project presentation on "foundation in collapsible soils" by chaitanya raj goyal

7/23/2019 Project Presentation on "Foundation in Collapsible Soils" by Chaitanya Raj Goyal

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/project-presentation-on-foundation-in-collapsible-soils-by-chaitanya-raj 1/47

Ay Lcbntbdyb Qbo Mkyb` O bypjj Zdnvjrsnty kh Jdmndjjrndm ( Ujlc

#73:22m.

Hkudebtnkd nd Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s

Ucj mrjbt `kjss p`btjbu #lcndb.



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Ndtrkeultnkd

2

Lk``bpsna`j skn`s pksj b sjrnkus cbzbre nd ibdy lkudtrnjsbrkude tcj wkr`e$ @brmj brjbs kh Lbdbeb, Jbstjrd Jurkpj,Lcndb bde tcj Z\B brj a`bdfjtje ay skn`s tcbt brj prkdj tklk``bpsj$

B wnej vbrnjty kh sjenijdts brj lkdsnejrje bs ajndm lk``bpsna`jskn`s, skij jxbip`js ndl`uej `bfj sjenijdts, `kjss #wnde)a`kwdsn`ts., qunlfl`bys bde vk`lbdnl bsc$

Bd jvjr ndlrjbsndm duiajr kh pjkp`j `nvj nd rjmnkds udejr`bnd aylk``bpsna`j skn`s$ Nt ns tcjrjhkrj jssjdtnb tcbt tcj ajcbvnkur kh tcjsj ibtjrnbs ns udejrstkke sk tcbt tcj cbzbres pksje ay tcjilbd aj indninsje$



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Ejhndntnkd

1

‐B lk``bpsna`j skn` ns kdj nd wcnlc tcj lkdstntujdt pbrtscbvj bd kpjd pblfndm bde wcnlc hkris b ijtbstba`j stbtjtcbt lbd lk``bpsj tk hkri b l`ksjr pblfje, ikrj stba`jstrulturj kh snmdnhnlbdt`y rjeulje vk`uij$

Ucj lk``bpsj prkljss tcbt kllurs nd tcjsj skn`s mnvjs tcji bmjktjlcdnlb` snmdnhnlbdlj$’

#L$E$H$ Qkmjrs, 2>>5.



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Hkribtnkd

<

Jblc enhhjrjdt lk``bpsna`j skn` ns hkrije udejr b udnquj sjt kh lkdentnkds$

Hkr jxbip`j, b vk`lbdnl bsc ns hkrije tcrkumc vjry enhhjrjdt prkljssjs tk

tcbt kh b qunlf l`by aut aktc brj rjlkmdnzje bs ajndm lk``bpsna`j skn`s$ Bs

sulc, nt ns nipkssna`j tk ensluss tcj hkribtnkd kh jvjry lk``bpsna`j skn` cjrj

aut tcj hkribtnkd kh kjss, tcj ikst lkiikd kh tcj lk``bpsna`j skn`s, nsejtbn`je aj`kw?

@kjss ns b hndj)mrbndje #sn`t. ibtjrnb` tcbt cbs ajjd trbdspkrtje bde

ejpksntje ay tcj wnde$ Ucj sjenijdts lkij hrki m`blnb` kutwbsc p`bnds

#wcjrj m`blnjrs ejpksnt pbrtnl`js kh sn`t bde l`by. kr hrki ejsjrt brjbstcbt cbvj `ntt`j vjmjtbtnkd tk bdlckr sib`` pbrtnl`js$ Wrjvbn`ndm wnde

pbttjrds a`kwndm blrkss tcjsj jdvnrkdijdts lbd prkeulj tcnlf ejpksnts kh

`kjss ekwdwnde kh tcj brjb$



Wnlturj kh b tcnlf `kjss ejpksnt nd Bijrnlb

5



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) M`kab` Enstrnautnkd

:

Mrbdntnl sbdes Fb`bcbrn sbdes

Runlfl`bys

Bjk`nbd

sbdes

@kjss bde

vk`lbdnl eust

@kjss

@kjss

Xk`lbdnl

bsc

Arnlfjbrtcs \b`ndj skn`s

Ljijdtje

skn`s

Mypsui skn`s

@kjss

Wbrib/

Ucj ibp aj`kw sckws tcj `klbtnkd kh skij nipkrtbdt lk``bpsna`j ejpksnts



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Wrkpjrtnjs

• Ucjy brj b mjk`kmnlb``y ykudm kr rjljdt`y b`tjrje ejpksnt

• Ucjy cbvj bd kpjd strulturj• Ucjy lkdsnst kh sn`t bde hndj sbde snzj mrbnds

• Ucjy pkssjss b cnmc vkne rbtnk

• Ucjy ensp`by cnmc pkrksnty #d 4 :7*.

• Ucjy cbvj cnmc sjdsntnvnty

• Ucjy cbvj b `kw ery ejdsnty #22)25 fd+i<.

• Ucj ndtjr pbrtnl`j akde strjdmtc kh tcj skn` ns `kw8

Lk``bpsna`j skn`s ensp`by tcj hk``kwndm prkpjrtnjs?



Indjrb`kmy

• @kjss ekindbtje ay 17)87 ºi qubrtz pbrtnl`js

• Rubrtz ns ikst baudebdt, hj`espbr ns b`sk prjsjdt

• L`by typjs? inlb4ikdtikrn``ndntj #bvjrbmj2:*.4n``ntj bde fbk`ndntj #bvjrbmj :*.

=



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Ck`endm Akdes

3

Ucj ikst nipkrtbdt prkpjrty tcbt b lk``bpsna`j skn` pkssjssjs ns

tcbt kh `kw ndtjr)pbrtnl`j akde strjdmtc$

B`` lk``bpsna`j skn`s ensp`by skij hkri kh ck`endm akdes$ Ucjsj akdes prkvnej tcj ijbds ay wcnlc mrbnds brj fjpt bpbrt hrki

jblc ktcjr$

Ucjrj brj duijrkus typjs kh akde? l`by arnemjs, l`by akdes,lbrakdbtjs ( djmbtnvj pkrj wbtjr prjssurjs brj tcj ikstlkiikd$

Nt ns wcjd tcjsj akdes brj ejstrkyje #tcrkumc jntcjr skn` `kbendm, skn` sbturbtnkd kr b lkiandbtnkd kh aktc. tcbt tcjlk``bpsj kh tcj skn` kllurs$



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Urnmmjrs hkr

Lk``bpsj

27

Lk``bpsj lbd aj trnmmjrje ay jntcjr ndlrjbsndm tcj `kbe kd tcj

skn` kr ay wjttndm nt$

@kbendm #lcbdmndm tcj strjss stbtj. lbd rjsu`t hrki tcj mrbeub`blluiu`btnkd kh ejpksnts kd tkp kh tcj skn` kr tcrkumc ikrj

eydbinl prkljssjs sulc bs bd jbrtcqubfj kr lkdstrultnkd wkrf$

]jttndm rjhjrs tk bd ndlrjbsj nd tcj iknsturj lkdtjdt kh tcj skn`,dkrib``y hrki b pbrtnb``y sbturbtje stbtj tk kdj bpprkblcndm hu``

sbturbtnkd$ ]jttndm lbd aj lbusje ay dbturb` jvjdts #sjvjrj

rbndhb`` jvjdt, mrkudewbtjr rnsj jtl$. kr ay cuibd bltnvnty$



22

Cumj ejpksnt kh `kjss nd Lb`nhkrdnb



\ndfck`j hkrije ayenspjrsnkd nd lk``bpsj)

prkdj skn`s jbst kh K`btcj,

Lk`krbek 21



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Urnmmjrs hkr Lk``bpsj

2<

]cjd ejvj`kpijdt kllurs kd lk``bpsna`j skn`s, ibdy pktjdtnb` skurljs kh beentnkdb` wjttndm brj ndtrkeulje$ Ucjsj skurljs #`nstje aj`kw. iby ndlrjbsjtcj iknsturj lkdtjdt kh tcj skn` bde u`tnibtj`y trnmmjr hbn`urj$

Nrrnmbtnkd kh `bdeslbpndm bde+kr lrkps

Lcbdmjs nd surhblj erbndbmj kh rbndwbtjr

\jptnl systjis

@jbfbmj hrki ud`ndje lbdb`s, pnpj`ndjs, swniindmpkk`s, stkrbmj tbdfs, jtl$

Ikst `jbfbmjs brj lkdhndje tk tcj tkp hjw ijtjrs kh skn` kd`y aut b

`kdm, sustbndje `jbf lbd wjt tcj skn` tk b lkdsnejrba`j ejptc$ \ulc

wjttndm lbd `jbe tk `brmj slb`j lk``bpsjs$



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Jhhjlts kh Lk``bpsj

25

Ucj lk``bpsj kh b skn` rjprjsjdts b rjbrrbdmjijdt kh tcj lkdstntujdt

mrbnds ndtk b ejdsjr stbtj kh pblfndm$ Nd ktcjr wkres, tcj vk`uij kh tcjskn` ns rjeulje$

]cjrj wjttndm ns tcj trnmmjr, lk``bpsj usub``y kllurs sueejd`y$

Ucjnr cnmc pktjdtnb` hkr hbn`urj lrjbtjs snmdnhnlbdt mjkcbzbres hkr pjkp`j`nvndm kd, kr l`ksj tk, lk``bpsna`j skn`s?

\trulturjs aun`t niijenbtj`y kd tkp kh hbn`ndm skn`s brj `nfj`y tk aj ejstrkyje$ Ucj erbibtnl b`tjrbtnkd kh tcj skn` strulturj wn`` lbusj hkudebtnkds tk hbn`$

Ejpjdendm kd tcj tkpkmrbpcy kh tcj brjb, lk``bpsj lbd `jbe tk `bdes nendm$ Nd tcj lbsj kh qunlf l`bys, `nqujhbltnkd lbd `jbe tk tcj ejvj`kpijdt kh iue

h`kws$

Nh tcj skn` lk``bpsjs ndtk b akey kh wbtjr, tsudbins lbd aj mjdjrbtje$Ucns wbs tcj lbsj nd Qnssb, Dkrwby #Bprn` 2>=3.



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Hbarnl #Lk``bpsje

Lkdentnkd.

2:

@kss kh

vkùij ns blkdsjqujdlj

kh lk``bpsj

Ckèndm akdes

cbvj ajjd

ejstrkyje ay

trnmmjrndm jvjdt

Ucj enbmrbi bakvj n`ùstrbtjs ckw tcj kpjd pblfndm bde mjdjrb`

strulturj kh tcj skn` ns `kst upkd lk``bpsj$



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Ajcbvnkur

28

Ucns mrbpc sckws

ckw tcj vkne rbtnk kh b

skn` ns `kst bs b trnmmjr ijlcbdnsi blts upkd

nt$ Dktj ckw tcj jhhjlt

kh wjttndm ns ikrj

erbibtnl tcbd tcbt

lbusje ay `kbendm$

NIWQKXNDM IJUB\UBA@J @KJ\\ MQKZDE

Nbd H$ Ojhhjrskd,2 B`jdb F`ufbdkv$,1 Enilck Jvstbtnjv<, Qkuiybdb Bdmj`kvb5 bdeNbd O$ \ib``jy:$



2= Ikej``ndm tcj Lk``bpsj kh Ijtbstba`j @kjss \kn`s ) C$ In``jr, ^$ Eojrana, N$H$ Ojhhjrskd bde N$O$ \ib``jy



Ucns ndenlbtjs ckw lk``bpsnan`nty pktjdtnb` vbrnjs, ibxniui lk``bpsj

ikrj `nfj`y tk kllur bt iknsturj lkdtjdts lkrrjspkdendm tk cnmcjr

vkne rbtnk$

23NIWQKXNDM IJUB\UBA@J @KJ\\ MQKZDE

Nbd H$ Ojhhjrskd,2 B`jdb F`ufbdkv$,1 Enilck Jvstbtnjv<, Qkuiybdb Bdmj`kvb5 bde

Nbd O$ \ib``jy:$



2>

\ZEEJD \ZA\NEJDLJ ND @KJ\\\KN@



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Lk``bpsnan`nty

17

Hkr jhhjltnvj bde tbrmjtje rjijenbtnkd tk tbfj p`blj, nt ns djljssbry tk

qubdtnhy tcj cbzbre tcbt b pbrtnlu`br skn` pksjs$

Ucj bikudt ay wcnlc b skn` ns `nfj`y tk lk``bpsj ns ejslrnaje nd tjris kh nts

‐lkjhhnlnjdt kh lk``bpsnan`nty’$ Ucns lkjhhnlnjdt #Llk`. ns ejhndje bs?

Llk` 9ec+c 9ej+#2&j.

Lcbdmj nd

cjnmct upkd

lk``bpsj

Krnmndb` cjnmct Lcbdmj nd vkne

rbtnk upkd

lk``bpsj

j 9 vkne rbtnk

prnkr tk

lk``bpsj



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Lk``bpsnan`nty

12

Ucj lkjhhnlnjdt kh lk``bpsnan`nty hkr b mnvjd skn` lbd aj ejtjrindje

tcrkumc `bakrbtkry tjstndm$ Ucj prkljeurj ndvk`vjs sndm`j bde ekua`j

kjekijtjr tjsts kd udensturaje skn` sbip`js$ #\jj

cttp?++www$jdmndjjrndm$unkwb$jeu+~swbd+lkursjs+:<2<>+enhhnlu`t$peh

hkr hurtcjr ndhkribtnkd bakut tcjsj tjsts$.

Kdlj ejtjrindje, tcj lkjhhnlnjdt kh lk``bpsnan`nty lbd aj usje #nd

lkdoudltnkd wntc tcj tba`j aj`kw. tk ndenlbtj tcj pktjdtnb` sjvjrnty kh b

lk``bpsj scku`e nt kllur$

Lk`bpsj * #Llk x 277. \jvjrnty kh Wrka`ji

7 ) 2 Dk prka`ji

2 ) : Ikejrbtj trkua`j

: ) 27 Urkua`j

27 ) 17 \jvjrj trkua`j

4 17 Xjry sjvjrj trkua`j

http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~swan/courses/53139/difficult.pdf




Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s “ Lk``bpsnan`nty

11

2$ Ucj vkne rbtnk kh b lk``bpsna`j skn` ns rjeulje hrki 7$= tk 7$< upkdhbn`urj$ ]cbt ‐lkjhhnlnjdt kh lk``bpsnan`nty’ ekjs tcj skn` cbvj;

1$ Ucj sbij skn` cbe b tcnlfdjss #cjnmct. kh 27 i prnkr tk lk``bpsj$]cbt ns tcj tcnlfdjss kh tcj skn` dkw tcbt hbn`urj cbs tbfjd p`blj;

<$ Ckw sjvjrj brj tcj ‐trkua`js’ lbusje ay sulc b lk``bpsj `nfj`y tk

aj;

Ucj hk``kwndm qujs$ lbd tcus aj bdswjrje?)



Lbsj Cnstkry ) Ucj Ujrrbljs nd M`jdwkke

\prndms , Lk`krbek

1<

Ucj tkwd kh M`jdwkke \prndms `njs kd lk``uvnb` skn`s

tcbt wjrj ejrnvje hrki sjenijdts tcbt wjrj scje hrki

tcj stjjp vb``jysnejs$

Ucjsj skn` ejpksnts brj cnmc`y susljptna`j tk cyerk)

lkipbltnkd$

Ucj Ujrrblj ejvj`kpijdt ndl`ueje 2< twk)stkrystrulturjs wntc absjijdt)`jvj` mbrbmj ernvj)kuts$



Ucnlf lk``bpsna`j skn`s wjrj prjvnkus`y ibppje bde

nejdtnhnje bt tcj sntj )Hnmurj 2$

Ucj wb`` lkdstrultje ajcnde tcj ejvj`kpijdt wbs aun`t hkr rklfhb`` bde ejarns h`kw intnmbtnkd$

15



1:

\nmdnhnlbdt jrrkrs wjrj ibej nd ejsnmd, lkdstrultnkd, bdemrbendm bde `bdeslbpndm$

Ucj ablf kh tcj udnts ene dkt cbvj prkpjr erbndbmj bde rbndmuttjrs wjrj kinttje hrki tcj rkkh `ndj #Hnmurj 1.$

Ucjsj udnts wjrj aun`t hrki 1772 tk 177< bde wntcnd 8

ikdtcs kh tcj hnrst udnts lkip`jtje bde sk`e, lk``bpsj kh tcjskn` wbs lbusndm sjttjijdt kh tcj ablf lkdlrjtjrjtbndndm)wb` hkudebtnkds, wcnlc lbusje ejh`jltnkd kh ndtjrnkr ajbis #Hnmurj <., b ckst kh ndtjrnkr lrblfs bdestrulturb` khhsjts, bde enstkrtnkd kh wndekws bde ekkrs#Hnmurj 5.$

Lkipbltnkd mrkutndmwbs usje tk strulturb``y `nht tcjsjtt`je brjbs kh tcj aun`endms$



18



1=

Hnmurj <$ Xnjw ekwd

lkdlrjtj rjtbndndm wb``

bt absjijdt+mbrbmj`jvj`$ Dktj ejh`jltnkd

kh ljn`ndm ajbi euj tk

sjtt`jijdt kh tcj wb``$



13

Xnjw kh tcj ablf kh tcj Ujrrblj udnts$ Dktj tcj

pkkr erbndbmj kh tcj djbr`y h`bt, rklf)nd brjb

tcbt ns beobljdt tk tcj cjbvy lkdlrjtj absjijdt

rjtbndndm wb`` djjeje hkr mbrbmjs$ Ikst

snmdnhnlbdt`y, dktj tcj `blf kh rbnd muttjrs bt tcj

rkkh$



Sndndm Rndmcbn ) tcrjj stkrjy aun`endm

ejstrkyje euj tk suasnejdlj kh hkudebtnkd

skn`s hrki b `jbfndm pnpj

1>



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Intnmbtnkd

<7

Nh b skn` ns hkude tk pksj b lk``bpsj cbzbre, wcbt lbd ajekdj tk intnmbtj bmbndst tcj bssklnbtje rnsf; Ucj intnmbtnkd

ijtckes tcbt brj bpp`nlba`j tk lk``bpsna`j skn`s brj bs

hk``kws?

• \trulturj lkdsnejrbtnkds

• \ntj hjbturjs

• Lk``bpsna`j skn` bvknebdlj

• Mrkude Ikenhnlbtnkd



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Intnmbtnkd

<2

\trulturj Lkdsnejrbtnkds ) Qjsnejdljs brj usub``y suppkrtje kd

scb``kw sprjbe hkktndms$ Ucjsj hkktndms sckuè aj `nmct`y `kbeje wntc `kwajbrndm prjssurjs$ Ucj `kbe kh b aunèndm sckuè aj lbrrnje ay rjndhkrljehkudebtnkd wb``s DKU ay tcj skn`$ Ibt hkudebtnkds lbd aj usje tk rjeuljtcj pktjdtnb` hkr enhhjrjdtnb` sjtt`jijdt$

\ntj Hjbturjs ) Hkudebtnkd ablfhn`` sckuè aj lkipbltje bde cbvj

pksntnvj surhblj erbndbmj tk prjvjdt pkdendm$ Muttjrs sckuè aj hnttje wntcerbnd ekwdspkuts tcbt enslcbrmj wbtjr bwby hrki tcj strulturj$@bdeslbpj nrrnmbtnkd sckuè aj rjstrnltje kr j`nindbtje$ Hkudebtnkderbnds bde wbtjr hjbturjs sckuè aj udejr`bnd wntc bd nipjrijba`j ndjrtk prjvjdt wbtjr hrki sjjpndm ndtk tcj skn`$

Bvkne Lk``bpsnaj \kn`s ) Lk``bpsna`j skn`s lbd snip`y aj rjikvje

hrki b sntj nh tcjy hkri kd`y b tcnd ejpksnt$ ]cjrj ejpksnts brj tcnlf,hkudebtnkds lbd jxtjde tk b ejptc wcjrj b suntba`j ajbrndm ibtjrnb` nsjdlkudtjrje$ Ucns kptnkd ns suaojlt tk lkst)ajdjhnt bdb`ysns, n$j$ ns ntjlkdkinlb``y hjbsna`j tk aunè hkudebtnkds tcbt brj x ijtjrs ejjp;



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Mrkude Ikenhnlbtnkd

#Qjijenbtnkd.

<1

Mrkude ikenhnlbtnkd ijtckes lbd aj usje tk prjvjdt lk``bpsj hrkikllurrndm$ Ucjy lbd b`sk aj usje tk ndeulj lk``bpsj prnkr tkejvj`kpijdt$

Ucj hk``kwndm ijbsurjs lbd aj tbfjd wcjd ejvj`kpndm kdijtbstba`j skn`s tcbt iby aj wjt tk ejptcs kh 1 i kr `jss?

2$ Wrj)wjt tcj skn`

1$ Lkipblt tcj skn` usndm cjbvy rk``jrs bde cjbvy tbipndm$

<$ Urjbt tcj skn` wntc lb`lnui lc`krnej bde+kr skenui sn`nlbtj skùtnkdsnd krejr tk ndtrkeulj ljijdtndm tcbt ns ndskùa`j$

NIWQKXNDM IJUB\UBA@J @KJ\\ MQKZDE

Nbd H$ Ojhhjrskd,2 B`jdb Fùfbdkv$,1 Enilck Jvstbtnjv<, Qkuiybdb Bdmj`kvb5 bde

Nbd O$ \ib``jy:$



<<



Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s ) Mrkude Ikenhnlbtnkd #Qjijenbtnkd.

<5



Lbsj \tuey ) @kjss W`btjbu kh Lcndb

<:

Cnmc rbtjs kh jrksnkd nd Bsnb ijbd tcbt tcj lkdtndjdt prkeuljs `brmj qubdtntnjs kh sn`t$ Bhtjr ajndm trbdspkrtje aytcj wnde, tcjsj sn`ts brj ejpksntje tk hkri suastbdtnb`tcnlfdjssjs kh `kjss$

@kjss ejpksnts nd Lcndb brj up tk <57 i tcnlf bde lkvjr bdbrjb mrjbtjr tcbd 877,777 fi1$ Ucns ns jqunvb`jdt tk bakut8* kh tcj tktb` brjb kh tcj lkudtry$

Bpprkxnibtj`y cb`h kh tcns brjb hkris tcj @kjss W`btjbu,

tcj mrjbtjst au`f blluiu`btnkd kh `kjss kd jbrtc$ Jvjrytcndmnd tcns rjmnkd ns yj``kw ajlbusj kh tcj `kjss? tcj `bde, tcjckijs bde tcj wbtjr$ Ucj j``kw Qnvjr ns sk)lb``je ajlbusjkh tcj `kjss sjenijdt `kbe tcbt nt lbrrnjs$



Ucj ejpksnts kh tcj @kjss W`btjbu pksj ibdy sjrnkus prka`jishkr tcj ejdsj pkpu`btnkds tcbt `nvj kd kr djbr tcji$

\`kpj hbn`urj, strjbi ebiindm bde jdejinl ensjbsjs #euj tk

mjklcjinstry. brj skij kh tcj cbzbres tcbt tcj `kjss skn`slrjbtj$

Ucj hk``kwndm s`nejs cnmc`nmct tcj jhhjlts kh skij kh tcjsj

cbzbres…

<8


B –`kjss bvb`bdlcj„ nd \cbdxn Lcndb wcnlc



B `kjss bvb`bdlcj nd \cbdxn, Lcndb wcnlc

fn``je 1< pjkp`j euj tk strulturb` (

hkudebtnkd hbn`urj kh sib`` ckusjs kd tcj

s`kpj ( bt tcj hkkt$

<=



<3

@bdes`nejs

Ibss ikvjijdts pksj b sjrnkus tcrjbt tk tcj rurb` lkiiudntnjs kh tcj

@kjss W`btjbu$ Ibdy enhhjrjdt `bdes`nej typjs ejvj`kp nd tcj `kjss skn`s,

tcj enbmrbi aj`kw n``ustrbtjs tcjsj$




Nd jxljss kh 2777 `brmj `bdes`nejs kllurrje nd tcj @kjssW`btjbu ajtwjjd tcj yjbrs 2>8: bde 2>=>$ Ucj bevjrsjjhhjlts kh tcj sjvjd `brmjst kh tcjsj jvjdts brj ejtbn`je

aj`kw?

k 2,251 pjkp`j fn``je

k 2=,:77 ckusjs ejstrkyje

k 11,:77 cb kh hbri`bde ndudebtje

377 pjkp`j wjrj fn``je ay `bdes`nejs trnmmjrje eurndm cjbvystkris nd Bumust 2>=> b`kdj$

]ntcnd b sndm`j lkudty kh tcj p`btjbu, ikrj tcbd 1:77

jvjdts wjrj rjlkreje eurndm tcj rbndy sjbskd kh 2>35$<>




57

\uasnejdlj

Lk``bpsna`j `kjss lbd aj 17 i tcnlf nd pbrts kh tcj @kjss W`btjbu$

Ucj lk``bpsj kh aun`endm hkudebtnkds ns khtjd lbusje ay suasnejdlj

jvjdts$

Qjijenb` ijbsurjs sulc bs lkdsk`nebtnkd bde strulturb`rjndhkrljijdt rbrj`y wkrf nd tcjsj skn`s, pn`ndm ndtk dkd)lk``bpsna`j`byjrs ns bd jxpjdsnvj #sk rbrj`y usje. sk`utnkd$

Ucj prka`jibtnl ajcbvnkur kh `kjss ns wj`` udejrstkke nd Lcndb$Ajlbusj kh tcns, jdmndjjrndm zkdbtnkd l`bssnhnlbtnkds cbvj ajjdejvj`kpje hkr usj nd rjmnkdb` p`bddndm #sjj djxt s`nej.$




52



51

Ejpjdendm kd tcj tcnlfdjss kh tcj `kjss, snin`br

intnmbtnkd ijtckes bs `nstje nd Uba`j )2 brj usje nh tcjskn` `njs nd tcj lk``bpsnan`nty pktjdtnb` kh `kw rnsf

zkdjs$

Bdy skrt kh cjbvy lkdstrultnkd bltnvnty ns bvkneje ndtcj zkdjs pkssjssndm cnmc rnsf kh lk``bpsnan`nty ud`jss

nt ns udbvkneba`j$



Bdktcjr mkke pbpjr kd usj kh —Mjk)lkipksntjs‛ bs

prjvjdtnvj ( rjijenb` ijbsurj bmbndst lk``bpsna`j

skn`s #hkr pjrskdb` rjh$.

5<

NBJM1778 Wbpjr duiajr 2:= ) Ucj Mjk`kmnlb` \klnjty kh

@kdekd 1778

Ucj mjk)lkipksntj ijtcke hkr rjndhkrlndm aun`endmhkudebtnkds ) X$N$ K\NWKX, \$E$ HN@NIKDKX, K$D$

JQJINDB ( D$B$ QKZI^BDU\JXB

Ucj pbpjr ejslrnajs nd ejtbn`, tcj mjk)lkipksntjijtcke bde nts rnmkrkus bpp`nlbtnkd tk prjvjdt bde

rjltnhy vbrnkus hkudebtnkd hbn`urjs nd Ikslkw, Qussnb

pksndm b rnsf hrki `kjss ejpksnts$



Ana`nkmrbpcy bde Qjhjrjdljs

55

Mjdjsns bde Wrkpjrtnjs kh Lk``bpsna`j \kn`s J$ Ejrayscnrj, U$ Enofstrb bde N$ \ib``jy

Dbtk B\N \jrnjs

F`uwjr Blbejinl Wua`nscjrs

Mjk`kmnlb` Cbzbres

H$ Aj``

J ( HD \pkd

@kjss ) Mjkikrpck`kmnlb` Cbzbres bde Wrkljssjs

\$ Kfueb, B$ Qbpp bde _$ @ndybd

Lbtjdb \upp`jijdt 17

Jbrtc‛s Eydbinl Wrkljssjs ) Dndtc Jentnkd

]$ Cbia`nd bde J$ Lcrnstnbdsjd

Wrjdtnlj Cb``

Mjk`kmnlb` Cbzbres nd tcj @kjss Ujrrbnd, wntc Wbrtnlu`br Qjhjrjdlj tk tcj @kjss Qjmnkds kh Lcndb

J$ Ejrayscnrj

Jbrtc)\lnjdlj Qjvnjws, Xk`uij :5, pp 1<2)187, 1772



Ana`nkmrbpcy bde Qjhjrjdljs #lkdt$.

5:

Jvb`ubtnkd, Ejsnmd bde Intnmbtnkd kh Wrkojlt \ntjs nd Lk``bpsna`j \kn` Brjbs nd ]jstjrd Lk`krbek

\$ Wb`bwbf

cttp?++www$cpmjktjlc$lki+\tjvj[Wbpjr$cti

:<?2<> Hkudebtnkd Jdmndjjrndm, Ucj Zdnvjrsnty kh Nkwb, \prndm \jijstjr, 1771, Hkudebtnkds kd Enhhnlu`t\kn`s

cttp?++www$jdmndjjrndm$unkwb$jeu+~swbd+lkursjs+:<2<>+enhhnlu`t$peh

Mjk`kmy kh tcj @kjss Cn``s, Nkwb

cttp?++puas$usms$mkv+ndhk+`kjss+

Ucj @kjss W`btjbu? Wjkp`j Kh Ucj Eust Bde WQL Wk`nly

cttp?++www$indemrkude$djt+`kjss$cti`

http://www.hpgeotech.com/Steve_Paper.htm


http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/

http://www.mindground.net/loess.html

http://www.mindground.net/loess.html

http://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/


http://www.hpgeotech.com/Steve_Paper.htm



UCBDF ^KZ"

project presentation on "foundation in collapsible soils" by chaitanya raj goyal

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