in the business world by Herzberg.

The subjects were asked to relate times when they felt exceptionally good or bad about their present job or any previous job, and to provide reasons, and a description of the sequence of events giving rise to that positive or negative feeling.

FUNDAMENTALSIndividuals are not content with the satisfaction of lower-order needs at work, for example, those associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions.

Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena.

This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to an decrease in unpleasurable dissatisfaction.

BASIS OF THEORYSatisfaction which is mostly affected by the "motivator factors". Motivation factors help increase the satisfaction but aren't that affective on dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction is the results of the "hygiene factors". These factors, if absent or inadequate, cause dissatisfaction, but their presence has little effect on long-term satisfaction.

THEORY DISTINGUISHES BETWEENMotivation(e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth, and

Hyginene factor (e.g. status, and fringe benefits) which do not give positive satisfaction, although dissatisfaction results from their absence. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary .

INCLUDING FACTORSHYGIENE FACTORS MOTIVATIONPay and Benefits AchievementCompany Policy and Administration WorkRelationships with co-workers ResponsibilityPhysical Environment GrowthSupervision Status , SalaryJob Security Hawthorne Experimentsby Elton MayoThe Hawthorne studies were conducted in order to find out the role of human resource in increasing the production of an organization.

The Hawthorne studies included the following experiments..

Experiments ConductedIllumination ExperimentRelay Assembly Test ExperimentsRelay Assembly Room #2Mica Splitting Test GroupPlant Interview GroupBank Wiring Observation Group

HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENT

Conducted between 1924-1932

Conducted at WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, Chicago, USA

Conducted by, Elton MayoWhite HeadRoethlisberger

George Elton Mayo

Western Electric Company

Gray and Barton, a telephone industry supply company founded in 1869 by Elisha Gray and Enos Barton

In 1872, the company changed its name to the Western Electric Manufacturing Company

In 1881, when the annual sales had already grown to nearly $1 million, the firm was purchased by the American Bell Telephone Company, it was renamed the Western Electric Company and became Bells manufacturing arm

Hawthorne Experiment

The Hawthorne experiment were first conducted in November, 1924 at Western Electric Companys Hawthorne plant in Chicago

The initial tests were sponsored by The National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences

In 1927, a research team from Harvard Business School was invited to join the studies after the illumination test drew unanticipated results

A team of researchers led by George Elton Mayo from the Harvard Business School carried out the studies(General Electric originally contributed funding, but they withdrew after the first trial was completed)

Western Electric Company

Illumination studies1924-1927

Funded by General Electric

Conducted by The National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences with engineers from MIT

Measured Light Intensity vs. Worker Output

Result :Higher worker productivity and satisfaction at all light levelsWorker productivity was stopped with the light levels reached moonlight intensity.

Conclusions: Light intensity has no conclusive effect on outputProductivity has a psychological component

Concept of Hawthorne Effect was created

Illumination studies

Relay Assembly Test Experiments1927-1929Experiments were conducted by Elton Mayo

Manipulated factors of production to measure effect on output:Pay Incentives (Each Girls pay was based on the other 5 in the group)Length of Work Day & Work Week (5pm, 4:30 pm, 4pm)Use of Rest Periods (Two 5 minutes break)Company Sponsored Meals (Morning Coffee & soup along with sandwich)

Results:Higher output and greater employee satisfaction

Conclusions: Positive effects even with negative influences workers output will increase as a response to attentionStrong social bonds were created within the test group. Workers are influenced by need for recognition, security and sense of belonging

Mica Splitting Test Group1928-1931

Measured output with changes to work conditions only:Special Observation RoomLength of Work DayUse of Rest PeriodsWorkers stayed on established Piece-rate compensation

Result: Productivity increased by 15% over standard output base

Conclusions: Productivity is affected by non-pay considerationsSocial dynamics are a basis of worker performance

CONCLUSION

The Hawthorne studies have had a remarkable impact on management in organizations and how workers react to various situations.

The research carried out at the Western Electrics Hawthorne plant during the 1920s and early 1930s helped to initiate a whole new approach to human behaviour studies.

The final result was the organization of teamwork-that is, ofsustained cooperation leads to success.Thank You.