project management concepts
DESCRIPTION
Project Management Concepts. By: Sohaib Ejaz Lecturer ,UoS. Quick Look. What is it? Project management involves the planning, monitoring, and control of the people, process, and events that occur as software evolves from a preliminary concept to an operational implementation. Who does it? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Project Management Concepts
By: Sohaib EjazLecturer ,UoS
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Quick LookWhat is it?
Project management involves the planning, monitoring, and control of the people, process, and events that occur as software evolves from a preliminary concept to an operational implementation.
Who does it?Everyone “manages” to some extent, but the scope of management activities varies among people involved in a software project. A software engineer manages her day-to-day activities, planning, monitoring, and controlling technical tasks.Project managers plan, monitor, and control the work of a team of software engineers.
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Quick Look (contd.)Why is it important?
Building computer software is a complex undertaking, particularly if it involves many people working over a relatively long time. That’s why software projects need to be managed.
What are the steps?Understanding the four P’s– people, product, process, and project.
What is the work product?A project plan is produced as management activities commence.
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IntroductionActivities and products of each phase of the life cycle must be managed, reviewed and controlledFor the project to be delivered
on time, within budget and to the required quality
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Project ManagementDefinition:
Project management involves the planning, monitoring and control of the people, process, and events that occur as software evolves from a preliminary concept to an operational implementation.
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Purpose:
To plan and document the management and technical functions and activities of the project
The plans must be reviewed, refined and updated as the project progresses
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Project Management Concerns
staffing?
cost estimation?
project scheduling?
project monitoring?
other resources?
customer communication?
risk assessment?
product quality?
measurement?
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Major processes in Project ManagementIdentify a need for a product or service
Define the goals of the project and their relative importance
Select appropriate performance measures
Develop a schedule
Develop a budget Develop the
technological (process) concept
Integrate into a project plan
Implement the plan
Monitor and control the project
Evaluate project success
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Project life cycleConceptual design
Advanced development
Detailed design
Production
Termination
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Phases of a ProjectConceptual design phase
The organization realizes that a project may be needed, or receives a request from a customer to propose a plan to perform a project
Advanced developmentProject manager plans the project to a level of detail sufficient for initial scheduling and budgeting
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Phases of a Project (Cont.)Detailed design phase
If project approved, it will enter this phase to define responsibility, team, organizational structure, detailed plan
Production phaseThe project is monitored and controlled during this phase
Termination phaseThe project is closed out
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Conceptual design\ Opening\ Initiation
GoalsScopeBaselineRequirements FeasibilityDesirability
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Major Activities in the conceptual design phase
Start
Identification of a need
Need is important? Stop
Technical evaluation
Project is feasible?
Development of alternatives
Benefit-cost analysis
Selection of best alternative Definition of project
No
Yes
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Advanced development\ Planning
Plan BudgetScheduleBid proposalManagement commitment
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Detailed design\Executing
Responsibility definitionTeam Organizational structureDetailed planKickoff
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Major activities in the detailed design phase
Conceptual design approved?Back to
conceptual design phase
Detailed design is acceptable?Go to
production phase
Prepare technological
baseline
Prepare detailed schedule
Conduct resource requirements
analysis
Prepare budget
No
Yes
Yes
No
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Production\ ControllingManageMeasureControlUpdate and re-planProblem solving
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Termination\ClosingCloseoutDocumentSuggest improvementsTransitReassignDissolve team
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The Management Spectrum
4P’s
People
Product
Process
Project
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4 P’sPeople — the most important element of a successful projectProduct — the software to be builtProcess — the set of framework activities and software engineering tasks to get the job doneProject — all work required to make the product a reality
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PeopleSoftware Engineering Institute (SEI) has developed a People Management Capability Maturity Model (PM-CMM)Following are some of the KPA’s in PM-CMM
RecruitingSelectionPerformance ManagementTrainingCompensationCareer developmentOrganization and work designTeam/Culture development
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PlayersSenior managers
Define business issues
Project (technical) managersPlan, motivate, organize, and control the practitioners
PractitionersDeliver technical skills to engineer a product
CustomersSpecify requirements
End-usersInteract with software once released for production
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MOI Model of LeadershipM
otiv
atio
n: A
bilit
y to
Enc
oura
ge
Organization: A
bility to mold or invent new
processes
Innovation: Ability to encourage people to create
In an excellent book of technical leadership, Jerry Weinberg suggests anMOI model of leadership
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Characteristics of an Effective Project Manager
Problem solvingDiagnose technical and organizational issues
Managerial identityTake charge
AchievementInitiative, accomplishment
Influence and team buildingUnderstand and react; Remain under control
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Mantei Classification of Organizations
Democratic Decentralized (DD)no permanent leader.Task coordinator are for shorter duration and are based on task orientation.Decisions on the basis of group consensusCommunication is horizontal
Controlled Decentralized (CD)Software Engineering Team has defined permanent and secondary leaders.Problem solving a group activity with horizontal communication.Vertical communication along control line also occurs
Control Centralized (CC)Top Level problem solving.Communication vertical between team members and team leader.
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Software TeamsThe following factors must be considered when selecting a software project team structure…
The difficulty of the problem to be solvedThe size of the resultant program(s) in lines of code or function pointsThe time that the team will stay together (team lifetime)The degree to which the problem can be modularizedThe required quality and reliability of the system to be builtThe rigidity of delivery dateThe degree of sociability (communication) required for the project.
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Mantei 7 Project Factors
Problem ComplexitySize of programTeam DurationDegree of modularity of the problemRequired Quality and ReliabilityRigidity of Delivery DateDegree of Sociability Communication required
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Constantine 4 Organizational Paradigms
Closed Paradigm : A closed paradigm structures a team
along a traditional hierarchy of authority.
Such teams can work well when producing software that is quite similar to past efforts, but they will be less likely to be innovative when working within the closed paradigm.
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Cont.Random Paradigm :
A random paradigm structures a team loosely and depends on individual initiative of the team members. When innovation or technological breakthrough is required, teams following the random paradigm will excel. But such teams may struggle when “orderly performance” is required.
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Cont.Open Paradigm :
An open paradigm attempts to structure a team in a manner that achieves some of the controls associated with the closed paradigm but also much of the innovation that occurs when using the random paradigm.
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Cont.Synchronous Paradigm:A synchronous paradigm relies on the natural compartmentalization of a
problem and organizes team members to work on pieces of the problem with
little active communication among themselves.
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Toxic Factors for Team Environment
Frenzied work atmosphereHigh FrustrationFragmented ProceduresVague definition of rolesContinuous exposure to failures
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The Product
Software ScopeContextInformation ObjectivesFunction and Performance
Problem Decomposition
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The Process
Generic phases characterize the software processSelection of Model – a wide array exists e.g. the linear sequential model to the formal methods modelDecision should be appropriate for
CustomersPeople who will do the workCharacteristics of the productProject environment
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ProjectA project is an undertaking of limited
duration in time with a defined outcome.
Characteristics of a ProjectOne goalSpecified time / finite lifeWithin BudgetAccording to SpecificationRisk
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The Project : Reasons of Jeopardy
Lack of customer’s need or understandingProduct scope poorly definedChanges managed poorlyChange in technologyBusiness needs changeUnrealistic deadlinesResistant UsersLost sponsorshipLack of appropriate skillsLessons not learned
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The Project : Jeopardy Avoidance
Reel 5 Points
Start on right footMaintain momentumTrack progressMake smart decisions: Keep it simple and straightConduct postmortem analysis
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ConclusionSoftware project management is an umbrella activityFour P’s have a substantial influence on software project management-PEOPLE, PROCESS, PROJECT, PRODUCT.The pivotal element is people