project navitha

8/6/2019 Project Navitha

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Petrogasoline Purity Tester

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION... 2

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

3.BLOCK DESCRIPTION....5

4. THEORY & PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION. .6

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM... 8

6. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION... 9

7. HARDWARE DETAILS..11

8. MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAM..19

9. CONCLUSION..

10.REFERENCES.

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.(Stream:- M&TV Engg.) COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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I. INTRODUCTION.

Recent years have witnessed dramatic progress in the design

and development of fiber optic sensors as detection of chemical species is

important in many industrial and chemical processes in addition to

environmental control. Fiber optic sensors offer several advantages over

conventional chemical sensing systems, specifically immunity to

electromagnetic interference, possibility of distributed sensing over long

lengths of fiber and their capability for safe operation in hazardous

environments. Fiber optic chemical sensors include refractometric` sensors

and evanescent wave absorption sensors, more recently indicator mediated,

in which the evanescent field of guided light is absorbed by the chemical of

interest.

Adulteration of petroleum products especially petrol and diesel

has become a serious problem. Kerosene is the most important domestic fuel

for economically weaker sections of society and hence is heavily subsidized.

The large differences in the prices of petrol, diesel and kerosene, the easy

availability of kerosene and the fact that it is miscible in petrol and diesel,

make the unhealthy and unethical practice of adulteration of petrol and

diesel. This not only results in less availability of kerosene to the poor, but

results in severely damaging automotive engines and increased motor

vehicle emissions which are a cause of major concern to environmental

pollution.

There have been a number of methods proposed for checking

adulteration of petrol and diesel by kerosene such as the filter test, American

Standards for Testing Materials (ASTM) distillation, checking properties

like density, flash point and viscosity, microprocessor based electronic

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.(Stream:- M&TV Engg.) COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGTRIVANDRUM

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method using principle of cooling on evaporation, odor based method,

ultrasonic techniques, titration techniques, optical techniques, dyeing

kerosene and adding chemical markers for kerosene etc. All the above

methods suffer from limitations in terms of accuracy and sensitivity in

determining adulteration levels.

In this project, we propose an intrinsic intensity modulated fiber

optic sensor based on the principle of change in refractive index and

evanescent wave absorption for detecting adulteration in petrol by kerosene,

and trying to demonstrate its suitability. The proposed configuration is

simple, safe and versatile and can be employed for on-site roadmeasurements.


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SOURCE

(LED)

PHOTODETECTO

R

AMPLIFIER ADC

MICROCONTROLLE

R

DISPLAY(LCD)

Optical Fiber


II. BLOCK DIAGRAM.


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III. BLOCK DESCRIPTION.

Source: LED is used as the fiber optic source since it requires less complexdrive circuitry than laser diodes.

Optical fiber: Optical fiber consists of core & cladding in which refractive

index of core is greater than that of cladding. Here we used a fiber in which

the cladding is removed. This forms the sensor head. As the length of thefiber increases the sensitivity of the instrument also increases.

Photo detector: Converts the optical power from the channel into electrical

form. Here phototransistor is used for this purpose.

Amplifier: Amplifies the photo detector output in order to drive the ADC.

ADC: Analog to digital converters are the most widely used devices for data

acquisition. We need an analog to digital converter to translate the analog

signals into digital data so that the microcontroller can read them. A widely

used ADC chip is ADC0804.

Microcontroller: A single chip microcomputer is called a microcontroller. It

contains the CPU, ROM/EPROM, RAM, I/O Ports, timer, counters, decoder,

interrupts etc. Examples of single chip microcomputers are Intel 8048, 8051

and 8096 series, Motorolas M6801 series, Texas instrument TMS 1000,

Atmel 89C51, 89C52 and Zilog Z-80.

LCD Display: LCD module is used for displaying the percentage of

adulterant in petrol. The liquid crystals are one of the most fascinatingmaterials in nature, having properties of liquid as well as solid crystal.


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LCDs do not emit or generate light, but rather alter externally generated

illumination.

IV. THEORY & PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION.

Light is guided inside an optical fiber through the principle of

total internal reflection. If the cladding of an optical fiber is removed over a

small length of the fiber and is surrounded by a medium whose refractive

index changes with some physical or chemical parameter, it results in

variation of the output power. The output power varies due to variation inthe numerical aperture (NA) of the sensing region. Thus, one can measure

the refractive index of the surrounding medium and hence, the physical or

chemical parameter affecting it, by monitoring the output power. This

principle forms the basis of fiber optic refractometry.

When light is reflected at the boundary of a denser and a rarer

optical medium, the field associated with the wave extends beyond theinterface in the cladding region. This field has an amplitude which decreases

exponentially with increasing distance from the boundary and is referred to

as an evanescent field. When this field interacts with an absorbing cladding,

it results in attenuation of the power of the propagating wave. If Po is the

power transmitted by the fiber in the absence of an absorbing species, then

the power transmitted in the presence of an absorbing medium is given by

P(z) = Po exp(-z) (1)

where z is the distance along the unclad length and is the evanescent

absorption coefficient of the medium. The evanescent absorbance A of an

unclad fiber of length L surrounded by a fluid of evanescent absorption

coefficient is given by

A = log10 [Po/P(z)] = L / 2.303 (2)

For a fluid obeying the LambertBeer law of absorption


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(where the bulk absorption coefficient is directly proportional to

concentration), Eq. (2) predicts that evanescent absorbance depends linearly

on both exposed fiber length L and fluid concentration.

Hence, the sensitivity of a sensor based on the above principle

can be increased by increasing the length of the exposed region of the core

which forms the sensor head and by increasing the depth of penetration of

the evanescent field inside the absorbing medium.

Variation of refractive index of petrol with percentage

concentration of kerosene.

The variation in the refractive index of petrol with

The variation in refractive index of petrol with the

increase in the percentage of adulteration by kerosene is as shown. From the

figure it is evident that the refractive index increases with increase in

adulteration by kerosene. The refractive index of the solution with 50%


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concentration of kerosene was measured to be 1.433, which is less than that

of the core of the fiber.

The refractive index of petrol at different levels of

adulteration will make a drastic decrease in output power as the condition of

total internal reflection gets violated.

V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.

VI. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION.

The system consists of an input section, phototransistor,

amplifier section, ADC, microcontroller, LCD module and a power supply

unit.

Input section: This section comprises of an LED source and an optical fiber

in which the cladding is removed. This acts as the sensor head. When thePetrol which contains kerosene as the adulterant is in contact with the clad

less fiber, the adulterated fuel acts as the cladding and the intensity of light

which propagates through the fiber varies with the percentage of kerosene

concentration.

Phototransistor: An NPN phototransistor together with a 220K resistor is

used for photo detection. The variation of light intensity is converted into

electrical current by the phototransistor. The phototransistor is shunted with


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a 220K resistor and the output current through the resistor develops a

voltage which is proportional to the phototransistor output and thus to the

light intensity variation.

Amplifier: The voltage developed across the resistor is amplified in order to

drive the ADC section. For this an LM358 op-amp is used. It works in the

non-inverting mode and works with +5 V.

ADC: The amplified voltage is given as the ADC input. ADC converts the

analog variation into digital data so that the microcontroller can read them.

Here ADC 0804 chip is used. The ADC 0804 IC is an analog to digital

converter in the family of ADC 800 series from National Semiconductor. Itworks with +5 V and has a resolution of 8 bits.

Microcontroller: The digital output from ADC is given to the input ports of

the microcontroller. The digital output is converted to its corresponding

ASCII by using the program in the flash programmable memory of the

microcontroller and the LCD display module connected to the output ports

of the controller displays the corresponding output. Atmel 89C51microcontroller is used here.

Power Supply unit: All components in the circuit require a +5 V dc. For that

a 12-0-12V/1 Amp transformer is connected to the main supply. The

secondary side of the transformer is connected to a centre tap full wave

rectifier section to convert the 12 V ac into 12 V dc. A capacitor of 1000

mF/25 V is used for filtering purpose and is fed to the input of the 7805regulator IC for getting a constant output voltage of +5 V dc. A capacitor of

470 mF/25 V.


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VII. HARDWARE DETAILS.

7.1.Microcontroller : - IC ATMEL 89C51

The microcontroller used here is Atmels 89C51. The AT89C51

is a low power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4

Kbytes of Flash Electrically Programmable and Erasable Read Only

Memory (EEPROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-

density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry

standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. The Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful

microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution


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to many embedded control applications. (The AT89C51 provides the

following standard features: 4 Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O

lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture,

a full duplex serial port, ON-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

Figure. Pin diagram of AT 89C51

Pin Descriptions :-

VCC: Supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output

port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,the pins can be used this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives

the code bytes during Flash as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be

configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses

to external program and data memory. In programming, and outputs the code

bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during

program verification.


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Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The

Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written

to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as

inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source

current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-

order address bytes during Flash programming and program verification.




inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order

address byte during fetches from external program memory and during

accesses to external data, memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX@

DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting

1s. During accesses to external data, memory that uses 8-bit addresses

(MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special FunctionRegister. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control

signals during Flash programming and verification.




inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will sourcecurrent (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of

various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

Port

Pin

Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)


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P3.1

P3.2

P3.3

P3.4

P3.5

P3.6

P3.7

TXD (serial output port)

INT0 (external interrupt 0)

INT1 (external interrupt 1)

T0 (timer 0 external input)

T1 (timer 1 external input)

WR (external data memory write

strobe)

RD (external data memory read

strobe)Table. Port description

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and

programming verification.

RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the

oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte

of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the

program pulse Input (PROG) during flash programming. In normal

operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency,

and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,

that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.

If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location

8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC

instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-

disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program

memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program

memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN

activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order toenable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations


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starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is

programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped

to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that

require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal

clock operating circuit.

XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

CRYSTAL: The crystal l (XTL1) used here is of 11.059MHz. Here the

crystal is used for internal clock timing. The two terminals of the crystals areconnected across pin 19(X1) and pin 18(X2) Crystal oscillator must be

designed to provide a load Capacitance on the crystal as specified by the

manufacturer. This requirement is necessary to obtain oscillation at the

specified frequency. It is also important that the power fed to the crystal be

held to the specified maximum. Typical maximum drive levels for plated

crystals range from 2mW to10mW.

7.2. Analog to Digital Converter :- IC ADC 0804

Figure. Pin diagram of ADC0804

Pin Descriptions :-


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CS: Chip select is an active low input used to activate the ADC 0804 chip.

To access the ADC 0804, this pin must be low.

RD: Read is an active low input signal. It is used to get the converted data

out of the ADC 0804 chip. The RD pin is also referred to as output enable.

WR: Write is an active low input signal. It is used to inform the ADC to

start the conversion process. It is also referred to as SOC (Start of

Conversion).

CLK IN and CLK R: CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock

source when an external clock is used for timing. To use the internal clock

generator the CLK IN and CLK R pins are connected to a capacitor and aresistor. In that case the clock frequency is determined by the equation:

f = 1 / 1.1RC.

INTR: Interrupt is an active low output pin. It is normally a high pin and

when the conversion is finished, it goes low to signal the CPU that the

converted data is ready to be picked up. It is also referred to as EOC (End of

Conversion).Vin(+) and Vin(-): These are the differential analog inputs where Vin =

Vin(+)-Vin(-). Often the Vin (-) pin is connected to ground and the Vin (+)

pin is used to connect the analog input.

Vref/2: This is an input voltage used for the reference voltage. If this pin is

open, the analog input for ADC is in the range of 0-5 V. Vref/2 is used to

implement the analog input voltage other than 0-5 V.D0-D7: These are the digital data output pins, where D7 is the MSB and D0

is the LSB. These are tristate buffered and the converted data is accessed

only when CS = 0 and RD is forced low.

AGND and DGND: Analog ground and digital ground are the input pins

providing the ground for both the analog and digital signal. Analog ground is

connected to the ground of analog Vin while digital ground is connected to

the ground of Vcc pin. The two ground pins is used to isolate the analog Vin


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signal from transient voltages caused by digital switching of the output.

Such isolation increases the accuracy of the digital output.

7.3.Operational Amplifier :- IC LM 358

Figure. Pin diagram of LM358

General Description :-

These devices consist of two independent, high-gain, frequency-

compensated operational amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply

over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split supplies also is possible


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if the difference between the two supplies is 3 V to 32 V (3 V to 26 V for the

LM2904), and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input common-

mode voltage. The low supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude

of the supply voltage.

Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification

blocks, and all the conventional operational amplifier circuits that now can

be implemented more easily in single-supply-voltage systems. For example,

these devices can be operated directly from the standard 5-V supply used in

digital systems and easily can provide the required interface electronics

without additional 5V supplies.

7.4. LCD Module

LCD module is used for displaying message that send from

remote location. The liquid crystals are one of the most fascinating materials

systems in nature, having properties of liquid as well as solid crystal. LCDs

do not emit or generate light, but rather alter externally generatedillumination. Their ability to modulate light when electrical signal is applied

has made them very useful in flat panel display technology. The crystal is

made up of organic molecules, which are rod like In shape with a length of ~

20 A 100 A., the different arrangements of this rod like molecules led to

three main categories of liquid crystals.

Smectic Nematic


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Cholestric

There are two types of LCDs according to the theory operation

Dynamic scattering

Field effect

Advantages

Less power consumption

Low cost

Uniform brightness with good contrast

Low operating voltage and current

Disadvantages

Poor reliability

Limited temperature range

Slow speed

LCD panel used here has 15 pins (8-data line, 3-control line and a

contrast line). Data line and control line are connected to microcontroller.Contrast line is connected to a voltage divider using preset (R9). Contrast

can vary by this preset.

VIII. MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAM.


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IX. CONCLUSION.

We proposed an intrinsic intensity modulated fibre optic sensor

based on the principle of evanescent wave absorption and change in

refractive index for detecting adulteration in petrol by kerosene. The

proposed sensor would be useful in automotive and petrochemical industries

due to its simple design, safety with inflammable fuels, sensitivity and the

fact that it can be made into a portable device for on-road measurements.


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X. REFERENCES.

1. www.sciencedirect.com

2. www.intertek-cb.com/petrotesting/gasolinetest.shtml

3. Optical Fiber Communications: Gerd Keiser

4. Kenneth J Ayala, 8051 Programming and application

5. www.microchip.com.


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Petrogasoline Purity Tester21

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