project

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CONTENTS

Soil Moisture Control System P 4

Web Based SCADA System P 7

Automatic Meter Reading System P 14

GPRS Based Asset Tracking System P 18

Smart Home Using MATLAB GUI P 23

Pay Power P 30

Tech News : Powered Exoskeleton P 34

8051 Based Simple Gate Security System P 38

Low Power Home Safety System P 40

Acoustic Gesture Recognition P 43

Face Detection Using OpenCV P 46

BeagleBone Black Tutorial P 50

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Over view: Irr igation using fresh water resources i s a task of high importance in Agriculture. E f f i c i en t w a te r manage -ment sy stem i s es sentia l because of the large quan-ti ty of fresh water con-sumed for thi s purpose . Optimal usage of fresh wa-te r r e sourc e s ha s b e e n achieved by means of Auto-mation. Determining when and where to i rr igate and how much water to use by soi l moisture monitor ing a t particular intervals of t ime wi l l he lp in making an e f f i -c ient automated i rr igating sys tem. The project auto-mates the whole process and enables optimal use of water resources.

Working: The System consi st s of Re -search Design Lab Digi ta l Soi l Moi sture Sensor , a PIC Microcontrol ler and Re -search Design Lab 4 Relay Interfac ing Board. The i rr i -gation sys tem consi st s of Lanes 1 ,2 and 3 through which each segment of the land i s f looded and the f looding i s control led u sing va lves 1,2 and 3 as shown in Fig.1 There i s a motor that i s used for drawing w a te r f r om t he Wa te r Tank. An upper threshold va lue and a lower thresho ld va lue for Soi l Mois ture level i s set into the System through

the Microcontrol ler. The Soi l Moisture Sensor wi l l detect the current mois ture level in each segment of land and i f that va lue i s l e s s t h a n t h e L o w e r Threshold va lue in any of the segment then the Mi-crocontrol ler wi l l activate the Relay for that segment which wi l l open the va lve for that segment. The re lay that switches on the Motor wi l l a lso be activa ted which wi l l draw out water from the water tank in to the Centra l pipe l ine and water wi l l f low into the segments that have an open valve .

Circuit Schematic :

The Circuit Schematic for Soil

Moisture Control System is

shown in Fig.3. Pins 11 and 32 of

the PIC are connected to VCC

and Pins 12 and 31 to GND are

connected to GND. Digital Out-

puts (DO) are taken from the

Digital Soil Moisture Sensor and

they are connected to pins 33

(RB0),34(RB1) and 35(RB2) of

the PIC. Outputs are taken from

the PIC on Pins 19(RD0),20

(RD1),21(RD2) and 22(RD3)

These outputs are connected to

the inputs of the 4-Relay Inter-

face. The NO (Normally Open)

terminals of the Relays are con-

nected to the DC Valves and DC

CIRCUIT DESIGN

Soi l Moisture Control System

Fig 1. Soil Moisture Control System

4

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Motor . The output of the PIC wi l l determine when to draw water u sing the motor and when to open the va lve. The CO (Change Over) terminals of the Re -lays are connected to 12V DC supply . When the sen-sor detects a soi l mois ture level in any segment to be less than the lower thresh-old va lue then the PIC wi l l activate the re lay that con-trols the Valve for tha t segment. This opens the va lve. The re lay that con-trols motor wi l l a l so be activated. This wi l l switch on the motor and water wi l l be drawn from the tank and therefore f lood-ing the segment. I f a soi l moisture level of greater than the upper threshold va lue i s detected then the va lve wi l l be c losed and w a t e r s u p p l y w i l l b e stopped .

Digital Soil M ois tur e Se nsor : I t can be used to test the moisture level of the soi l . When the soi l moisture level i s be low threshold va lue the module output i s a t high level , e lse the output i s a t low level. Thus i t can be u sed in i rr i -gation sys tems where soi l moisture ha s to be main-ta ined at a particular level. Fe ature s : Operating Voltage 5V Adjustable Sensi tivi ty Configurable Thresholds Triple O/P Mode: 1. Analog 2. Digi ta l 3. Ser ia l Bolt Holes for Ins ta l lation 4- Re lay Inte r face: It can b e u s e d t o a c t i v a t e /D e ac t i va te app l ianc e b y m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s . T h e b o a r d h a s f o u r r e l a y s dr iven by ULN2803 IC. The board works on 12V but the input signal can

come directly from micro-control ler ou tput working at 3V or 5V to control re-lays. Each re lay can switch a var iety of AC or DC high voltage, high current loads working at 110V or 220V AC mains l ike l igh ts , fans , motors . Fe ature s : Operating Voltage12V DC Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V) Bolt Holes for Ins ta l lation PIC16F877A:It i s a power-fu l ye t e a sy - to -progr am CMOS FLASH-based 8 -bi t microcontrol ler. Fe ature s : 40-pin PDIP Program Memory: 14KB or 8K 14 -bi t Flash Max Crysta l Speed: 20MHz RAM Bytes : 368 EEPROM Bytes : 256 Timers: 2 x 8 b i t, 1 x 16 -bi t D i g i t a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n : 1xA/E/USART, 1 x MSSP

Fig 2. Block Diagram of Soil Moisture Control System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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(SPI/I2C) C a p t u r e / C o m p a r e / P W M : 2 x CCP ADC: 8ch, 10-bi t Comparators : 2

Fig 3. Circuit Schematic of Soil Moisture Control System

Par ts L ist

PCB + Programmed Microcontroller(1)

Soil Moisture Sensor(3)

4-Relay Interface(1)

Valves(3)

Motor(1)

5V Regulated Power Supply

12V Power Supply

DIY Kit for the project is available on www.researchdesignlab.com

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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Over view : Automation means the u se of control sys tems and in -formation technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. SCADA s tands for Supervi -sory Contro l And Da ta Ac -quisi t ion. The a im of mak-ing thi s web based i s to make the project portable on any computer platforms such a s Window s, Linux or Mac. Any o f these com-puter pla tforms wi l l have a web browser. The sys tem

can be accessed and con-t r o l l e d t h r o u g h t h e browser i rrespective of the platform.

Working : This Project deals with Data Acquisi tion and Su-pervi sory Control of a sys -tem remotely via web. A Graphica l U ser In terface i s provided to the User on the computer . The GUI i s as shown in Fig2 . a graphi -ca l di splay of the var ious meter readings as well as controls for those parame-te r s a re provi de d. The

User can view the va lues of t h e v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s such as RPM, Temperature and Gas Level and a l so de -tect the presence of Fire. Based on the va lue s read, the user can take necessary control actions via the con-trols provided on the GUI. The va lues from the di f fer-ent sensor s are read by the PIC and certa in actions are performed by the PIC such as Opening/Closing a va lve by means of a Servo or switching ON/OFF App li -ances by means of the 4 Relay In terface Board.

Web Based Remote SCADA System

Fig 1. Block Diagram of Web Based Remote Scada System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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The values are sen t to the Remote User via the in ter-net using Ea sy GPRS Con-ve r ter and the S IM900 GPRS Modem. The infor -mation corre sponding to the Control actions taken by the User are sent via the internet to the PIC and corresponding control ac-tions are performed. LCD module wi l l di splay

the Parameters to the user at the location of the sys -tem. The Sys tem also a l lows the user to remotely set va lue s for the di f ferent parame-ters a s shown in Fig.4. The names of the Parameters can be set by the users ac-cording to the ir need The sy stem also has the feature of sendi ng SMS Alerts to the User when

the va lues go beyond se t threshold va lues

Circuit Schematic :

The Circui t Schematic for t h e W e b b a se R e m o t e SCADA system i s shown in Fig.12. I t consi s ts of a PIC Mi c roc ontro l le r , A F i r e Sensor, Gas Sensor , Tem-perature Sensor and an IR

Fig 2.Scrrenshot of the GUI

Fig 3.Scrrenshot of the Dashboard Settings

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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Sensor. The out puts of the Temperature Sensor, Fire Sensor, Gas Sensor and IR Sensor are connected to the Pins 2,19, 39 and 40 respective ly. Pins 33,34,35 and 36 of the PIC are con-nected to the D4,D5,D6 and D7 respective ly. Pin 37 and 38 of The PIC are connected to RS and En of the LCD interfac ing Mod-ule. Pins 37,38,39 and 40 are connected to the 4 -Relay Interface Board. Pins 25 and 26(i .e TX and RX) of the PIC are con-nected to the RX and TX of the Easy GPRS Converter . Pin 31 of the PIC i s con-nected to the GND of the Easy GPRS Converter . Pin 20 of the PIC i s connected to a Servo Motor which controls a va lve. The o ther RX,TX and GND pins of Easy GPRS Converter are connected to the TX,RX and GND pins respectively of the SIM900 GPRS Mo-dem. PIC wi l l read the va lue s from the sensors and then send these va lues to the E a s y G P R S C o n v e r t e r .

Easy GPRS module con-vert s the ser ia l dat a packets to the requ ired GPRS packets and v ice vers a. The dat a wi ll be sent into the In ternet v ia S IM 900 GPRS MODEM. This dat a wil l be rece ived on the user’s PC where the values recorded by the sy stem wil l re flect on the gauges in the GUI.

The User can al so inter-act with the control s. The data corresponding to th is interact ion wil l be sent to the PIC v ia the internet. The GPRS Modem receives the dat a and sends it to the Easy GPRS Converter and then

to the PIC. This da ta which

corresponds to the user’ s control act ion wil l take ref lect as some control ac-tion such a s rota tion of the Servo to turn the va lve, or sw i tc h i n g O N /O FF an y appl iance connected tot the 4-Relay In terfac ing Mod-ule. At the location of the Sys-tem parameter va lues can be read on the LCD. F ir e Se nsor : Fe ature s : Operating Voltage 5V Typica l Max Range :2 m . Fire indicator LED. 3 pin interface connector G as Se nsor : Fe ature s : Operating Voltage 5V High sensi tivi ty to LPG, natural gas , town gas . Small sensi tivi ty to a lco-hol, smoke. Fast response . LCD Inter face Module : Fe ature s : Can di splay 224 di f ferent symbols . Low power consumption. 5 x 7 dot matr ix forma t. Te mpe r atur e Se nsor : Fe ature s :

Operating Voltage 4V

Cal ibrated directly in Cel-sius

0 .5 deg C accuracy guar-anteed (at +25 deg C)

Sui table for remote app l i -cations

Le ss tha n 60 A c ur re n t dra in

Low se lf -hea ting, 0 .08 deg C in s ti l l a i r

Low impedance output, 0.1W for 1mA load

IR Se nsor:

Fe ature s :

Operating Voltage 5V

IR Ba sed counter sensor .

Adjustable Range

Adjustable Sensi tivi ty

Logic output 1/0

E a s y G P R S : E a s y G P R S module provides an easy way for network set up and establ i shing the GPRS con-n e c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e GPRS modem and the Mi-crocontrol ler. Easy GPRS module convert s the ser ia l data packets to the re-quired GPRS packets and vice versa. User need not worry about the GPRS in -struction set s.

Fe ature s :

Seria l data with baud rate from 9600 to 460800.

Easi ly conf igurable using HyperTerminal or putty .

Power supply via USB or burg stick.

LED indicator.

RS232 a s well a s TTL da ta

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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SIM 900 G PRS M odem: Fe ature s : O pera ti ng Vo l tage : 12V DC D u a l - B a n d G S M / G P R S 900/ 1800 MHz RS232 interface for direct communication with com-puter or MCU ki t Configurable baud rate Wire Antenna SIM Card holder. Bui lt in Network S tatu s LED Inbui lt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for in ternet data transfer over GPRS. The Open source Software used in the project i s de -veloped using PHP and MySQL. The sof tware i s p rov i de d w i th the k i t .

Since the software i s open source, you can customize

and modi fy i t as per your requirement

Fig 4.Circuit Schematic of Web based Remote SCADA System

Par ts L ist

PCB + Programmed Microcontroller

IR Sensor

Fire Sensor

Temperature Sensor

Gas Sensor

LCD Interface Module

4-Relay Interface

Easy GPRS Converter

GSM/GPRS SIM900 Modem

12 V Transformer


CIRCUIT DESIGN

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CIRCUIT DESIGN

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PIC Development Board Circuit Schematic




CIRCUIT DESIGN

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Over view: Every Month there i s a per-son from the Electr ic i ty Department who vi si t s a l l houses in an area to read the meter and generate the b i l l . Thi s i s a t ime consum-ing process. This project a ims at bui lding an auto-matic system that reads the meter and generates the b i l l and a lerts the user . The sys tem al so provides the feature of di sconnect-ing the Power supply in case of non-payment of the b i l l and re -connection of power on payment.

Working: This project wi l l have 2 uni ts one i s a c l ient uni t present with the customer, and the o ther one i s a server uni t which wi l l be present in the E lectr ic i ty Department of f ice. Figure 1 show s the B lock Diagram of the Client/Customer sy stem. The signal from the meter i s in the form of pul ses . These pulse s are given to the PIC via an i sola tor. The P IC doe s the r e q u i r e d processing of the pul ses to ca lculate the Bi l l deta i ls . When i t i s t ime to generate

the b i l l the operator at the Electr ic i ty Department wi l l send a message u sing the GUI provided and a mes-sage wi l l be sent to the Client Sys tem, which i s rece ived via the SIM900 GPRS MODEM and Easy GPRS Conver ter. The b i l l amount to be pa id wi l l be sent to the User in the form of an SMS/E-Mai l us -ing the Easy GPRS Con-verter and SIM900 GPRS MODEM. In case of non -payment of b i l l the opera-tor at the E lectr ic i ty de-partment can send a mes-sage to di sconnect power. The PIC wi l l control a Re -

Automatic Meter Reading System

Fig.1 : Block Diagram of Automatic Meter Reading System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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lay to break the c i rcui t and di sconnect the power. The C i r c u i t c a n b e r e -connected simi lar ly on pay-ment of the b i l l . When the Bi l l i s generated a signal i s sent to the buzzer to a lert the Customer . Figure 3 shows a screen-shot of the GUI Provided to Enter Customers Infor -mation into the sy stem. Figure 4 shows a screen-shot of the GUI provided to view the Meter Readings and to generate the b i l l for that customer.

Circuit Schematic :

The Circui t schematic i s a s shown in the f igure . The pulses from the Electr ic i ty meter are sen t to Pin 15 of

the P IC v i a an O pto -Coup le r for pro te c t i on . The PIC wi l l ca lcula te the b i l l deta i ls. The Buzzer wi l l give an a lert to the user when the b i l l i s gener-ated and di splay a message on the LCD. The Meter Readings are sent to the Electr ic i ty Department via the internet using the Easy G P R S C o n v e r t e r a n d S I M 9 0 0 G P R S M o d e m . When the operator gener-ates the b i l l i t i s sen t to the User via SMS or E -Mai l. On non-payment of b i l l the operator ha s the o p t i o n t o d i s c o n n e c t power. IF the operator di s -connects power ,then the control signal i s sent over the internet to the Auto-matic meter reading sys -tem. The PIC wi l l take the

action of deactivating the Relay to cut of f power. LCD Inter face Module : Fe ature s : Can di splay 224 di f ferent symbols . Low power consumption. 5 x 7 dot matr ix forma t. E a s y G P R S : E a s y G P R S module provides an easy way for network set up and establ i shing the GPRS con-n e c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e GPRS modem and the Mi-crocontrol ler. Easy GPRS module convert s the ser ia l data packets to the re-quired GPRS packets and vice versa. User need not worry about the GPRS in -struction set s. Fe ature s : Serial data with baud rate

Fig.2: Circuit Schematic of Automatic Meter Reading System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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from 9600 to 460800. Easi ly conf igurable using HyperTerminal or putty . Power supply via USB or burg stick. LED indicator RS232 a s well a s TTL da ta. S IM 900 G PRS M odem: Fe ature s : O pera ti ng Vo l tage : 12V DC D u a l - B a n d G S M / G P R S 900/ 1800 MHz RS232 interface for direct

communication with com-puter or MCU ki t Configurable baud rate Wire Antenna SIM Card holder. Bui lt in Network S tatu s LED Inbui lt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for in ternet data transfer over GPRS. Single Re lay Boar d: T h e b o a r d h a s o n l y one re lay dr iven by TTL c ircui t . The board works

on 12V but the input signal can come directly from mi-crocontrol ler output work-ing at 3V or 5V to contro l re lay Fe ature s : Design base d on hi ghly proven TTL a s dr iver Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V).

Fig. 3: Screenshot of UI used to enter Customer Information

Fig. 4: Screenshot of UI used to Send Bill, Get Reading & Connect/Disconnect Power

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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The Open source Software used in the project i s de -veloped using PH P and MySQL. The sof tware i s p rov i de d w i th the k i t . Since the software i s open source, you can customize and modi fy i t as per your requirement.

Par ts L ist


Energy Meter

Opto-Coupler MCT2E


Single Relay Board

Easy GPRS Converter


12 V Transformer

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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Over view: Sometimes there i s a need to res tr ict movement of some i tem into or out from certa in areas. Sometimes i t i s essentia l to know the location of certa in i tems in a bui lding. This project i s designed to hand le these needs. Figure 1 show s the B lock Diagram of the GPRS based A sse t Tr ac k i ng S y s te m .

Working: There are 3 sections in thi s Project. The f i rst section i s the server where the loca-tion of the Asse t wi l l be provided to the User via the GUI provided. The sec-ond section i s the Master Control ler Section, and the

third section i s the Slave Control ler Section. There are 3 locations and each location has a S lave Con-trol ler Block. Each Slave Block has an RFID Reader that wi l l detect the pres-ence of RFID Tags. When any as set i s moved in to any of the 3 locations , i t s pres -ence can be detected and processed and thus the as -sets location can be found out. The Slave Control ler i s connected to a ZigBee uni t. When an a sset i s de -tected, a signal i s sent via Zigbee to the Master Con-trol ler which has a Zigbee uni t. The Master Control -ler wi l l send the informa-tion via the internet u sing the Easy GPRS Converter and SIM900 GPRS MO-

DEM. The information wi l l be di splayed on the GUI provided to the User. The System can a lso be pro-grammed to send an a ler t in case an as set i s no t sup-posed to en ter/leave a lo -cation.

Circuit Schemat ic : The Circuit Schematic for the

Master and Slave Controllers are

as shown in the figure. The Cir-

cuit connections are done as

shown in the figure. In the Slave

controller, The RX, TX and RX

of ZigBee Module are connected

to the TX, RX and GND of the

PIC respectively. The RFID

Reader is connected to Pins

GPRS Based Asset Tracking System

Fig. 1: Block Diagram of GPRS Based Asset Tracking System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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Fig. 2: Circuit Schematics of GPRS Based Asset Tracking System’s Master Controller

Fig. 3: Circuit Schematics of GPRS Based Asset Tracking System’s Slave Controller

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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18 and 23.When the RFID reader detects the RFID tag of an as set, i t s ends the information of the Tag to t h e M a s t e r C o n t r o l l e r wire lessly via ZigBee. There are many such slave uni ts. All of them wi l l send the information to the Mas-ter in a simi lar way. The Master Control ler wi l l rece ive the Information via i t s Z i gBe e Module and hence detect the location of the Asset . This informa-tion i s sen t over the in ter-net using Ea sy GPRS Con-verter and SIM900 GPRS Modem, to the User’s PC. The user can thus track the asset . ZigBe e : Module i s a transreceiver m o d u le w h i c h p r o v i de s easy to use RF communica-tion at 2.4 Ghz. Thi s mod-ule i s a di rect l ine in re-placement for your ser ia l

communication i t requires no extra hardware and no extra coding toI t works in Half Duplex mode Fe ature s : Input Voltage - 5Vol ts DC Baud Ra te - 9600 RS 232 In terface & TTL Interface Range – Max 30 Mtrs - Line of Sight . E a s y G P R S : E a s y G P R S module provides an easy way for network set up and establ i shing the GPRS con-n e c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e GPRS modem and the Mi-crocontrol ler. Easy GPRS module convert s the ser ia l data packets to the re-quired GPRS packets and vice versa. User need not worry about the GPRS in -struction set s. Fe ature s : Seria l data with baud rate from 9600 to 460800. Easi ly conf igurable using HyperTerminal or putty .

Power supply via USB or burg stick. LED indicator. SIM 900 G PRS M odem: Fe ature s : O pera ti ng Vo l tage : 12V DC D u a l - B a n d G S M / G P R S 900/ 1800 MHz RS232 interface for direct communication with com-puter or MCU ki t Configurable baud rate Wire Antenna SIM Card holder. Bui lt in Network S tatu s LED Inbui lt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for in ternet data transfer over GPRS. RFID Re ade r: The RFID Proximity OEM

Reader Module has a built-in an-

tenna in minimized form factor. It

is designed to work on the indus-

try standard carrier frequency of

125 kHz. This LF reader

Fig. 4: Screenshot of GUI provided with GPRS Based Asset Tracking System’s Slave Controller

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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module with an internal or an external antenna fac i l i -tates communication with Read-Only transponders—type UNIQUE or TK5530 via the a i r in terface. The tag data i s sen t to the hos t sys tems via the wired com-munication interface with a protocol se lected from the m o d u l e B o t h T T l a n d Wiegend Protocol. Fe ature s : Output- TTL or RS232. Plug-and-Play, needs +5V to become a reader Buzzer indicates tag read-ing operation Compact si ze and cost -ef fective The Open source Software used in the project i s de -veloped using PHP and MySQL. The sof tware i s p rov i de d w i th the k i t . Since the software i s open source, you can customize and modi fy i t as per your requirement.

Par ts L ist


RFID Reader

ZigBee Module

Easy GPRS Converter


CIRCUIT DESIGN

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Over view : The popular i ty of home automation has been in-creasing greatly in recent years due to much higher a f fordabi l i ty and simplic i ty through smart phone and c o m p u t e r c o n n e c t i v i t y . Home automation may in -c lude centra l i zed control o f l i g h t i n g , H V A C (heating, venti lation and a i r condi ti oni ng) , appl i -ances, securi ty locks of gates and door s and o ther sys tems, to provide im-proved convenience, com-fort, energy ef f ic iency and securi ty.

Working: T h e m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r i s used to monitor and con-

trol the devices. An em-bedded c program i s pre wri tten into the microcon-t r o l l e r w h i c h i s p r o -grammed according to our need. The microcontrol ler i s then interfaced with the re lays and the necessary water level sensors . MAT-LAB wi l l send a ser ia l data to the microcontrol ler via the ser ia l interface. The microcontrol ler repl ies i f necessary and does the task assigned to i t. The part of MATLAB GUI i s so le ly to p r o v i d e u s e r i n t e r f a c e w h ic h w hen i n te rrupte d sends data to microcontrol -ler.

Circuit Sc hemat ic: The Circui t schematic i s a s shown in the f igure . The data transmit ted by MAT-LAB on PC i s sent via USB to TTL converter. The TTL end of the converter i s then connected to a PIC control ler which performs the required action based on the va lue rece ived. The PIC i s programmed to re-ce ive 2 va lues a t ime. I .e . i f va lue 11 i s rece ived then turn ON f i rst device, i f va lue 10 i s rece ived then turn OFF the same . Simi-l a r l y v a l u e s l i k e 2 1 , 3 1 , 4 1 , 5 1 a n d 20,30,40,50 wi l l turn ON and OFF the respective de -vices. For knowing the wa-

Smar t Home Using MATLAB GUI

Fig.1 : Block Diagram Of Smart Home Using MATLAB GUI

CIRCUIT DESIGN

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ter levels , 3 water f loa t switches have been used. These three switches are placed inside the water tank a t 3 di f ferent levels . Whenever the water r i ses above thi s sensor, a logic low wi l l be present a t the port pin of the PIC micro-control ler. By knowing the statu s of a l l the se sensor s w e c a n d e t e r m i n e t h e depth of the water in a wa-ter tank. A value ‘WT’ i s passed to the PIC by MAT-LAB for enquir ing these sensor s tatu s, in return the PIC wi l l an swer back to the same. The received value i s then processed by MATLAB and a graphica l representa-tion i s di splayed in the MATLAB GUI.

Single Re lay Boar d: T h e b o a r d h a s o n l y one re lay dr iven by TTL c ircui t . The board works on 12V but the input signal can come directly from mi-crocontrol ler output work-ing at 3V or 5V to contro l re lay Fe ature s : Design base d on hi ghly proven TTL a s dr iver Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V). 4- Re lay Inte r face: It can b e u s e d t o a c t i v a t e /D e ac t i va te app l ianc e b y m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s . T h e b o a r d h a s f o u r r e l a y s dr iven by ULN2803 IC. The board works on 12V but the input signal can

come directly from micro-control ler ou tput working at 3V or 5V to control re-lays. Each re lay can switch a var iety of AC or DC high voltage, high current loads working at 110V or 220V AC mains l ike l igh ts , fans , motors . Fe ature s : Operating Voltage12V DC Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V) Bolt Holes for Ins ta l lation

Fig.2: Circuit Schematic for Smart Home Using MATLAB GUI

CIRCUIT DESIGN

24





Fig.3:Flow Chart for Smart Home Using MATLAB GUI

CIRCUIT DESIGN

25






CIRCUIT DESIGN

26






CIRCUIT DESIGN

27





Par ts L ist


4-Relay Interface Board

Single Relay Interface Board

Water Level Sensors

USB to TTL Converter

12 V Transformer


Fig.4: Screenshot of the UI provided in Smart Home Using MATLAB GUI

CIRCUIT DESIGN

28





Over view : Now days in every state , e lectr ic i ty boards are u sing the me thod, one person wi l l go in to every house and take the reading from energy meter, a f ter that he wi l l produce the b i l l ac-cording to the uni t con-sumed by tha t home. This i s one of the major works of governments to go and col lect a l l these deta i ls . Keeping thi s problem in mind we are designing thi s prepaid energy meter.

Working :

This project has a digi ta l energy meter; smart card etc. The meter i s con-nected for the house. I f a person has to u se the e lec-tr ic i ty, he or she has to f i rst get charged the smart-card from the KEB of f ice for some amount and then they have to insert inside the energy me ter. As soon as the card i s in -serted the microcontrol ler i s programmed in such a way that i t wi l l detect the card and then i t wi l l read the amount in the smart-card .the communication between smart card and

mi c roc ontro l le r i s done through ser ia l communica-tion. After reading i t wi l l check the to ta l amount with the uni t amount (uni t amoun t i s no th i n g b u t amou nt fo r 1 un i t o f power), I f the amount i s there then the microcon-trol ler wi l l switch on re lay which i s u sed to connect the power to the house . Then i t wi l l moni tor the power consumed and de -duct the amount as per the consumption. I f the amount start s to re-duce and reaches near to zero then the microcon-

Pay Power

Fig.1 : Block Diagram of Pay Power System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

30


http://researchdesignlab.com/index.php/diy-kits/pay-power.html




trol ler star ts to give beeps indicating that the amount i s low .I f the person ig -nores thi s then the micro-control ler wi l l switch off t h e p o w e r w h e n t h e amount i s f ini shed. So us-ing thi s device we can e l iminate the energy b i l l ing sys tem to the government Card i s recharging from the e lectr ic i ty board through PC, for that a VB front end wi l l be Running, so tha t user can enter the amount in PC. The PC wi l l send the amount deta i ls in to mi-crocontrol ler through se -r ia l port , then the control -ler wi l l wri te the data into smart card u sing UART protocols .

Circuit Schematic :

I t consi st of 4x4 Keypad, RFID reader, sing le re lay board, energy meter, LCD display. The 4x4 Keypad matr ix i s connected to por t 1 o f the mi croc ontro l -ler.LCD data pins i s con-nected to port 2 of the mi-crocontrol ler. Pin 15,16 and 17 of The microcon-trol ler are connected to RS,RW and En of the LCD interfac ing Module. Pin s 10 and 11(i .e TX and RX) of the microcontrol ler are connected to the RX and TX of the RFID reader. The pulse s from the Elec-tr ic i ty meter are sen t to Pin 14 of the microcontrol -

ler via an Opto-Coupler for protection . Relay board i s connected to 13 of the microcontrol ler. 4- Re lay Inte r face: It can b e u s e d t o a c t i v a t e /D e ac t i va te app l ianc e b y m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s . T h e b o a r d h a s f o u r r e l a y s dr iven by ULN2803 IC. The board works on 12V but the input signal can come directly from micro-control ler ou tput working at 3V or 5V to control re-lays. Each re lay can switch a var iety of AC or DC high voltage, high current loads working at 110V or 220V AC mains l ike l igh ts , fans , motors . Fe ature s :

Fig.2 : Circuit Schematic of Pay Power System

CIRCUIT DESIGN

31





Operating Voltage12V DC Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V) Bolt Holes for Ins ta l lation Single Re lay Boar d: T h e b o a r d h a s o n l y one re lay dr iven by TTL c ircui t . The board works on 12V but the input signal can come directly from mi-crocontrol ler output work-ing at 3V or 5V to contro l re lay Fe ature s : Design base d on hi ghly proven TTL a s dr iver Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V). LCD Inter face Module : Fe ature s : Can di splay 224 di f ferent symbols . Low power consumption. 5 x 7 dot matr ix forma t. 4x4 M atr ix Ke ypad: A 4x4 matr ix keypad re-quir ing e ight Input/Output

por t s for i nterfa c ing i s used as an example. Row s are connected to Peripheral Input/Output (PIO) pin s conf igured as output. Col -umns are connected to PIO pins conf igured as input with interrupts . In thi s conf iguration, four pull -up resi stors must be added in order to apply a high level on the corresponding input pins. Fe ature s : Contact de -bouncing. Easy to interface. Board features 16 push but tons arranged as 4x4 matr ix. Data Val id output signal for interrupt ac tivation. Interfaces to any microcon-trol ler or microprocessor . RFID Re ade r: The RFID Proximity OEM Reader Module ha s a bui lt -in antenna in minimized form factor. I t i s designed to work on the industry standard carr ier frequency of 125 kHz. Thi s LF reader

module with an internal or an external antenna fac i l i -tates communication with Read-Only transponders—type UNIQUE or TK5530 via the a i r in terface. The tag data i s sen t to the hos t sys tems via the wired com-munication interface with a protocol se lected from the m o d u l e B o t h TT L an d Wiegend Protocol. Fe ature s : Output- TTL or RS232. Plug-and-Play, needs +5V to become a reader Buzzer indicates tag read-ing operation Compact si ze and cost -ef fective

Par ts L ist


Energy Meter

RFID Reader

Single Relay Interface Board

Opto-coupler


12 V Transformer

4x4 Matrix Keypad


CIRCUIT DESIGN

32





An inter -dimensional por -ta l opens up over New York City and The Chi tauri army s tarts an invasion and soon we see Ironman f l y by, l i f t ing heavy debri s, f ight and beat the a l iens and br ing down their Tech-nology. This i s something sc i -f i movie buff s would remember from Marvel’s Avengers. Technology from Science Fiction movies ha s a lways inspired develop-ment of technology in Re -

al i ty. A powered Exoskele-ton i s no t purely f i c tion . However we may be qui te far away from having sui t s l ike Tony S tark’s Ironman. A pow e re d Exo ske le to n usual ly i s a frame that i s worn by the user which ha s a powered sy stem of Mo-tors and Hydraul ics to as -si st in movement. As seen in sc i -f i movies, the main purpose of a Powered Exo-skeleton i s to boost the wearer’s s trength , speed and e n du ran c e . I n t he medica l f ie ld Powered Exo-skeleton sui ts can be used to assi st pa tients who are unable to achieve proper l imb movements . Lot of Research and development i s happening in the f ie ld of

P o w e r e d E x o s k e l e t o n s mainly for Mi l i tary App li -cations. Powered Exoskele-ton s c a n he l p S o ld i e r s carry lot more weight than they normally can. Also i t can enable them to carry he avy loads and t r ave l longer di stances and Jump over longer di s tances with-out u sing much stra in. This way the Soldiers’ endur -a n c e a n d p e r f o r m a n c e would improve on the bat -tle f ie ld. Work on powered exo-skeletons star ted as ear ly as 1960. General Electr ic and United States Mi l i tary co-deve lope d a Powere d Exo ske le t on Su i t c a l l e d Hardiman(Human Augmen-tation Re search and Devel-

TECH NEWS

Powered Exoskeleton

Fig1.: Marvel’s Ironman Fig.2 : GE’s Hardiman

34





opment Inves tigation." and Man from MANipula tor) . I t i nc re a s e d t h e We ar e r s ’ strength by a factor of 25 . I .e. l i f t ing 25 pounds was as easy as l i f t ing 1 pound for the wearer. However Hardiman fa i led due to a few reasons. Firs tly the Sui ts weighed about 680 Kg. Secondly the operation of the sui t was two layered Ma s te r -S l a ve t ype . T he wearer would control the Exoskeleton via the Master Laye r and the C ontro l would then be pas sed to the Slave Unit. This was impractica l because of the latency involved. Response time i s of great importance in Physica l Enhancement. I t had a walking speed of 2.5 F t/s . However back in the 1960s researchers were restr icted by the technol -ogy of the ir t ime. At pre-sent, however, a lo t of re-search i s happening in the f ie ld and a lo t of powered skeletons are be ing devel-oped. Some of the famous Exo-

skeletons developed so far are, Sarcos Raytheon XOS and XOS2, Ekso Bionics a n d L o c k h e e d M a r t i n ’ s HULC (Human Universa l Load Carr ier), Cyberdyne’s H A L ( H y b r i d A s s i s t i v e Limb) 5 Limbs In Marvel’s Ironman, Tony Stark had a Power Source, i .e. The Arc Reactor tha t w a s c on ve n i e n t ly l i gh t , long la sting and compact to easi ly power the sui t , in s h o r t , a n I d e a l P ow e r Source. However such a power source i s l imited to f ic tion, for now . The pre-sent exoskeletons are be ing powered by Sources tha t are inconveniently large or r e q u i re c oo l i ng sy s te ms which add to the weight and si ze of the sui t. Also m o s t a v a i l a b l e p o w e r sources do not have suf f i -c ient densi ty to power the Exoskeletons for more than a few hours. Research i s be ing done in the f ie ld of Wireless Energy Transfer which could hold an answer to the “Power Supply Prob -

l e m ” o f e x o s k e l e t o n s . There are few more prob-lems involved in Research such as using a sui table ma-ter ia l for the Exoskeleton body, which i s bo th Strong a n d L i g h t w e i g h t . T h e Flexib i l i ty of the joints may not ma tch with the Human Body Joint s, thus restr icting movement. Un-i n te nde d U nsa f e Inva l i d motions need to be han-dled. We may be far off from having

Exoskeleton Technology that

Tony Stark would be proud of,

but we have made considerable

development in Powered Exo-

skeletons. Raytheon Sarcos un-

veiled XOS2 which enables the

user to lift weight repeatedly with

reduced strain and exertion. The

XOS2 enables its wearer to easily

lift 200 pounds several hundred

times without tiring and repeat-

edly punch through three inches

of wood. Also the suit is agile and

TECH NEWS

Fig.3:HULC

Fig.4 : HAL

Fig.5 : HAL– For site Clean-up after

Fukushima Incident

35





kick a soccer bal l , punch a speed bag or c l imb s ta i rs and ramps with ease. Cy-berdyne 's HAL -5 model weighs only 10 Kg and ha s i t s b a t te ry and contro l computer strapped around the waist of the wearer. HAL was se lected to be used for Cleanup operation at the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Si te. HAL has a network of sensor s tha t are used to monitor the user’ s brain signals. These signal s are used to control the su i t ’ s l i mb s w h i c h a re moved at the same time a s t h e w e a r e r . T h e r e f o r e there i s very l i ttle stra in on the ir muscles . The sui t a lso ha s some other fea-tures, l ike b locking radia-tion, inter ior fans to help c i rculate a i r, and monitor -ing breathing and heart -rates for signs of fatigue . Lockheed Martin and Ekso Bionics’ HULC i s a Lower extremity Exoskeleton. I t i s powered by a battery . The Load to be carr ied i s a ttached to the exoskeleton and di st r ib u ted be twee n front and back of the de -vice. The load i s carr ied by the Exoskeleton, bypassing the human wearer. This r e duc e s the s t r a i n an d c hanc e o f m usc u l a r or skeleta l injur ies. HULC i s easy to u se and can be stored in a compact way. The Exoskeleton i s f lexib le and enables the wearer to move ab out w i th e a se . HULC doesn’t make u se of any joystick type contro l sys tem. I t makes use of sensors to detect move -

ment, and u sing onboard computing sy stem make s the sui t move in time with the body. We may soon see Exoskele-tons be ing used to a ssi s t patients, enhance soldiers , and help in rescue opera-tions and construction op-erations. A day may not be far of f when we see f ic tion and real i t ies intertwine. Image Courtesy: Ironman– Marvel HULC-Lockheed Martin Hardiman– GE HAL– Cyberdyne

TECH NEWS

36


http://marvel.com/characters/bio/1009368/iron_man

http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/hulc.html

http://www.gereports.com/the-story-behind-the-real-iron-man-suit/

http://www.cyberdyne.jp/english/robotsuithal/




Over view: Securi ty i s an essentia l as -pect in a lmost a l l places . I n an off ice there may be cer-ta in locations or f loor s which must be accessib le only to certa in employees and restr icted to o thers . The a im of thi s project i s to provide a simple Gate Access sy stem af ter authen-ticating the U ser. This i s a mini project, however en-hancements maybe done on the Project to provide ad-d i ti ona l f unc ti ona l i ty to the sys tem.

Working: To provide authori ty we must au thenticate individu-a l s ( e m p l o y e e s / u s e r s ) . This project works on a concept of pas sword pro-te c t ion . The i ndi vi dua l s (employees/user) wi l l be provided with a username and a pa ssword. Gate s are connected to a re lay board . M i c r o c o n t r o l l e r ( 8 0 5 1 ) consi st of a l l the username and pas swords, i t i s even connected to an LCD and a keypad. User has to enter the u sername and pas sword and based on the entered

v a l u e s t h e l o g i c p r o -grammed into the micro-control ler wi l l dec ide i f the User i s to be granted Access or not. I f the en-tered data i s correct the microcontrol ler wi l l give a noti f i cation to the User on the LCD provides access to the re lay board which i s c o n t r o l s t h e l o c k i n g mechanism of the gate s (doors). There are multiple gates (door s) connected to re lay board and u ser can access the ga tes (doors) just by pressing the keypad buttons. I f the data i s in -correct the u ser wi l l be

MINI PROJECTS

8051 Based S imple Gate Secur i ty System

Fig.1 : circuit Schematic of 8051 Based Simple Gate Security System

38





noti f ied through an LCD and access wi l l be denied.

Circuit sc hemat ic: The Circui t Schematic for the sy stem i s shown in the Figure. I t consi s ts of an 8 0 5 1 M i c r o c o n t r o l l e r , LCD, 4-Relay board , and keypad. Relay board pin s R1, R2, R3, and R4 are connected to pins P1.0 , P1.1, P1.2, and P1.3 of the microcontrol ler. The NO( Normally Open) Termi-nals of the Relays are con-ne c te d t o t he Loc k i n g Mechanism of the Doors . Keypad i s connected to PORT3 of the microcon-trol ler. LCD Data pins D0 -D 7 a r e c o n n e c t e d t o PORT0 of microcontrol ler . RS and EN pin s of LCD are connected to Pin 2.0 & Pin 2.1 of PORT2. The Username and Pa ss -word are entered through the keypad. The Microcon-trol ler i s programmed to perform the authentication procedure. I f the authenti -cation i s successful , then the u ser i s a sked to enter the option corresponding to which door i s to be opened. When the user en-ters the option, the micro-control ler activa tes the se -lected re lay unlocking the door. The Relay can be used to operate an Electro -Mag ne t i c D oo r L oc k i n g Mechanism. LCD Inte r fac e M odule : Fe ature s :

Can di splay 224 di f ferent symbols . Low power consumption. 4 - Re lay Inte r face: It can b e u s e d t o a c t i v a t e /D e ac t i va te app l ianc e b y m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s . T h e b o a r d h a s f o u r r e l a y s dr iven by ULN2803 IC. The board works on 12V but the input signal can come directly from micro-control ler ou tput working at 3V or 5V to control re-lays. Each re lay can switch a var iety of AC or DC high voltage, high current loads working at 110V or 220V AC mains l ike l igh ts , fans , motors . Fe ature s : Operating Voltage12V DC Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V) Bolt Holes for Ins ta l lation 4x4 M atr ix Ke ypad: A 4x4 matr ix keypad re-quir ing e ight Input/Output por t s for i nterfa c ing i s used as an example. Row s are connected to Peripheral Input/Output (PIO) pin s conf igured as output. Col -umns are connected to PIO pins conf igured as input with interrupts . In thi s conf iguration, four pull -up resi stors must be added in order to apply a high level on the corresponding input pins. Fe ature s : Contact de -bouncing. Easy to interface. Board features 16 push buttons

arranged as 4x4 matr ix. Data Val id output signal for interrupt ac tivation. Interfaces to any microcon-trol ler or microprocessor .

Par ts L ist

8051 Microcontroller

8051 Project Board

4x4 Matrix Keypad

4-Relay Interface


Pull Up Resistance

12V Transformer

MINI PROJECTS

39





Over view: We can ensure sa fety and securi ty of our proper ty i f we are physica l ly present , but what i f we are not a t the si te? ? The question can be answered with thi s sim-ple project ca l led home safety/securi ty sy stem. In -frared sensor de tec t s a physica l enti ty crossing i t and based on the va lue s d e t e c t e d G S M m o d u l e sends a message to a speci -f i e d n u m b e r w h i c h i s stored in the code. Both the GSM and sensor are contro l le d b y mi croc on-trol ler.

Working:

There are various sources which leads to an intense damage to our property . The project uses infrared sensor-a powerful sensor which wi l l detect a object which emits thermal radia-tion, gas sensor -detects the gas and a f i re sensor -which detects f i re. This devices are taken a s input and are connected to microcon-trol ler(MSP430G2553) .Al l the sensors are digi ta l and wi l l send high/ low da ta to the microcontrol ler. Ba sed on the data sent by these se n s or s , mi c roc on tr o l l e r wi l l dec i de whe ther to a lert the user or not based on the logic programmed into the microcontrol ler. I f

the user has to be a lerted the microcontrol ler send commands to GSM-module and tha t wi l l ini ti a te GSM module to send a message to multiple numbers or a particular number. We use a simple concept of se r ia l communic a tion to c ommuni c a te w i th GS M module.

Circuit Schemat ic:

The Circui t Schematic for t h e H o m e S e c u r i t y i s shown in Figure. I t consi st s of a MSP430G2553 Micro-control ler, A Fire Sensor , Gas Sensor, IR Sensor. The

Low Power Home Safety System

Fig 1.Circuit Schematic of Low Power Home Safety System

MINI PROJECTS

40





outputs of the Fire Sensor , Gas Sensor and IR Sensor are connected to the Pin s P2.2,P2.0 and P1.7 re spec-tive ly.P1.1 and P1.2 pin s of the microcontrol ler are connected to Rx and Tx Pins of GSM module . The m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r p i n s P2.0,P2.2 ,P1.7 are set as input, thi s pins wi l l be high or low as digi ta l sensor s are connected to i t and based on these va lues the m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r d e c i d e s whether to a lert the user or not. I f the user i s to be a lerted then the microcon-trol ler wi l l transmit the signal ser ia l ly to pin Rx of GSM module through P1.1 o f Mic roc ontrol le r . The EasyGPRS converter wi l l convert the Message to be sent to the user to the ap-propriate form and the SIM900 GPRS modem wi l l send the message to the user via SMS. G as Se nsor : Fe ature s : Operating Voltage 5V High sensi tivi ty to LPG, natural gas , town gas . Small sensi tivi ty to a lco-hol, smoke. Fast response . Fir e Se nsor : Fe ature s : Operating Voltage 5V Typica l Max Range :2 m . Fire indicator LED. 3 pin interface connector IR Se nsor: Fe ature s : Operating Voltage 5V IR Ba sed counter sensor .

Adjustable Range Adjustable Sensi tivi ty Logic output 1/0 E a s y G P R S : E a s y G P R S module provides an easy way for network set up and establ i shing the GPRS con-n e c t i v i t y b e t w e e n t h e GPRS modem and the Mi-crocontrol ler. Easy GPRS module convert s the ser ia l data packets to the re-quired GPRS packets and vice versa. User need not worry about the GPRS in -struction set s. Fe ature s : Seria l data with baud rate from 9600 to 460800. Easi ly conf igurable using HyperTerminal or putty . Power supply via USB or burg stick. LED indicator. RS232 a s well a s TTL da ta. S IM 900 G PRS M odem: Fe ature s : O pera ti ng Vo l tage : 12V DC D u a l - B a n d G S M / G P R S 900/ 1800 MHz RS232 interface for direct communication with com-puter or MCU ki t Configurable baud rate Wire Antenna SIM Card holder. Bui lt in Network S tatu s LED Inbui lt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for in ternet data transfer over GPRS.

Par ts L ist

MSP430 Microcontroller

MSP430 LaunchPad Board

Easy GPRS Converter


IR Sensor

Gas Sensor

Fire Sensor

4-Relay Interface

Regulated Power Supply

Project Boards, Sensors, Modules,

components and Source Codes for

Interfacing are available on

www.researchdesignlab.com

MINI PROJECTS

41





Over view: T h i s P r o j e c t p r e s e n t s Scratch Input, an acoustic -based input technique tha t re l ies on the unique sound produced when a f ingernai l i s dragged over the surface of a te x ture d mate r ia l , such as wood, fabr ic, or wall pa int. This Project makes use of a simple sen-sor that can be easi ly cou-pled with exi sting surfaces , such a s walls and tables , turning them into large , unpowered and ad hoc f in-ger input surfaces. Our sensor i s small enough to

be incorporated into a mo-bi le device, a l lowing any sui table surface on which i t rests to be appropriated as a gestura l input surface. Several example appl ica-tions were developed to demonstrate possib le inter-actions. I t can be con-cluded tha t users can per-form var ious Scratch Input gestures at about 90% ac-curacy with less than f ive minutes of tra ining and on wide var iety of surfaces.

Working: This project u ses a piezo-

electr ic sensor which sends analog va lues to the micro-control ler that i s ampli f ied by a transi s tor. The micro-c ontrol le r proce sse s the analog va lues and then de -pending on the va lue s i t switches the re lay . The p i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r i s tapped and based on the number & intensi ty of tap s the p i e zoe lec tr ic se nsor sends analog va lues . The values are converted into digi ta l by internal ADC and then processed by the Mi-crocontrol ler. Based on the v a l u e s m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r switches the re lays .

ACOUSTIC GESTURE RECOGNITION SYSTEM

Fig.1 : Circuit Schematic for Sound Gesture Recognition System

MINI PROJECTS

43





I t takes advantage of par -ticular physica l e f fects in order to detect input on surfaces l ike tables, walls , and even c lothes . Firs tly, a f ingernai l dragged over a textured surface, such a s w o o d , f a b r i c , o r w a l l pa int, wi l l produce a sound conta ining a par ticular l y high frequency component This high frequency prop-erty a l lows i t to be easi ly separated from other typi -ca l house and off ice noi ses. Another importan t prop-erty that i s made use of in thi s project i s that sound propagates through sol id (and l iquid) mater ia ls much m o r e e f f i c i e n t l y t h a n through the a i r. So whi le runn i ng yo ur f i n ge rn a i l across a surface wi l l pro-duce only a sof t audible noi se, the signal transmit s c o n s i d e r a b l y b e t t e r through the sol id hos t ma -ter ia l. Thi s superior trans-mission of sound means that a signal i s no t only transmit ted further, bu t i s a lso bet ter preserved (i .e. , less noi sy) .

Circuit Schemat ic: The Circui t Schematic for the Gesture Recogni tion i s shown in Figure. I t consi st s of an MSP430G2553 Mi-crocontrol ler, A piezoelec-tr ic Sensor, 4 -Relay board . The outputs of the piezo-e lec tr ic Se nsor i s c on-n e c t e d t o t h e P i n P 1 . 0 . R e l a y b o a r d p i n s R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 a r e c o n -n e c t e d t o p i n s

P 2 . 0 , P 2 . 1 , P 2 . 2 , P 2 . 3 o f m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r r e s p e c -tive ly. Piezoelectr ic sensor i s a ttached with a physica l sur f a c e . B y sc r a tc h i n g/tapping on the physica l surface we generate analog va lues which i s sent to the analog pin P1.0 o f micro-control ler. Based on the va lues read by the micro-control ler i t switches the pins P2.0,P2.1,P2.2 ,P2.3 . example: one tap on the physica l surface switch on the re lay 1, Two taps switch on the re lay 2 and so on. M SP430G 2553 T h e T e x a s I n s t r u m e n t s MSP430 fami ly of Micro-control ler are ul tra -low -powered microcontrol ler s The archi tecture, combined w i t h f i v e l o w - p o w e r mode s, i s op timized to achieve extended battery l i fe in portable measure-ment appl ications . The MSP430G2x21/31 se -r ies i s an ultra -low-power mixed signal microcontrol-ler with a bui lt -in 16 -bi t t imer and ten I/O pins . The MSP430G2x31 fami ly members have a 10 -bi t A/D converter and bui lt -in c ommunic a ti on c apabi l i ty using synchronous proto-cols (SPI or I2C). Typ i c a l app l i c a t i ons i n -c lude low-cost sensor sys -tems that capture analog signals, convert them to digi ta l va lues , and then process the da ta for di sp lay or for transmission to a host sy stem.

Microcontrol ler character-i stics: Low power consumption. L o w o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e (from 1.8 V to 3 .6 V). Z e r o - p o w e r B r o w n - O u t Reset (BOR). 4- Re lay Inte r face: It can b e u s e d t o a c t i v a t e /D e ac t i va te app l ianc e b y m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s . T h e b o a r d h a s f o u r r e l a y s dr iven by ULN2803 IC. The board works on 12V but the input signal can come directly from micro-control ler ou tput working at 3V or 5V to control re-lays. Each re lay can switch a var iety of AC or DC high voltage, high current loads working at 110V or 220V AC mains l ike l igh ts , fans , motors . Fe ature s : Operating Voltage12V DC Relay Contro l Signal can come directly from Micro-control ler(3V -5V) Bolt Holes for Ins ta l lation

Digital Vibr at ion Se n-sor : I t i s a PiezoElectr ic Sensor. Fe ature s : O pe ra t i ng v o l t age :3 V -5VDC Triple O/P mode 1. Analog 2. Digi ta l 3. TTL level ou tput sig -

nal. Sensi tivi ty adjus table The vibration detection ha s no direction. Mounting holes for in sta l -l a t i o n .

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Par ts L ist

MSP430 Microcontroller

MSP430 LaunchPad Board

Digital Vibration Sensor

4-Relay Interface

Regulated Power Supply

Project Boards, Sensors, Modules,

components and Source Codes for

Interfacing are available on

www.researchdesignlab.com

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Over view: Detection of Faces in an image i s a technology tha t we notice around us proba-bly in Digi ta l Cameras or in Photo Albums of Socia l Netw orki ng web si te s . I t enables us to Identi fy Peo-ple in an image. How-ever ,Locating people in an image i s just the beginning. Further advancements en-able us to Identi fy and Rec-

ognize people. This enables us to provide face recogni-tion based authentication. This Artic le however deals with Face Detection. Face detection i s a computer technology that determines the locations and si zes of human faces in arb i trary (digi ta l) images . I t detect s fac ia l features and ignores an y th i n g e l se , su c h a s bui ldings, trees and bodies . On the other hand OpenCV i s an e f fective l ibrary to

work with image process -ing. This artic le exp la ins the basics of Face Detec-tion. Tutoria l and More Projects can be found on www.researchredesi gnlab .com

Working: F a c e - d e t e c t i o n s o f t w a r e fol lows a set of mathemati -ca l rules to descr ibe the landmarks tha t identi fy a

human face: typica l ly two eyes, eyebrows, nose and l ips. The image i s f i rs t ‘dow n sample d’ b y the software – to reduce the amount of informa tion – and then i t i s analyzed. By measuring the di f ferences between the shadows cre-ated by fac ia l features , a c a m e r a c a n i d e n t i f y whether or not they ma tch the expected layout of a face. Using the di f ferences in contrast and shadow cre-

ated by the whi teness of eyes and teeth , a camera i s ab le to te l l when a subject i s b l inking or smi l ing and can a lter i ts se ttings ac-c o r d i n g l y , i f s o p r o -grammed. Newer cameras are beginning to incorpo-rate face recogni tion too. By taking a ser ies of pic-tures of a person from sev-era l angles, the c lever soft -ware i s ab le to s tore infor -mation about the spac ing of the ir unique fac ia l fea -tures. This can then be used to give them autofo-cus pr ior i ty when taking pictures in crowds, as well as to automatica l ly tag the photographs. Working with the project i s s imple, pas s an image a s argument and then u sing the OpenCV l ibrary proc-ess the image and then en-closed the de tected faces in rectangle shape. The proc -essing of image can be done b y u s i ng some i n -b u i l t functions (a lgori thms) of

OpenCV .

OpenCV:It is an open source

C++ library for image processing

and computer vision origi-

nally developed by Intel and now

supported by Willow Garage. It is

free for both commercial and non

-commercial use. Therefore it is

not mandatory for your OpenCV

applications to be open or free. It

is a library of many inbuilt func-

tions mainly aimed at real time

Face Detect ion Using OpenCV

Fig.1 : Face Detection

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image processing. N o w i t h a s s e v -era l hundre ds o f image processing and computer v i s i on a l gor i thms w hi c h make developing advanced computer vi sion appl ica-tions easy and ef f ic ient.

Key Features

Optimized for real time im-

age processing & computer

vision applications

Primary interface of OpenCV

is in C++

There are also C, Python and

JAVA full interfaces

OpenCV applications run on

Windows, Android, Linux,

Mac and iOS

Optimized for Intel proces-

sors

OpenCV Modules

OpenCV has a modular structure. The main modules of OpenCV are listed below.

core

This is the basic module of OpenCV. It includes basic data structures (e.g.- Mat data struc-ture) and basic image processing functions. This module is also extensively used by other mod-ules like highgui, etc.

highgui

This module provides simple user

interface capabilities, several im-age and video codec’s, image and video capturing capabi l i -ties, manipulating image win-dows, handling track bars and mouse events and etc. If you want more advanced UI capabili-ties, you have to use UI frame-works like Qt, Win Forms, etc. imgproc

This module includes basic image processing algorithms including image filtering, image transforma-tions, color space conversions etc.

video

This is a video analysis module which includes object tracking algorithms, background subtrac-tion algorithms etc.

Fig.2 : Flow Chart For Face Detection sing Open CV

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objdetect

This includes object detection and recognition algorithms for stan-dard objects.

OpenCV i s be ing exten-sive ly u sed for developing advanced image processing and computer vi sion app l i -cations. I t has become the prefe rred too l for s tu -dents, engineers and re-searchers a l ike. The Source Code Required for thi s Project i s ava i lab le o n w w w .re se a r c hde s i gn l ab .c om

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The BeagleBone i s a low-cost, high -expansion board f r o m the Beag leBoard produc t l i n e . I t u s e s t h e T I AM3358/9 SoC based on a n A R M C o r t e x -A8 processor core u sing the ARMv7-A archi tecture. I t i s s imi lar in purpose to ear l ier BeagleBoards, and can be used e i ther stand-alone or as a USB or Ethernet -connected expan-sion for a BeagleBoard or any other sys tem. The Bea-gleBone i s small even by BeagleBoard standards ye t sti l l provides much of the performance and capabi l i -ties of the larger Beagle -Boards.

Beaglebone Black

On 23rd Apri l 2013, Bea-g l e B o a r d o f f i c i a l l y a n -n o u n c e d B e a g l e B o n e Black at a pr ice approxi-mately ha l f that of the or iginal BeagleBone. The new board's most impor -tant new features inc lude a AM3359 SoC upgraded to 1GHz, doubling of memory to 512MB, u se of fas ter DDR3 memory in contras t to the DDR2 of the or igi -nal BeagleBone, and a new HDMI audio/visual output. (The or iginal BeagleBone required an addi tional cape daughterboard for graphic output).

Over view: The Beagle-

Bone Black has a low cos t A R M C o r t e x - A 8 b a s e d processor. I t i s a s small a s

a credi t card. I t ha s been equipped with a minimum set of features to a l low the u se r to e xpe rie nce the power of the processor and i s not intended as a ful l development pla tform a s many of the features and interfaces supplied by the processor are not accessi -b le from the BeagleBone Black via onboard suppor t of some interfaces. I t i s no t a complete product de -signed to do any particular function. I t i s a founda tion for experi menta ti on and learning how to program the processor and to access the per ipherals by the crea-tion of your own software and hardware. I t a lso of fers access to many of the in -terfaces and a l lows for the use of add-on boards ca l led

BeagleBone Black Tutor ia l

Fig.1 : BeagleBone Black

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capes, to add many di f fer-ent combinations of fea-tures.

Funct ions of the Board T h e B e a g le s a r e s m a l l Open Sourced Hardware and open -so f tware c om-puters that plug in to what-ever you have around the house. ·Beagles mean b ig function-a l i ty in small packages be-cause these l i ttle PCs can be used for a l l kinds of ap -

pl ications you 've been tink-er ing with, and can handle many of the same tasks a s your desk top PC. Ke y Components

The Si tara AM3358 i s the processor .

512MB DDR3 i s the p r o c e s s o r d y n a m i c RAM memory.

Seria l Debug i s the se -r ia l debug port.

P M I C p r o v i d e s t h e power ra i ls to the var i -ous components on the board.

DC Power i s the main

DC input that accepts 5V power.

10/100 Ethernet i s the connection to the LAN.

Ethernet PHY i s the phys i ca l i n ter f ac e to the network.

USB Client i s a min-iUSB connection to a PC that can a lso power the board.

There are four blue

Fig.2 : Beagle Bone Black Architecture

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LEDS that can be u sed by the u ser.

Reset But ton a l lows the user to reset the proc -essor.

eMMC is an onboard MMC chip that hold sup to 2GB of data .

HDMI Framer provides control f or an HDMI or DVI-D di splay .

BOOT Button can be used to force a boot from the SD card or from the USB por t.

uSD slo t i s where a uSD card can be insta l led.

The micro HDMI con-

nector i s where the di s -play i s connected.

USB Host can be con-nected di f ferent USB interfaces such as

Wi-Fi ,B luetooth, Key-board, etc

Component Detai ls : Pr oc essor : For the ini ti a l re lease, the b o a r d u s e s t h e S i t a r a XAM3359AZCZ processor in the 15x15 package . This i s basica l ly the same proc -

essor a s u sed on the or igi -nal BeagleBone. I t does u se the updated 2 .0 revi sion with several f ixes on thi s new processor as opposed to the or iginal BeagleBone . A couple of important fea-tures from thi s new proces-sor inc lude: 1GHZ Operation RTC f ix . Eventual l y the board wi l l m o v e t o t h e S i t a r a A M3 35 8B ZC Z1 00 de v i c e once re leased and readi ly ava i lab le from TI. At thi s t ime we do not have a date when thi s wi l l happen. We do not expect any benef i t from moving to thi s device and there should be no im-pact seen as a resul t of making thi s move. M emory Three types of memory de -scr ibed below 512M B DDR3L A s i n g l e 2 5 6 M b x 1 6 D D R 3 L 4 G b ( 5 1 2 M B ) memory device i s used . The memory used i s the M T 4 1 K 5 1 2 M 1 6 H A - 1 2 5 from Micron. I t wi l l oper-ate at a c lock frequency of 303MHz yie lding an e f fec-tive rate of 606MHZ on the DDR3L bus a l lowing for 1.32GB/S of DDR3L mem-ory bandwidth. 32KB EEPROM A single 32KB EEPROM is prov i de d on I2C0 tha t holds the board informa-tion. This information in -c ludes board name, ser ia l number, and revi sion in -formation. This wi l l be the same as found on the or igi -Fig.3 : BeagleBone Black Features

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nal BeagleBone. I t has a tes t point to a l low the device to be programmed and o ther-wise to provide wri te pro-tection when not grounded. 2G B Embe dde d M M C A s i ng le 2GB e mbe dde d MMC (eMMC) device i s on the board. The device con-nects to the MMC1 por t of the processor , a l lowing for 8bi t wide access. Default boot mode for the board wi l l be MMC1 with an op-tion to change i t to MMC0 for SD card booting. MMC0 cannot be u sed in 8Bi t mode because the lower data pins are located on the pins used by the Ethernet por t. This does not in terfere with SD card operation but i t does make i t unsui table for use a s an eMMC por t i f the 8 b i t feature i s needed. M ic roSD Connec tor The board i s equipped with a single microSD connector to act as the secondary boot source for the board and, i f n o t p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e board. Booting from MMC0 wi l l be used to f lash the eMMC in the production e n v i r o n m e n t s e l e c t e d a s such, can be the pr imary boot source. The connector wi l l suppor t larger capaci ty SD cards. The SD card i s or can be used by the user to update the SW as needed.

Gett ing Star ted with Beaglebone Boot mode s There are four boot modes: e MM C Boot : Thi s i s the

default boot mode and wi l l a l low for the fas tes t boot time and wi l l enable the board to boot out o f the box using the pre -f lashed OS image wi thout having to purchase an SD card or an SD card wri ter. SD Boot : Thi s mode wi l l boot from the uSD slo t. This mode can be u sed to over-r ide what i s on the eMMC device and can be used to program the eMMC when used in the manufactur ing process or for f ie ld upda tes. Se r ia l Boot : Thi s mode wi l l use the ser ia l port to a l low downloading of the software direct. A separate USB to ser ia l cable i s re-quired to use thi s port . USB Boot : Thi s mode sup-ports booting over the USB port. A switch i s provided to a l -low switching between the modes.

Holding the boot switch down during boot with-out a SD card inserted w i l l f o r c e t h e b o o t source to be the USB port and i f no thing i s detected on the USB c l i -ent por t, i t wi l l go to t h e s e r i a l p o r t f o r download.

Without holding the switch, the board wi l l boot from eMMC. I f i t i s empty, then i t wi l l try booting from the uSD slo t, fol lowed by the ser ia l por t, and then the USB port .

I f you hold the boot switch down during boot, and you have a microSD

card inserted with a boot-able image, the board wi l l b oo t fo rm the mi c r oSD card.

Power Management The TPS65217C power man-agement device i s u sed a long with a separate LDO to pro-vide power to the sys tem. T h e T P S 6 5 2 1 7 C v e r s i o n prov i de s for the prope r voltages required for the DDR3L. This i s the same device as used on the or igi -nal BeagleBone with the ex-ception of the power ra i l conf iguration set tings which wi l l be changed in the inter-n a l E E P R O M t o t h e TPS65217 to suppor t the new voltages. DDR3L re-quires 1.5V ins tead of 1.8V on the DDR2 as i s the case on the or iginal BeagleBone. The 1.8V regula tor set ting has been changed to 1.5V for the DDR3L. The LDO3 3.3V ra i l has been changed to 1.8V to support those r a i l s o n t h e p r o c e s s o r . LDO4 i s sti l l 3.3V for the 3.3V ra i ls on the processor . An external LDOTLV70233 provides the 3 .3V ra i l for the rest of the board.

Operat ing system Å ngstr öm dis tr ibut ion: Ångström was star ted by a small group of people who worked on the OpenEmbed-ded, OpenZaurus and Open-Simpad projects to uni fy the ir e f fort to make a stable and u ser -fr iendly di str ibu-tion for embedded devices l i ke h a n dh e ld s , s e t t o p boxes and network -at tached

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storage devices and more. Ångström i s versa ti le, i t sca les down to devices with 4MB of f lash to devices with terabytes of RAID storage.

Ker nel Uses a 3 .8 kernel which makes use of Device Trees. A Device Tree i s a text f i le which descr ibes the layout of a machine, commonly the combination of a sys tem -on-chip (SoC) and a board, so that the kernel can know a t what addresse s and on which buses hardware i s located . T h e B e a g l e B o n e k e r n e l s make use of an ex tension ca l led Capemgr which a l -lows dynamic loading and unloading o f device tree fragments both at compi le time and from user space post -boot. Learning about the Device Tree i s very es-sentia l, i f you wish to be able to manipulate pins and be able to use them as in-puts/outputs . In a nu tshel l , the device tree can be ma-nipulated by creating a tex t ' fragment' f i le that can be converted into a .d tbo f i le using a program cal led dtc which i s a lready ins ta l led on the BeagleBone Black . Ubuntu 12.04 Ubuntu i s a Debian -based Linux di str ibution ported to the ARM archi tecture. I t i s a great choice for develop-ment. As one of the most popular di s tr ibutions, i t ha s a great deal of suppor t and ava i lab le packages in i ts re-posi tory . We have used UB-UNTU 12.04 in our hos t sys tem.

Downloading Ubuntu You can f ind i t from: http://www.ubuntu.co m/downlo ad

Select whether you require the 32 b i t or 64bi t version then c l ick S tart download. Instal l ing Ubuntu At least 5 GB of free space on your hard dr ive i s re-quired in order to ins ta l l Ubuntu; however, 15 GB or more i s recommended. h t t p : / / w w w . u b u n t u . c o m /d o w n l oa d /d e sk t o p/ i n s t a l l -desktop -lates t to program-ming we use ec l ipse .You can f ind ec l ipse on ubuntu software centre, e l se u can do as shown below Instal l ing Ec lipse Just download i t from app-store i t wi l l au tomatica l ly get ins ta l led.Af ter ins ta l l ing just ins ta l l the package of C/C++ in ec l ipse. Configur e ec lipse for be agle bone Insta l l RTE(Run Time Envi-ronment) from appstore. After ins ta l l ing open win-dow s tab i n e c l i p se ( t op bar), c l ick on the show view tab and add remote sys -tem.select appropriate op-tions and your beaglebone i s conf igured.

System setup There are two modes of op-eration for the sy stem: wired mode and wire less mode. In wired mode, the user needs to di sconnect the USB Wi-Fi adaptor and plug the sys tem into a router . In

thi s conf iguration , the sys -tem can be accessed via the Internet for remote moni-tor ing of the webcam. For wire less access point mode, the user shou ld di sconnect the wired cable, and con-nect the wire less USB mod-ule. Once powered on in thi s conf iguration , the sys -tem wi l l broadcast an SSID that the u ser can connect to via a Wi-Fi enabled com-puter or smart -phone. In e i ther conf iguration, to ac-cess the web page being hosted on the sys tem, the user must f l ip the power switch located on the side of the case and wai t for the sys tem to power on. Once there i s a green l ight on the webcam, in the wired mode, the user can connect to the network; naviga te to the web address http ://192.168.7.2/homewindow/mobi le.php. On the websi te there are var ious pages tha t a l low ac -cess to the di f ferent func-tions of the server.

Gate : A small general de-scr iption of the project, a s well as basic descr iptions of the functional i ty of di f ferent pages and the name of the administrators . Livecam: View a l ive stream of the webcam.

Making Ether net connect iv ity C o n n e c t t h e B e a g l e

Bone to a router using Ethernet .

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Find the IP address of the BeagleBone by con-necting to i t using the ser ia l console or by f ind-ing i t in the c l ient l i st of the router. Open a ter-minal and connect to the BeagleBone a s root u sing SSH .

Expand connect ions The Beagle Bone provides two 46 -pin dual-row expan-sion connectors "P9" and "P8" which are a lso known a s " E x p a n s i o n A " a n d "Expansion B", respective ly . The location and pin out of these connectors i s i l lus -trated below. All signals on expansion headers are 3.3V except where indicated oth-erwise. I t provides Beagle-bone the capabi l i ty to add addi tional external memory devices. The External mem-ory devices are interfaced via general purpose memory control ler (GPMC) on the AM335x. Supported memory devices inc lude NOR f lash, NAND flash, or o ther memory de-vices that are asynchronous, synchronous, 8 -b i t or 16 -bi t.

Pin-Diagram of Beaglebone black I t has two side Side 1:P9 Side 2:P8

Linux Commands

Some bas ic commands »cp — Copy » ls — Li s t » mkdir – Make Directory » mv — Move » rm — Remove » grep — Search for Text Str ings » less — Display Part of Fi le » more — Display Part of Fi le » ta i l — View the End of a Fi le M anaging Pac kages » apt -get update — re fresh ava i lab le updates » apt -get upgrade — upgrade a l l packages M anaging Ne twor k Conne ct ions » ping — Test Network Connections » f tp — f i le Transfer Pro tocol » hos t — Check IP of Domain » i fconf ig — show network information » sudo iwli st scan — scan for wire less networks » te lnet — Connect to te lnet M anaging A Fire wall » ufw enable — turn on f i rewall » ufw di sable — turn o ff f i rewall M anage Dr ive s and For mats » mount — Mount a Drive » umount — Unmount Drive » fdi sk — Format Disk M anaging User s and G r oups » pas swd — Create Password » groupadd — Add a Group » groupmod — Modi fy a Group » chgrp — Change Group » groupdel — Delete Group

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HDMI Interface A single HDMI interface i s connected to the 16 b i t LCD interface on the processor . The 16b interface was used to preserve as many expan-sion pin s a s possib le to a l -low for use by the u ser. The NXP TDA19988BHN i s used to convert the LCD inter-face to HDMI and convert the audio as well. The sig-nals are sti l l connected to the expansion headers to enable the u se of LCD ex-pansion boards or access to other functions on the board as needed.

Re quire d acc essor ies : In order to u se the board in

thi s conf iguration , you wi l l need the fol lowing accesso-r ies:

5VDC 1A power supply

HDMI moni tor or a DVI -D monitor with an adapter.

Micro HDMI to HDMI ca-ble

USB wireless keyboard and mouse combo.

The board has only one USB host port , so you may need to use a USB Hub i f your keyboard and mouse requires two ports .

HDMI Configura tion When we connect an HDMI port with monitor u sing a

cable we wi l l have a vi rtual window open. That i s an interface of the in ternal op-erating sys tem. So directly we can access the operating sys tem jus t by c l icking the folders. We can even use wire less mouse and a key-b o a r d w i t h b e a g l e - b o n e which wi l l ease your work.

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Fig.4:

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Build.sh

#!/bin/bash echo "export s lot s" export SLOTS=/sys/devices/bone_capemgr.9/slots echo "export pins" export PINS=/sys/kernel/debug/pinctr l/44e10800.pinmux/pins echo "Compi l ing the overlay from .d ts to .dtbo" dtc -O d tb -o DM-GPIO-Test -00A0.dtbo -b 0 -@ DM-GPIO-Test.dts echo "copy the f i le" cp DM-GPIO-Test-00A0.dtbo /l ib/f i rmware/ echo "echo the f i le to slot s" echo DM-GPIO-Test > $SLOTS echo "export the pin which i s connected to led" echo 60 > /sys/clas s/gpio/expor t echo "set the direction of the pin which i s connec ted to led" echo "out" > /sys/cla ss/gpio/gpio60/direction echo "Make the led pin high" echo 1 > /sys/clas s/gpio/gpio60/value

#Compile the code

sh bui ld. sh

#Execute the code

./bui ld

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project

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