project in biology

8/3/2019 Project in Biology

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ProjectIn

BiologyImpartial fulfilment of the requirement

in Biology

Submitted by: Christian Jude V. Fabular

Rajev Delos Reyes

Fritz Bassig

II-Mark

Submitted to: Mr. Arlon P. Cadiz

A.Y. 2011-2012



EVOLUTIONDarwins theory of evolution was published in 1859 in a book

called The Origin of Species.

A scientist named Charles Darwin

(1800) became interested in how

species changed over time. He

developed a theory to explain hownew species formed. He was an

English naturalist who studied living

things in their natural settings instead

of in a zoo or in a laboratory.



Theory of Evolution by Law of Segregation and Law

of Independent Assortment Gregor Johann

Mendel -According to the principle of segregation for any particular

trait, the pair of allele passes from each parent on to an

offspring

-According to the principle of independent assortment,

different pairs of alleles are passed on to offspring

independently of each other. The result is that new

combinations of genes present in neither parent are possible

Lamarcks theory of evolution

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck advocated the

theory of the inheritance of acquired

characteristics. He suggested that

organisms could acquire new

characteristics during their lifetime.Lamarcks theory is based on

environmental factors, and summarized in

the sentence The

function creates the organ.

Lamarcks Theory of Evolution vs. Darwins Theory

of Evolution

-Lamarck was the first to publish a theory of evolution that

explained how life evolves. He believed that evolution was

driven by the tendency toward greater complexity and that, as

organisms evolved, they became better adapted to their

environments.



Lamarck explained the mechanism of evolution with two

principles:

1. Use or disuse of body parts leads to their development or

deterioration,2. acquired characteristics can be inherited.

Lamarcks theory however , presented many key evolutionary

ideas such as:

1. That evolution is the best explanation for fossil record and

the current diversity of life,

2. That earth is very old,

3. That adaptation to the environment is the main result of evolution.

Darwinism ConceptsDarwins concept of descent with modification included the

general idea that all organisms were related to through lineage

from some unknown ancient origin and had developed changes

as they adapted to various habitats.

Natural selection and adaptationNatural selection - the different reproductive success within a

population that leads to adaptation to the environment.

Darwins theory of natural selection includes the following facts

and inferences:Fact 1 - species have great potential fertility.

Fact 2 - most population are stable

Fact 3 - natural resources are limited



Inference 1 - since only a fraction of offspring survives, there is

a struggle for limited resources

Fact 4 - there is a variation between individual in a population

Fact 5 - much of this variation can be inheritedInference 2 - individuals whose inherited characteristics fit

them best to the environment are likely to leave more

offsprings

Inference 3 - unequal reproduction leads to gradual change in

population

Industrial Melanism - change in the color of moths in polluted

areas

The course of evolution often follows common

patternsConvergent evolution: unrelated species living in similar

environments and facing similar environmental challenges

sometimes evolve similar characteristics

Divergent evolution: closely related species lining in different

environments and facing different environmental challenges

sometimes evolve dissimilar characteristics

Coevolution: the evolution of one species affects the evolution

of another species

Adaptive radiation: several species will evolve from a single,

ancestral species

Gradualism: evolutionary as a slow, gradual process of change

Punctuated equilibrium: evolution may proceed with long

periods of relatively little change (stasis) punctuated with short

periods of intense change



Evidences for EvolutionPaleontology a branch of biology that deals with the study of

extinct organisms available in fossil form.

Fossils are the organic remains of plants and animals that

existed a long, time ago.

Three Large Classes of RocksSedimentary rocks which are formed by packing together of

sediment such as mud and sand.

Igneous rocks which are at one time the molten lava.

Metamorphic rocks which are at one time sedimentary or

igneous, but distorted by heat and pressure of overlying rocks.

How do scientists find Out the Age of Fossils

-the age of the rocks can be directly determined when the ageof the fossil is known.

-a fossil is about the same age as the rock layer in which it was

trapped. Scientists can find the age of fossils by knowing the

age of the rock layer.

-To find the age of rocks, scientists use a method based on

decay or change.

Dating Fossils/radioactive dating - process of finding out theage of a fossil



An example of a fossil is the Ancient bird Arcaeopteryx.

Evidences from Homologous Organs-One of the indirect pieces of evidence for evolution comes

from the study of homologous organs in organisms that exist

today.

Homologous Organs are those, which have the same basicstructure, but different functions.

Evidences from EmbryologyEmbryology another branch which offers some indirect pieces

of evidence for evolution.

Embryo a species in the earliest stages of its development in

the uterus or egg.

Haeckel an embryologist proposed the idea that theevolutionary history of a species is indicated by the

developmental stages that it passes through.



Evidences from Vestigial OrgansVestigial structure in the body of organisms that have no

apparent use

Biochemistry the study of life at the molecule level and theprocess associated with life



My Reflection:

My reflection in this topic is surprised

because it talks about animals who evolve. I have

learned that there are many reasons on how

animals change. The scientist who studied it was

Charles Darwin. According to their theories that

animals change because of adaptation and new

forming of species.

The evidence of the ancient species were

fossils. These fossils the remains of the animals that

were extinct. To find out the age of the fossils the

use a process called dating of fossils.

project in biology

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