1.

• 3. Avoid using confusing letters or numbers such as zero and the letter O

Examples: One_0, Ph0ne_Num

4. Use underscore (_) in replacement of a space

Examples: Class_Num, Birth_date

5. Lessen the number of character of your variable. The shorter the better.

Examples: Int_Flight, Loc_Flight.Lbl1

6. In most cases, upper and lowercases are read differently. A and a may hold different data

Example: B,b

2. 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After the report the students should be able to:

• Define what constants are

• Explain the meaning and use of operators

• Learn and evaluate arithmetic operators properly

• Learn and use relational opeartors

• Define and use logical operators

4. 5. CONSTANTS

Constants are values that do not change during the execution of the program.

Example:

Pi=3.1416

X=100

6. 7. OPERATORS

Anoperatoris a symbol or a character indicating an operation that acts on one or more elements. These elements are refered to asoperands

8. OPERANDS

An operand is the object of a mathematical operation or a computer instruction. The number of operands depends on the programming language you use.

For Example:

Pascal Programming Language contains constants, data, variables, and other arithmetic expressions .

9. CLASSIFICATION of OPERATORS

Arithmetic Operators

Logical Operators

Relational Operators

Assignment Operators

10. Arithmetic Operators

They are operators that perform mathematical operations or calculations

It can involve two or more numeric arguments (operands)

These operators are similar to what the 4 fundamental operations

11. FUNCTION OPERATOR Addition + (plus sign) Subtraction - (minus sign) Multiplication * (asterisk) Division / (slash) Modular Division/ Modulus mod Integer Division div Exponentiation ^ (caret sign) Negation - (minus sign) 12. + and -

+ operators are just the same as addition in real life as well as subtraction

Example:

25 + 25 = 50

69 + 1 = 70

50 +70 = 120

- operators are just the same with the real life subtraction

Example:

75-5 = 70

100-50=50

70-50= 20

13. * and /

Just like the addition and subtraction operational principle; multiplication is just the same

Example:

3*9 = 27

9*9 = 81

Just like the addition and subtraction operational principle division is just the same

Example:

25/5 = 5

81/9 = 9

14. Div

It computes ONLY the integral part of the result of dividing its first operand to its second operand

An integral part is defined as an integer or whole number such as 1, 10, or 5

2 7 2 3.5 1 7 div 2 15. Mod

Modulus returns the integer remainder of a division.

Examples:

7 mod 2 Result:1

6 mod 2 Result:0

2 7 2 3 1 7 div 2 7 mod 2 16. ^ and -

Exponentiation is self explanatory. It only means that a number can be expressed with an exponents

Example:

4^5

6^23

Negation makes a number in its negative form

Example:

- (5) = -5

- (43) = -43

17. HEIRARCHY of ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

It is also called OPERATOR PRECEDENCE. It refers to the priority of the various operators when more than one is used in an expression. Parenthesis are used as the need arises.

18. EXPRESSION

Expression in programming, is a combination of symbols, identifiers, values and operators that yield a result upon evaluation

19. NEMDASMo Method

1 st : Negation

2 nd : Exponentiation

3 rd :Multiplication and Division

4 th : Addition and Subtraction

5 th : Modulus

20. Example:

5+(4*2/2)-3=6

5+(8/2)-3

(5+4)-3

9-3

6

21. LESSON TERMS

Operator

Arithmetic Operator

Operand

Div

Mod

Integer

Expression

22.

Write your answers in a one whole sheet of paper. Copy the given values and variables.

23. VALUES and VARIABLES

A = 2

B = 22

C = 3

D = 23

E = 5

F = 10

G = 20

H = 30

24.

H/C/(E-A)

F*H-G*E

D+A+C*E-G/F

A+B*3

(H+G)/E

H+G/E

25. PLEASE EXCHANGE NOTEBOOKS to YOUR CHEATMATES 26. Assignment Operators

Is used to assign values to variables. You can assign any type of data to a variable, real, integer, char and boolean.

The sign for assignment operator is :=

27. Assignment Statements

It always consist of a variable on the left hand side of an assignment operator, and an expression on a right side

The expression can be a variable, a number, or any complicated expression made up of variables, numbers and arithmetic operators

It instructs the computer to evaluate the expression and assign value of its result to the variable

Form: Variable := Expression

28. Illustrative Example

PROD := N1 * N2

VARIABLE EXPRESSION ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR 29.

This statement would assign the product of the expression N1*N2 to the variable PROD. Since the value of a variable can be changed during the program execution, the value of the variable PROD could also change depending on the value stored in any of the two variables N1 and N2

30. Example

NUM1 := 15;

FirstLetter := A;

X := 6;

Y := X;

Z = Y + NUM1

31.

The number 6 there is assigned to the variable X, then in the fourth statement, the variable X is assigned to the variable Y

32. A variable on the right-hand side of an assignment statement must first be given a value before it can be used in an assignment statement. A variable without an assigned value is called anuninitialized variable 33. Relational Operators

Operators that are used to compare two values basing on certain conditions.

yield a true or false result

Form:value| relational operator | value

The operands of a relational operator must be of the same data type, or one maybe type real and the other type integer

34. FUNCTION OPERATOR Greater than > Less than < Equal to = Not equal to Greater than or Equal to >= Less than or Equal to 5 True8=10 False What happened here was atype mismatch 8 (C*B)

((A*C)+D) = ((A*D)+C)

E < 500

A + D = 15000

42. PLEASE EXCHANGE NOTEBOOKS to YOUR CHEATMATES

DailyRate := 250

100*200 := Product

MyValue := X

X*Y*W*Z := Total

X*Y*W*Z := Total := ExtremeTotalityorTotal := ExtremeTotality

43. PLEASE EXCHANGE NOTEBOOKS to YOUR CHEATMATES

(60,000) > (60, 000)FALSE

30,400 = 40,300 FALSE

500 < 500FALSE

500 = 15000 FALSE

44. Logical Operators

They are also called as Boolean Operators

Boolean operators are operators that evaluate expressions and determine whether the conditions specified by the expressions are either true or false

Requires boolean operators

45. KINDS OF BOOLEAN OPERATOR

The AND Operator

The OR Operator

The NOT Operator

46. The AND Operator

The and operatorevaluates totrue , only if both its operands (or expressions) are true.

47. (X> 75) and (Y>75) 48.

If both expressions (X > 75) and (Y >75) include in the statement evaluate to true(if both X and Y values are greater than 75), then the above statement will evaluate totrue , otherwise, the statement will evaluate tofalse .

49. AND Operator Operand / Expression 1 Operand/ Expression 2 Decision True True True True False False False True False False False False 50. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

TRUE - TRUE

TRUE - FALSE

(34 23)

(12 23)

True

(97> 32)

(24 24)

False

51. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

FALSE - TRUE

FALSE -FALSE

(12 12)

(14 56)

(12 23)

True

(9>= 32)

(24 24)

False

58. The NOT Operator

The NOT Operator has a single operand which it evaluatesto either true or false.

It returns the opposite of the value returned by the variable

59. If passed is true, then not passed is false If passed is false, then not passed is true 60. NOT Operator Operand / Expression 1 Operand / Expression 2 Operand / Expression 1 Decision Operand / Expression 2 Decision True True False False True False False True FalseTrue True False False False True True 61. OPERATOR PRECEDENCE OPERATOR PRECEDENCE Not *, /, div, mod, and + , -, or Highest (evaluated first) Lowest (evaluated last) 62. LESSON TERMS

Boolean Operator

And

Or

Not

Operator Precedence

63. In your notebook 64. Determine the Boolean values returned by the following operators with the given values

X: 100

Y: 50

A: 200

B: 75

Condition: true

Flag: false

(X>105) or (B>50)

(X=75) and (X>75)

(AB) or (X = Y)

(not condition) and (not flag)

Not flag

((X*2)=200) and (X=100)

(X150)

(not condition)

(B