HINDUSTAN & ITS COMPETITORS

A training report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2009 - 2010

Submitted by:

Name of Student: - Jitesh Doctor

Class Roll No: - 9670500013

HERMES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEHRADHUN1

CERTIFICATEThis is to inform that the Summer Project work of Mr./Ms Jitesh Doctor entitled Hindustan & Its Competitors is a bonafide piece of work and this work has not been submitted elsewhere in any form earlier. The project work was carried out during 3 rd May, 2010 to

15th July, 2010 in HT Media,Dehradhun .

Project Guide

(Varun Gupta)

Date:- .

Student’s Name: - Jitesh Doctor

Class Room No: - Jitesh Doctor

Batch: - 2009-2011

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Acknowledgement

It is high privilege for me to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those faculty members who helped me in the completion of the project, especially my external guide Mr. Varun Gupta who was always there at the time of need and under whom I have gained a lot of knowledge.

My special thanks to internal guide Mr. Ashish Vishnoi (Hermes College of Engineering & Management) for helping me in the completion of project work and its report submission.

(JITESH DOCTOR)

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Content Topics Page No.

1. Project Summary. 52. Introduction to Industry. 7 3. Introduction of HT Media. 204. Objective(s) of the study. 265. Methodology. 286. Observation, Analysis & Discussion. 617. Findings from Survey. 668. Suggestions. 699. Conclusion. 7010. Biblography. 71

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Project Summary:-

I started my training on the day after my second semester exams got over i.e. on 3rd May, 2010. I reached on time & my Induction was carried out. I was later asked to read the product i.e. Hindustan Newspaper (Hindi) along with Hindustan Times and Hindustan City. After completing the reading I was asked what the product i.e. Hindustan (Hindi) was about. This went on for 3 days so that I become aware as to what Hindustan is.

During my training Hindustan City was launched so I was able to experience below the line advertising i.e. road shows which was carried out by HT media to make people aware of HT City. This again went on for 2-3days.

I was made aware of the distribution channel of HT Media’s newspaper in Vikasnagar, and to get firsthand experience about it, Mr. Vivek who work for Hindustan in Vikasnagar & showed me as to how the whole process works.

After I had understood the whole process I went back to office in Dehradhun where I was made aware of my Project name i.e. “Hindustan Vs Competitors” where in I had to talk with people and see which newspaper they read, if they didn’t read Hindustan/Hindustan Times then I had to talk with them and try to convince them to read Hindustan/Hindustan Times.

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On hearing this I decided that this was a very good opportunity for me to use the theory knowledge practically. I talked with my superior under whom I was doing my training and showed him the questionnaire which I had made. He saw the questionnaire showed it further to one of his colleagues and they asked me to reduce the questionnaire to One page from two pages which is did and after they approved the questionnaire I went on to get them filled from the people but before I do that I needed to select the area where I would carry out my survey and also the type of people who would be included in my survey so I decided to select three age group for my survey i.e.

Age Group 1 - 18 – 25 - Youth

Age Group 2 - 26 – 40 - Employers

Age Group 3 - 41 & above - Old Age

& the areas I selected for my project were:-

Prem Nagar,

Dehradhun,

Vikasnagar.

The experience which I got was very good. In order to get my questionnaire filled I went to meet people & I came across many kinds of people.

Some people we ready to fill the questionnaire,

Some people first didn’t want to give their details & fill the form but later after talking with them they got ready to fill the forms,

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Some people didn’t fill the questionnaire & some people in order to escape me said they didn’t read any newspaper.

Introduction to Industry.

Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries.

Mass media includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda.

The term public media is less used and is defined as "media whose mission is to serve or engage a public."

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History OF Mass Media:-

Types of drama in numerous cultures were probably the first mass-media, going back into the Ancient World.

The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed earlier. Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about 1400. Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not survived. Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book on a printing press with movable type in 1453. This invention transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.

Newspapers developed from about 1612, with the first example in English in 1620; but they took until the 19th century to reach a mass-audience directly.

During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology, including that which allowed much duplication of material. Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time.

Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money. An example of Riel and Neil's theory. proportional to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, unit costs went down, increasing profit

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margins further. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic society, the media can serve the electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities

Influences Of Mass Media:-

Media influence or media effects are terms used in media studies, psychology, communication theory and sociology to refer to the theories about the ways the mass media affect how their audiences think and behave.

Mass media plays a crucial role in forming and reflecting public opinion, connecting the world to individuals and reproducing the self-image of society. Critiques in the early-to-mid twentieth century suggested that media weaken or delimit the individual's capacity to act autonomously — sometimes being ascribed an influence reminiscent of the telescreens of the dystopian novel 1984. Mid 20th-century empirical studies, however, suggested more moderate effects of the media.

Current scholarship presents a more complex interaction between the media and society, with the media on generating information from a network of relations and influences and with the individual interpretations and evaluations of the information provided, as well as generating information outside of media contexts.

The media has a strong social and cultural impact upon society. This is predicated upon their ability to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message. Marshall McLuhan uses the phrase “the medium is the message” as a means of explaining how the distribution

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of a message can often be more important than content of the message itself.

It is through the persuasiveness of media such as television, radio and print media that messages reach their target audiences. These have been influential media as they have been largely responsible for structuring people's daily lives and routines.

Television broadcasting has a large amount of control over the content society watches and the times in which it is viewed. This is a distinguishing feature of traditional media which New Media have challenged by altering the participation habits of the public.

The internet creates a space for more diverse political opinions, social and cultural viewpoints and a heightened level of consumer participation. There have been suggestions that allow consumers to produce information through the internet which will lead to an overload of information.

New Media:-

Theorists such as Louis Wirth and Talcott Parsons have emphasized the importance of mass media as instruments of social control. In the twenty-first century, with the rise of the internet, the two-way relationship between mass media and public opinion is beginning to change, with the advent of new technologies such as blogging.

We can take the 1994 O.J. Simpson trial as an example, where the reality reported on was merely the catalyst for the simulacra (images)

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created, which defined the trial as a global event and made the trial more than it was. Essentially, hyperreality is the concept that the media are not merely a window on to the world (as if a visiting alien were watching television), but are part of the reality they describe. Hence the media’s obsession with media-created events.

For example, there is evidence that Western media influence in Asia is the driving force behind rapid social change: “it is as if the 1960s and the 1990s were compressed together.” A notable example is the recent introduction of television to Bhutan, resulting in rapid Westernization.

Government & Mass Media:-

They include

Licensing in advance;

Censorship of offending material before publication;

Seizure of offending material;

Injunctions against publication of a newspaper or book or of specified content;

Requirement of surety bonds against libel or other offense;

Compulsory disclosure of ownership and authority;

Post publication criminal penalties for objectionable matter;

Post publication collection of damages in a civil action;

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Post publication correction of libel and other misstatements;

Discrimination in granting access to news source and facilities;

Discrimination and denial in the use of communications facilities for distribution; taxes;discriminatory subsidies; and

Interference with buying, reading and listening.

Forms of Mass Media:-

Electronic Media:- o Radio

Early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. The earliest users included the Japanese Navy scouting the Russian fleet during the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. One of the most memorable uses of marine telegraphy was during the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications between operators on the sinking ship and nearby vessels, and communications to shore stations listing the survivors.

Radio was used to pass on orders and communications between armies and navies on both sides in World War I; Germany used radio communications for diplomatic messages once it discovered that its submarine cables had been tapped by the British. The United States passed on President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points to Germany via radio during the war. Broadcasting began from San Jose, California in 1909, and became feasible in the 1920s, with the widespread introduction of radio receivers, particularly in Europe and the United States. Besides broadcasting, point-to-point broadcasting, including telephone messages and relays of radio programs, became widespread in the 1920s and 1930s. Another use of radio in the pre-war years was the

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development of detection and locating of aircraft and ships by the use of radar (Radio Detection And Ranging).

Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless networks and mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting. Before the advent of television, commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment (the era from 1930 to the mid-1950s is commonly called radio's "Golden Age"). Radio was unique among methods of dramatic presentation in that it used only sound. For more, see radio programming.

o Television

Television (TV) is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission. The word is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots, meaning "far sight

Commercially available since the late 1930s, the television set has become common in homes, business and institutions, particularly as a source of entertainment and news. Since the 1970s the availability of video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs, have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material.

Although other forms such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) are in use, the most common usage of the medium is for broadcast television, which was modeled on the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the television signal to individual TV receivers.

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Broadcast TV is typically disseminated via radio transmissions on designated channels in the 54–890 megahertz frequency band.

Signals are now often transmitted with stereo and/or surround sound in many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally recorded and transmitted as an analog signal, but in recent years public and commercial broadcasters have been progressively introducing digital television broadcasting technology.

A standard television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits, including those for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a monitor, rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such as digital television (DTV) and high-definition television (HDTV). Television systems are also used for surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous.

Amateur television (ham TV or ATV) is also used for experimentation, pleasure and public service events by amateur radio operators. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before commercial TV stations came on the air.

o Film

A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry.

Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating or indoctrinating citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a

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universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.

Films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect called beta movement.

The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photo-play and flick. A common name for film in the United States is movie, while in Europe the term cinema or film is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema and the movies.

o Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet, giving rise to services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV.

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Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging, and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites.

The origins of the Internet reach back to research in the 1960s, both commissioned by the United States government to develop projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks as well as private research. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation, as well as private funding for commercial backbones spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to the merger of many networks. The commercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.

The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

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Print Media

The print media is an industry which gathers and publishes news in the form of newspapers, magazines and other printed publications. The majority of print media are local with the exception of magazines which can have an international distribution. Print media depend on advertising for the generation of revenue and they achieve this by selling advertising space. There are several types of print media.

o Newspapers

A newspaper is usually divided into different segments. Newspapers are the most popular and easily recognizable form of print media. Newspapers can be published daily or weekly and cover local and international news stories. A newspaper is usually divided into different segments, news, opinions,

advertisements, announcements, sports news, cartoons and television listings. A newspaper is a useful means for the dissemination of information ,which is why it has remained popular despite the advancement in technology which gives people the option of reading their news online. The most important story is usually featured on the front page, under a headline with a byline stating the name of the reporter who wrote the story. Different types of newspapers cater

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to different readers. For instance, some daily papers focus on the stock exchange, some focus on current affairs while others focus on sensational news stories. The newspapers with the most circulation usually generate the most revenue because advertisers are willing to advertise in them since they know they will get more value for their money.

o Magazines

A magazine is a publication which is published on a set schedule: weekly, fortnightly, monthly or quarterly. A magazine is usually funded by advertisers, outright purchase at magazine stands, from vendors and other distribution outlets, and through subscription by readers. Magazines usually have a niche audience since they focus on a specific interest; a magazine focusing on horses would target those who have interests in horses, and magazines focusing on housekeeping or women's health usually target women of a certain demographic. Magazines can be available in specific regions or cities, in the whole nation or even

internationally.

o Newsletters

A newsletter is a publication which usually deals with one topic which its subscribers find useful and which is distributed on a regular basis. Clubs, societies, churches, businesses and associations regularly produce newsletters to provide information to their members, employees and customers. Some newsletters are used as a means for making money because they are sold

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directly to subscribers.

Importance of Newspapers:-

Newspapers hold a very important place in the life of man today. They play an important part both in the national and the international arena. They give

us news and views. If man wants food for his belly, he also needs news for his mind to keep pace with the

world. The latter he gets from newspapers. He learns about the international events from the newspapers which have their own

educative value. These newspapers educate the common people. They broaden our outlook and change views. This is why Mr. Nixon, Ex-President of America once remarked, 'four hostile newspapers

are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets'. They shape the opinion of the common people of a country by influencing the public

opinion. The newspapers have a very important position and place in a democratic country. They are the critics of administration, justice and law. They play the part of social reformers. They are the advocates of liberty, equality and fraternity. They enforce the right and redress the wrong. Indeed they are the custodians of public interest. Those who seek jobs find the advertisements very useful. They are useful to the economists to be in touch with up-to-date knowledge of

economy. They inform them of the events taking place in the whole world. And also they serve

them as a good means of propaganda.

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All these advantages confirm the fact that the power of the press is really very great.

Introduction of HT Media:-

Company Profile:-

Hindustan Marks it origin at the time of revolt against Britishers.It was started by Father of our nation Mahatma Gandhi who inaugrated the newspaper on September 26, 1924.

Since then the newspaper was to become a premier nationalist newspaper of the capital in the turbulent years preceding independence. From a humble beginning in a three-storey building, the company has expanded its operations from print to other media channels like radio, internet, events and marketing, and strategic partnerships, as part of its endeavour to establish itself as a giant media conglomerate in the present times.

Currently HT Media Limited is one of India’s foremost media companies, and home to two leading newspapers in the country in English and Hindi languages – Hindustan Times (the flagship English daily) and Hindustan (Hindi daily). Hindustan Times was started in 1924 and it has an 80-year history as one of India’s leading newspapers.As part of its strategy to expand its national presence, the company launched Hindustan Times in the Mumbai market on July 14, 2005. HT Media Ltd. has a significant online presence with HindustanTimes.com and also publishes two Hindi magazines Nandan and Kadambini. The company has 19 printing facilities across the nation, with a total installed capacity of approximately 1.5 million copies per hour.

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HT Media’s important Dates:-

September 26, 1924

This date marked the august beginnings of Hindustan Times with Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation inaugurating the newspaper.

1927

Hindustan Times, was reborn as Hindustan Times Ltd., a limited liability company.

1936

The hindi daily Hindustan was launched, which remains the dominant newspaper in the core hindi belt of northern India.

1937

Devdas Gandhi was appointed the Managing Editor of the newspaper and remained the managing editor till his death in 1957.

1942

The Hindustan Times was one of the few newspapers that stopped publishing the newspaper for four and a half months as it refused to accept the British imposition of censorship on all newspapers.

1947

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The year India gained its freedom, was also the year Hindustan Times attained the status of being the dominant newspaper in Delhi.

1957

The newspaper circulation grew from 58,693 copies to 144,287 in 1970 after KK Birla took over the mantle from GD Birla.

1960

The hindi literary magazine Kadambini was launched.

1964

The group started actively targeting the youth of India and launched the Nandan magazine.

1991

At the start of liberalization of India, Hindustan Times moved to becoming an autonomous power center in a mature democracy.

1999

The Hindustan Times celebrated its platinum anniversary.

2000

With a focus on localization, five new editions for Calcutta, Bhopal, Ranchi, Chandigarh and Jaipur were launched.

2003

The media business of was de-merged and incorporated under HT Media Ltd.

2004

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HT Media Ltd was listed as a public company and attracted external funding.

2005

Hindustan Times successfully entered the Mumbai market with a refreshingly new product and content mix.

2006

Fever 104 FM is launched, in technical collaboration with the Virgin Group. Hindustan was relaunched re-establishing the company's prominent presence in the regional news space.

2007

Mint, the business paper in partnership with the Wall Street Journal was launched in Delhi and Mumbai. In the internet space, Hindustantimes.com was relaunched and Livemint.com was introduced.

2008

Firefly e-Ventures, an HT Media Company launched its first portal for job seekers, Shine.com; and a social networking website Desimartini.com. HT Media also entered the Mobile space with 54242 in partnership with velti.com

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Hindustan Hindi Profile:-

HT Media Limited on May 12, 2008 launched of the edition of its Hindi daily,“Hindustan” at New Delhi. The new-renewed Hindustan, was to be the fastest growing Hindi daily as per the latest Indian Revenue Service (IRS). Hindustan with its revamped approach offers the consumers all the vital information and news that would get them better prepared to face their life’s challenges and is set to acquire a bigger share of the Hindi daily market that’s poised for growth.

The brand sections dedicated to Tayyari, (preparation), Local News, National, Business and Sports news, it’s simple, easy-to understand language and the reader friendly layout has played an active & integral role in its reader’s life while single-mindedly delivering on – “Hindustan gets you prepared” proposition.

Hindustan took the first initiative in the Hindi newspaper market by using a television commercial that was conceptualized and created by Ogilvy and Mather to support the brand’s campaign and it went on air on June 1, 2008. Hindustan has reflected the dreams and aspirations of the youth and attracted them by the Tag line “Hindustan gets you prepared “ promise. The jingle of Hindustan has also attracted a lot of Youth which is their target audience which was again created by the O&M team with special inputs from Mr. Piyush Pande, Executive Chairman & National Creative Director.

Hindustan had put together a complete 360 degree surround-plan in addition to the Television plan, covering- the Radio blitzkrieg, clutter breaking outdoor campaign spread across the Bihar, Jharkhan, Uttar Pradesh and Chandigarh and Print campaign. The brand was launched in Allahabad in the month of June, the months of April & May saw the launch of HINDUSTAN in Chandigarh, Dehradun respectively in order to expand its horizons and reach out to a larger audience.

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Scope Of study:-

The scope of project is very great. It has helped me to learn how to talk with people.

Due to the study I have come to know the various type of people that exist in the market.

Due to this study I now as to how a survey can be carried out. How a sample is to be selected. What kind of area is to selected.

How to carry out the survey.

It has even helped me to know where Hindustan Hindi stands in Uttarakhand & also that change is the virtue and without change a person, thing etc will parish.

It has helped me to know what working climate prevails in any company.

How to work in a company.

Its always better to say that you don’t know then to say nonsense

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Objective of the study:-

1. To identify the number of people who read Hindustan Hindi newspapers.

2. To find out the strength and weakness of Hindustan Hindi in comparison to its competitors.

Main objective :-

The main objectives of carring out the survey are:-

1. Who are Hindustan Hindi’s competitors?

2. Who read Hindustan Hindi

3. Have people switch from Hindustan hindi to other newspapers & if yes then why?

4. What do people like in Hindustan which could be a Unique Selling Point(USP)to be competitive in the market.

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Specific Objectives:-

In order to achieve the above objective:-

1. I need to make a questionnaire which will give me not all but few answers to achieve the above objective.

2. I need to meet as many people as possible.

3. I need to understand the kind of person one is and accordingly convince him not only to fill my questionnaire but to read Hindustan Hindi if he is not reading & if he is reading then make him more loyal towards the brand

Hindustan Hindi.

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Methodology:-

Sample Size:-

Sample :-

In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population. Typically, the population is very large, making a census or a complete enumeration of all the values in the population impractical or impossible. The sample represents a subset of manageable size. Samples are collected and statistics are calculated from the samples so that one can make inferences or extrapolations from the sample to the population. This process of collecting information from a sample is referred to as sampling.

The best way to avoid a biased or unrepresentative sample is to select a random sample, also known as a probability sample. A random sample is defined as a sample where the probability that any individual member from the population being selected as part of the sample is exactly the same as any other individual member of the population. Several types of random samples are simple random samples, systematic samples, stratified random samples, and cluster random samples.

A sample that is not random is called a nonrandom sample or a no probability sample. Some examples of nonrandom samples are convenience samples, judgment samples, purposive samples, quota samples, snowball samples, and quadrature nodes in quasi-Monte Carlo methods.

In short Since today India’s population has grown a lot it is not possible for an individual to go to each and every person and ask question and even today people don’t have that much time to attend a survey so today to carry out a

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survey we take a sample i.e. a few number of people who represent the entire population.

Sampling:-

Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of an unbiased or random subset of individual observations within a population of individuals intended to yield some knowledge about the population of concern, especially for the purposes of making predictions based on statistical inference. Sampling is an important aspect of data collection.

Researchers rarely survey the entire population for two reasons (Adèr, Mellenbergh, & Hand, 2008): the cost is too high, and the population is dynamic in that the individuals making up the population may change over time. The three main advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower, data collection is faster, and since the data set is smaller it is possible to ensure homogeneity and to improve the accuracy and quality of the data.

Each observation measures one or more properties (such as weight, location, color) of observable bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals. In survey sampling, survey weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population.

Types Of Sampling:-

Probability:-

A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible

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to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their probability of selection.

Example: We want to estimate the total income of adults living in a given street. We visit each household in that street, identify all adults living there, and randomly select one adult from each household. (For example, we can allocate each person a random number, generated from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1, and select the person with the highest number in each household). We then interview the selected person and find their income. People living on their own are certain to be selected, so we simply add their income to our estimate of the total. But a person living in a household of two adults has only a one-in-two chance of selection. To reflect this, when we come to such a household, we would count the selected person's income twice towards the total. (In effect, the person who is selected from that household is taken as representing the person who isn't selected.)

In the above example, not everybody has the same probability of selection; what makes it a probability sample is the fact that each person's probability is known. When every element in the population does have the same probability of selection, this is known as an 'equal probability of selection' (EPS) design. Such designs are also referred to as 'self-weighting' because all sampled units are given the same weight.

Probability sampling includes: Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Stratified Sampling, Probability Proportional to Size Sampling, and Cluster or Multistage Sampling. These various ways of probability sampling have two things in common:

1. Every element has a known nonzero probability of being sampled and 2. involves random selection at some point.

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Nonprobability sampling

Nonprobability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'undercovered'), or where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria for selection. Hence, because the selection of elements is nonrandom, nonprobability sampling does not allow the estimation of sampling errors. These conditions give rise to exclusion bias, placing limits on how much information a sample can provide about the population. Information about the relationship between sample and population is limited, making it difficult to extrapolate from the sample to the population.

Example: We visit every household in a given street, and interview the first person to answer the door. In any household with more than one occupant, this is a nonprobability sample, because some people are more likely to answer the door (e.g. an unemployed person who spends most of their time at home is more likely to answer than an employed housemate who might be at work when the interviewer calls) and it's not practical to calculate these probabilities.

Types of Nonprobability sampling :-

Accidental Sampling, Quota Sampling and Purposive Sampling. In addition, nonresponse effects may turn any probability design into a nonprobability design if the characteristics of nonresponse are not well understood, since nonresponse effectively modifies each element's probability of being sampled.

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Sampling methods:-

Within any of the types of frame identified above, a variety of sampling methods can be employed, individually or in combination. Factors commonly influencing the choice between these designs include:

Nature and quality of the frame Availability of auxiliary information about units on the frame

Accuracy requirements, and the need to measure accuracy

Whether detailed analysis of the sample is expected

Cost/operational concerns

Simple random sampling:-

In a simple random sample ('SRS') of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection: the frame is not subdivided or partitioned. Furthermore, any given pair of elements has the same chance of selection as any other such pair (and similarly for triples, and so on). This minimises bias and simplifies analysis of results. In particular, the variance between individual results within the sample is a good indicator of variance in the overall population, which makes it relatively easy to estimate the accuracy of results.

However, SRS can be vulnerable to sampling error because the randomness of the selection may result in a sample that doesn't reflect the makeup of the population. For instance, a simple random sample of ten people from a given country will on average produce five men and five women, but any given trial is likely to overrepresent one sex and underrepresent the other. Systematic and stratified techniques, discussed below, attempt to overcome this problem by

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using information about the population to choose a more representative sample.

SRS may also be cumbersome and tedious when sampling from an unusually large target population. In some cases, investigators are interested in research questions specific to subgroups of the population. For example, researchers might be interested in examining whether cognitive ability as a predictor of job performance is equally applicable across racial groups. SRS cannot accommodate the needs of researchers in this situation because it does not provide subsamples of the population. Stratified sampling, which is discussed below, addresses this weakness of SRS.

Simple random sampling is always an EPS design, but not all EPS designs are simple random sampling.

Systematic sampling:-

Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards. In this case, k=(population size/sample size). It is important that the starting point is not automatically the first in the list, but is instead randomly chosen from within the first to the kth element in the list. A simple example would be to select every 10th name from the telephone directory (an 'every 10th' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with a skip of 10').

As long as the starting point is randomized, systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling. It is easy to implement and the stratification induced can make it efficient, if the variable by which the list is ordered is correlated with the variable of interest. 'Every 10th' sampling is especially useful for efficient sampling from databases.

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Example: Suppose we wish to sample people from a long street that starts in a poor district (house #1) and ends in an expensive district (house #1000). A simple random selection of addresses from this street could easily end up with too many from the high end and too few from the low end (or vice versa), leading to an unrepresentative sample. Selecting (e.g.) every 10th street number along the street ensures that the sample is spread evenly along the length of the street, representing all of these districts. (Note that if we always start at house #1 and end at #991, the sample is slightly biased towards the low end; by randomly selecting the start between #1 and #10, this bias is eliminated.)

However, systematic sampling is especially vulnerable to periodicities in the list. If periodicity is present and the period is a multiple or factor of the interval used, the sample is especially likely to be unrepresentative of the overall population, making the scheme less accurate than simple random sampling.

Example: Consider a street where the odd-numbered houses are all on the north (expensive) side of the road, and the even-numbered houses are all on the south (cheap) side. Under the sampling scheme given above, it is impossible' to get a representative sample; either the houses sampled will all be from the odd-numbered, expensive side, or they will all be from the even-numbered, cheap side.

Another drawback of systematic sampling is that even in scenarios where it is more accurate than SRS, its theoretical properties make it difficult to quantify that accuracy. (In the two examples of systematic sampling that are given above, much of the potential sampling error is due to variation between neighbouring houses - but because this method never selects two neighbouring houses, the sample will not give us any information on that variation.)

As described above, systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements have the same probability of selection (in the example given, one in ten). It is not 'simple random sampling' because different subsets of the same size have different selection probabilities - e.g. the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a

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one-in-ten probability of selection, but the set {4,13,24,34,...} has zero probability of selection.

Systematic sampling can also be adapted to a non-EPS approach; for an example, see discussion of PPS samples below.

Stratified sampling:-

Where the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.

There are several potential benefits to stratified sampling.

First, dividing the population into distinct, independent strata can enable researchers to draw inferences about specific subgroups that may be lost in a more generalized random sample.

Second, utilizing a stratified sampling method can lead to more efficient statistical estimates (provided that strata are selected based upon relevance to the criterion in question, instead of availability of the samples). Even if a stratified sampling approach does not lead to increased statistical efficiency, such a tactic will not result in less efficiency than would simple random sampling, provided that each stratum is proportional to the group’s size in the population.

Third, it is sometimes the case that data are more readily available for individual, pre-existing strata within a population than for the overall population; in such cases, using a stratified sampling approach may be more convenient than aggregating data across groups (though this may potentially be at odds with the previously noted importance of utilizing criterion-relevant strata).

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Finally, since each stratum is treated as an independent population, different sampling approaches can be applied to different strata, potentially enabling researchers to use the approach best suited (or most cost-effective) for each identified subgroup within the population.

There are, however, some potential drawbacks to using stratified sampling. First, identifying strata and implementing such an approach can increase the cost and complexity of sample selection, as well as leading to increased complexity of population estimates. Second, when examining multiple criteria, stratifying variables may be related to some, but not to others, further complicating the design, and potentially reducing the utility of the strata. Finally, in some cases (such as designs with a large number of strata, or those with a specified minimum sample size per group), stratified sampling can potentially require a larger sample than would other methods (although in most cases, the required sample size would be no larger than would be required for simple random sampling.

A stratified sampling approach is most effective when three conditions are met

1. Variability within strata are minimized 2. Variability between strata are maximized

3. The variables upon which the population is stratified are strongly correlated with the desired dependent variable.

Advantages over other sampling methods:- 1. Focuses on important subpopulations and ignores irrelevant ones. 2. Allows use of different sampling techniques for different subpopulations.

3. Improves the accuracy/efficiency of estimation.

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4. Permits greater balancing of statistical power of tests of differences between strata by sampling equal numbers from strata varying widely in size.

Disadvantages :-1. Requires selection of relevant stratification variables which can be

difficult. 2. Is not useful when there are no homogeneous subgroups.

3. Can be expensive to implement.

Poststratification:-

Stratification is sometimes introduced after the sampling phase in a process called "poststratification".This approach is typically implemented due to a lack of prior knowledge of an appropriate stratifying variable or when the experimenter lacks the necessary information to create a stratifying variable during the sampling phase. Although the method is susceptible to the pitfalls of post hoc approaches, it can provide several benefits in the right situation. Implementation usually follows a simple random sample. In addition to allowing for stratification on an ancillary variable, poststratification can be used to implement weighting, which can improve the precision of a sample's estimates.

Oversampling

Choice-based sampling is one of the stratified sampling strategies. In choice-based sampling, the data are stratified on the target and a sample is taken from each strata so that the rare target class will be more represented in the sample. The model is then built on this biased sample. The effects of the input variables

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on the target are often estimated with more precision with the choice-based sample even when a smaller overall sample size is taken, compared to a random sample. The results usually must be adjusted to correct for the oversampling.

Probability proportional to size sampling:-

In some cases the sample designer has access to an "auxiliary variable" or "size measure", believed to be correlated to the variable of interest, for each element in the population. This data can be used to improve accuracy in sample design. One option is to use the auxiliary variable as a basis for stratification, as discussed above.

Another option is probability-proportional-to-size ('PPS') sampling, in which the selection probability for each element is set to be proportional to its size measure, up to a maximum of 1. In a simple PPS design, these selection probabilities can then be used as the basis for Poisson sampling. However, this has the drawbacks of variable sample size, and different portions of the population may still be over- or under-represented due to chance variation in selections. To address this problem, PPS may be combined with a systematic approach.

Example: Suppose we have six schools with populations of 150, 180, 200, 220, 260, and 490 students respectively (total 1500 students), and we want to use student population as the basis for a PPS sample of size three. To do this, we could allocate the first school numbers 1 to 150, the second school 151 to 330 (= 150 + 180), the third school 331 to 530, and so on to the last school (1011 to 1500). We then generate a random start between 1 and 500 (equal to 1500/3) and count through the school populations by multiples of 500. If our random start was 137, we would select the schools which have been allocated numbers 137, 637, and 1137, i.e. the first, fourth, and sixth schools.

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The PPS approach can improve accuracy for a given sample size by concentrating sample on large elements that have the greatest impact on population estimates. PPS sampling is commonly used for surveys of businesses, where element size varies greatly and auxiliary information is often available - for instance, a survey attempting to measure the number of guest-nights spent in hotels might use each hotel's number of rooms as an auxiliary variable. In some cases, an older measurement of the variable of interest can be used as an auxiliary variable when attempting to produce more current estimates.

Cluster sampling:-

Sometimes it is cheaper to 'cluster' the sample in some way e.g. by selecting respondents from certain areas only, or certain time-periods only. (Nearly all samples are in some sense 'clustered' in time - although this is rarely taken into account in the analysis.)

Cluster sampling is an example of 'two-stage sampling' or 'multistage sampling': in the first stage a sample of areas is chosen; in the second stage a sample of respondents within those areas is selected.

This can reduce travel and other administrative costs. It also means that one does not need a sampling frame listing all elements in the target population. Instead, clusters can be chosen from a cluster-level frame, with an element-level frame created only for the selected clusters. Cluster sampling generally increases the variability of sample estimates above that of simple random sampling, depending on how the clusters differ between themselves, as compared with the within-cluster variation.

Nevertheless, some of the disadvantages of cluster sampling are the reliance of sample estimate precision on the actual clusters chosen. If clusters chosen are biased in a certain way, inferences drawn about population parameters from these sample estimates will be far off from being accurate.

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Multistage sampling:-

Multistage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are embedded one in the other. The first stage consists of constructing the clusters that will be used to sample from. In the second stage, a sample of primary units is randomly selected from each cluster (rather than using all units contained in all selected clusters). In following stages, in each of those selected clusters, additional samples of units are selected, and so on. All ultimate units (individuals, for instance) selected at the last step of this procedure are then surveyed.

This technique, thus, is essentially the process of taking random samples of preceding random samples. It is not as effective as true random sampling, but it probably solves more of the problems inherent to random sampling. Moreover, It is an effective strategy because it banks on multiple randomizations. As such, it is extremely useful.

Multistage sampling is used frequently when a complete list of all members of the population does not exist and is inappropriate. Moreover, by avoiding the use of all sample units in all selected clusters, multistage sampling avoids the large, and perhaps unnecessary, costs associated traditional cluster sampling.

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Matched random sampling:-

A method of assigning participants to groups in which pairs of participants are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups.

The procedure for matched random sampling can be briefed with the following contexts,

1. Two samples in which the members are clearly paired, or are matched explicitly by the researcher. For example, IQ measurements or pairs of identical twins.

2. Those samples in which the same attribute, or variable, is measured twice on each subject, under different circumstances. Commonly called repeated measures. Examples include the times of a group of athletes for 1500m before and after a week of special training; the milk yields of cows before and after being fed a particular diet.

Quota sampling:-

In quota sampling, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.

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It is this second step which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling. In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random. For example interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection. This random element is its greatest weakness and quota versus probability has been a matter of controversy for many years.

Convenience sampling:-

Convenience sampling (sometimes known as grab or opportunity sampling) is a type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations about the total population from this sample because it would not be representative enough. For example, if the interviewer was to conduct such a survey at a shopping center early in the morning on a given day, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to those given there at that given time, which would not represent the views of other members of society in such an area, if the survey was to be conducted at different times of day and several times per week. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing. Several important considerations for researchers using convenience samples include:

1. Are there controls within the research design or experiment which can serve to lessen the impact of a non-random, convenience sample whereby ensuring the results will be more representative of the population?

2. Is there good reason to believe that a particular convenience sample would or should respond or behave differently than a random sample from the same population?

3. Is the question being asked by the research one that can adequately be answered using a convenience sample?

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In social science research, snowball sampling is a similar technique, where existing study subjects are used to recruit more subjects into the sample.

Line-intercept sampling:-

Line-intercept sampling is a method of sampling elements in a region whereby an element is sampled if a chosen line segment, called a “transect”, intersects the element.

Panel sampling:-

Panel sampling is the method of first selecting a group of participants through a random sampling method and then asking that group for the same information again several times over a period of time. Therefore, each participant is given the same survey or interview at two or more time points; each period of data collection is called a "wave". This sampling methodology is often chosen for large scale or nation-wide studies in order to gauge changes in the population with regard to any number of variables from chronic illness to job stress to weekly food expenditures. Panel sampling can also be used to inform researchers about within-person health changes due to age or help explain changes in continuous dependent variables such as spousal interaction. There have been several proposed methods of analyzing panel sample data, including MANOVA, growth curves, and structural equation modeling with lagged effects. For a more thorough look at analytical techniques for panel data, see Johnson (1995).

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Event sampling methodology:-

Event sampling methodology (ESM) is a new form of sampling method that allows researchers to study ongoing experiences and events that vary across and within days in its naturally-occurring environment. Because of the frequent sampling of events inherent in ESM, it enables researchers to measure the typology of activity and detect the temporal and dynamic fluctuations of work experiences. Popularity of ESM as a new form of research design increased over the recent years because it addresses the shortcomings of cross-sectional research, where once unable to, researchers can now detect intra-individual variances across time. In ESM, participants are asked to record their experiences and perceptions in a paper or electronic diary.

There are three types of ESM:

1. Signal contingent – random beeping notifies participants to record data. The advantage of this type of ESM is minimization of recall bias.

2. Event contingent – records data when certain events occur

3. Interval contingent – records data according to the passing of a certain period of time

ESM has several disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of ESM is it can sometimes be perceived as invasive and intrusive by participants. ESM also leads to possible self-selection bias. It may be that only certain types of individuals are willing to participate in this type of study creating a non-random sample. Another concern is related to participant cooperation. Participants may not be actually fill out their diaries at the specified times. Furthermore, ESM may substantively change the phenomenon being studied. Reactivity or priming effects may occur, such that repeated measurement may cause changes in the participants' experiences. This method of sampling data is also highly vulnerable to common method variance.

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Further, it is important to think about whether or not an appropriate dependent variable is being used in an ESM design. For example, it might be logical to use ESM in order to answer research questions which involve dependent variables with a great deal of variation throughout the day. Thus, variables such as change in mood, change in stress level, or the immediate impact of particular events may be best studied using ESM methodology. However, it is not likely that utilizing ESM will yield meaningful predictions when measuring someone performing a repetitive task throughout the day or when dependent variables are long-term in nature (coronary heart problems).

Replacement of selected units:-

Sampling schemes may be without replacement ('WOR' - no element can be selected more than once in the same sample) or with replacement ('WR' - an element may appear multiple times in the one sample). For example, if we catch fish, measure them, and immediately return them to the water before continuing with the sample, this is a WR design, because we might end up catching and measuring the same fish more than once. However, if we do not return the fish to the water (e.g. if we eat the fish), this becomes a WOR design.

Advantages of Sampling:-

Sampling has some advantages over the complete count. These are:

1. Need for Sampling:

  Sometimes there is a need for sampling. Suppose we want to inspect the eggs, the bullets, the missiles and the tires of some firm. The study may be such that the objects are destroyed during the process of inspection. Obviously, we cannot afford to destroy all the eggs and the bullets etc. We have to take care that the wastage should be minimum. This is possible only in sample study. Thus sampling is essential when the units under study are destroyed.

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2.Saves Time and Cost:

            As the size of the sample is small as compared to the population, the time and cost involved on sample study are much less than the complete counts. For complete count huge funds are required. There is always the problem of finances. A small sample can be studied in a limited time and total cost of sample study is very small. For complete count, we need a big team of supervisors and enumeration who are to be trained and they are to be paid properly for the work they do. Thus the sample study requires less time and less cost.

3.Reliability:

If we collect the information about all the units of population, the collected information may be true. But we are never sure about it. We do not know whether the information is true or is completely false. Thus we cannot say anything with confidence about the quality of information. We say that the reliability is not possible. This is a very important advantage of sampling. The inference about the population parameters is possible only when the sample data is collected from the selected sample.

4. Sometimes the experiments are done on sample basis. The fertilizers, the seeds and the medicines are initially tested on samples and if found useful, then they are applied on large scale. Most of the research work is done on the samples.

5. Sample data is also used to check the accuracy of the census data.

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Sample Size:-

The sample size of a statistical sample is the number of observations that constitute it. It is typically denoted n, a positive integer (natural number).

Typically, all else being equal, a larger sample size leads to increased precision in estimates of various properties of the population, though the results will become less accurate if there is a systematic error in the experiment. This can be seen in such statistical rules as the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem. Repeated measurements and replication of independent samples are often required in measurement and experiments to reach a desired precision.

A typical example would be when a statistician wishes to estimate the arithmetic mean of a quantitative random variable (for example, the height of a person). Assuming that they have a random sample with independent observations, and also that the variability of the population (as measured by the standard deviation σ) is known, then the standard error of the sample mean is given by the formula:

It is easy to show that as n becomes very large, this variability becomes small. This leads to more sensitive hypothesis tests with greater statistical power and smaller confidence intervals.

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Sample Type:-

It refer to the type of people I am taking in my survey which represent the entire population.

Thus the Sample which I took represented the age group of,

Age 18 – 25 - Youth

Age 26 – 40 - Employees

Age 41 & above - Old Age

These ages were taken by me as the youth represented the age group of 18 - 25, 26 – 40 & Above 40 as age group above 40 represents the people who are the decision takers of the family.

Area:-

It refer to the area in which the sample live which I have included in my survey. The area might include the entire country, a state or a number of states, a region or a number of regions etc.

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I first saw the areas in which the Hindustan Hindi is in demand and found out that Vikas Nagar, Dehradhun are among the few area which I can take to carry out my survey.

On finding this the areas in which I carried out the survey was decided and on this basis I carried out the survey.

I carried out an equal amount of suirvey of my sample in area like Prem Nagar, Dehradhun, Vikas Nagar of Uttarakhand state.

SWOT Analysis of Hindustan Hindi

Strength:-

The biggest strength of Hindustan is that it was started by the father of our nation i.e. Mahatma Gandhi.

Secondly it is targeted to the youth.

Thirdly it has its origin since the time of struggle for India’s Independence from Britishers so it has be very good.

Since it has good edition like “Learn English” & “Tayyari” is very much accepted by the youth as today India’s second language is Hindi after English & English is accepted everywhere.

Weakness:-

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It has nothing for other segment of the population.

Thought it is very much known but still people prefer Amar Ujala & Dainik Jagron its competitors in Uttarakhand (Refer Pg – 58;Q1 & Q 2).

People very much don’t like the youth approach which it has.

Opportunity:-

Since it started by Gandhiji, It can use it name to advertise the Newspaper.

As it was used by Gandhiji to fight against Bruisers, this can be used to make people aware of various rights, Duties which they are not aware of.

Further it is the only newspaper that helps people/ youth to learn to speak English so it can emphasis on its USP.

Threats:-

Its competitors i.e. Amar Ujala & Dainik Jagron (Refer Pg – 58;Q1 & Q 2) have already captured the entire market.

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Hindustan competitors are always following the steps which Hindustan Takes.

People aren’t very keen to change their newspapers or switch to Hindustan From their current newspapers.

Startegy’s Of Hindustan:-

The strategy of Hindustan are:-

1. It targets the youth only.

2. It has publicizing the newspaper for the whole Yoth section starting from age 16 – 40.

3. It has editions like “learn English”, “Tayyari” which is very much accepted for the youth.

4. It again has Matrimonial Edition, Vacancy Edition which is not known by the public/crowd.

Amar Ujala:-

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Amar Ujala is a Hindi regional daily newspaper distributed in India, tag line-taki SACH ZINDA RAHE {let the truth be preserve}, launched on April 18, 1948 as a 4-page newspaper from Agra , by Loknayak Bapuji Aney and today is the third largest Hindi daily of India & the second largest in northern India. It today spans over the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi , Uttranchal & Uttar Pradesh. Using the latest state of the art technology & equipments, it is being published from fifteen centers, 8 in UP, 2 in Uttranchal, 2 in Punjab & one in Delhi, Jammu & Dharamshala. Amar Ujala is the second largest Hindi Newspaper of Northern India.

Startegy’s Of Amar Ujala:-

1. It target all the age group member. It is a newspaper which has everything for every age group.

2. For Youth, career opportunities and related articles in UDAAN published

every Wednesday.

3. It has “Roopayan” which is very much liked and read by the female section which is published every Friday.

4. It has Spiritual Edition which is very much liked by the old age group i.e. Above 40 age.

Dainik Jagron:-

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Dainik Jagran (Hindi: दै�नि�क जा�गरण) is a Hindi language daily broadsheet newspaper in India. It is 3rd in India and 17th worldwide for the largest circulation of a daily newspaper. Dainik Jagran was founded by Puranchandra Gupta in Jhansi in 1942. In 1947 Dainik Jagran shifted its headquarters to Kanpur, where it launched its second edition on 21 September 1947. The Rewa and Bhopal editions were added in 1953 and 1956. In 1975, publication of Gorakhpur edition started, followed by Varanasi, Allahabad and Lucknow in 1979. In 1984, Meerut edition was launched, followed by Agra in 1986, Bareilly in 1989 and Delhi in 1990. Between 1997 and 2006, eighteen new editions were added, and through 2007-08, six new editions were launched.

More than 55.7 million people read Dainik Jagran making it the largest read daily in India. Currently, Dainik Jagran’s 37 editions are published across eleven states of India. Its editions are published from the following places:

Startegy’s Of Dainik Jagron:-

1. Its again main target is the youth due to which it has included Josh which gives the youth all the information about the current trends in the market, how to prepare for Exams like CET, MAT, UPSC etc and also includes interviews of people who have cracked them

2. Its gives information regarding all the activities that the government is taking for the betterment of the youth like No interest on Student loan taken by students, new trend etc.

3. It also shows ways through which with nominal Investment any one can earn money in today’s world where each & every commodities price has increased considerably.

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Data Collection:-

Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data - for example as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to obtain information to keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, to pass information on to others. Primarily, data is collected to provide information regarding a specific topic.[1]

Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often formalised through a data collection plan[2] which often contains the following activity.

1. Pre collection activity – Agree goals, target data, definitions, methods2. Collection – data collection

3. Present Findings – usually involves some form of sorting[3] analysis and/or presentation.

Prior to any data collection, pre-collection activity is one of the most crucial steps in the process. It is often discovered too late that the value of their interview information is discounted as a consequence of poor sampling of both questions and informants and poor elicitation techniques. After pre-collection activity is fully completed, data collection in the field, whether by interviewing

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or other methods, can be carried out in a structured, systematic and scientific way.

A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered is both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are valid. The process provides both a baseline from which to measure from and in certain cases a target on what to improve.

The data collection process can be relatively simple depending on the type of data collection tools required and used during the research. Data collection tools are instruments used to collect information for performance assessments, self-evaluations, and external evaluations. The data collection tools need to be strong enough to support what the evaluations find during research. Here are a few examples of data collection tools used within three main categories.

Secondary Participation:-

Data collection tools involving secondary participation require no direct contact to gather information. Examples of secondary data collection tools would include:

Postal mail Electronic mail

Telephone

Web-based surveys

These data collection tools do not allow the researcher to truly gauge the accuracy of the information given by the participants who responded

In-Person Observations:-

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Data collection tools used in personal contact observations are used when there is face to face contact with the participants. Some examples of this type of data collection tool would include:

In-person surveys – used to gain general answers to basic questions

Direct or participatory observations – where the researcher is directly involved with the study group

Interviews – used to gain more in depth answers to complex questions

Focus groups – where certain sample groups are asked their opinion about a certain subject or theory.

Types of Data Collection:-

It is necessary to know about the types of data collections. The types of data collection are

1) Primary data collection

2) Secondary data collection

Primary data collection:

The data’s which are collected for the first time and those, which are original in character, is refer as primary data.

There are several methods exists for primary data collections.

Collections of primary data are obtained by either personal communication through interviews or by personal observation.

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Secondary data collection:

The data’s that is already collect by some other person who undergone statistical processes are refer as secondary data.

The secondary data’s may be published or unpublished.

Learning secondary data's definition is very important. Sometimes, the data may be unsuitable. Therefore, it is necessary to handle those data’s carefully during the researches.

Methods Using Types of Data Collection:

The various methods followed for collecting the data using the types of data collection are as follows:

Observation method of data collection:

In this method of learning data collections, data’s collected by observation.

The observer can collect the data or he can collect the data by personally visiting the field.

Data collection by interviews:

The data’s can be collected by means of personal interviews or even by

telephonic interviews.

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Questionnaire method:

This is one of the popular methods of data collections. During enquiries, this method is mainly used.

Schedule method:

For solving social problems, these methods of data collections are considered as an important one.

Data collection by case study:

The researchers can collect the data’s by taking one or more units for special study.

Data collections by Survey method:

The data’s are collect by undertaking surveys. This method is the most commonly used method for the collection of data’s.

Survey Types:-

In reality there are many types of survey which is depended on the person & how much he/she is ready to spent on the survey. Its is agaion dependent on the time inteval one wants to complete his survey.

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Types of survey:-

Questionnaire-

Here in this method the surveyor is required to make a questionnaire.

The quetionnaire needs to be a closed ended question so that the surveyor is able to get the response which will help him in converting the raw data achieved by carrying out the quetionnaire into secondary & more useful data more effectively.

Interview-

This is the technique wherein the surveyor may act as an interviewer and carries out its interview with its interviews form whom he wants to gather primary data which will be helpful for him to carry out its survey.

Here the intervewer skills play a very important role to get the optimal respose as many migh not be ready to give or may give false respose to safeguard their original response or wht do they think regarding a product or a service who is carring out the survey .

Face to face interview-

Here in this technique the person i.e. the interviewer come in contact with the interviewee(s).

Telephonic Interview-

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In this techniquer the interviewer comes in contact with the interviewee but not face to face, as the interviewer contacts the interviee(s) through a medium that is phone.Hence it is known as Telephonic Interview.

Here I Decided to carry out the survey through the use of Questionaire method & I developed the following questionnaire which was approved by my superior under wehom I had worked.

Questionnaire for survey.

(Hindustan/Hindustan Times)

Name: - _____________ Occupation: -____________ Age: - ___ No. of family members: - __

Address: - _________________________________________________________________________

Q1. Which paper do you read?

o Hindustan o Hindustan Times o Dainik Jagron o Amar Ujal o Rashtra Sahara oI-Next

Q2. Which paper is your first preference?

o Hindustan o Hindustan Times o Dainik Jagron o Amar Ujal o Rashtra Sahara o I-Next

Q4. Why is this paper your first preference?

o News content:- o Style Sheet o Language o Pictures o Others ____________

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o Entertainment

o Political

o Others ___________

Q5. You have read Hindustan/Hindustan Times?

o Yes o No

Q6. What do you like in Hindustan Times

o The language o Vocabulary o Article o Pictures

Q7. What are the changes would you like to make in Hindustan/Hindustan Times?

o News content o Style Sheet o Approach o Others Then Specify____________

Q8. You choose newspaper on the basis of?

o Quality o Price o News Content o Availability

Q9. What more would you like to have in Hindustan / Hindustan Times?

______________________________________________________________________

Observation, Analysis & Discussion:-

Data Analysis:-

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Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains.

Data mining is a particular data analysis technique that focuses on modeling and knowledge discovery for predictive rather than purely descriptive purposes. Business intelligence covers data analysis that relies heavily on aggregation, focusing on business information. In statistical applications, some people divide data analysis into descriptive statistics, exploratory data analysis, and confirmatory data analysis. EDA focuses on discovering new features in the data and CDA on confirming or falsifying existing hypotheses. Predictive analytics focuses on application of statistical or structural models for predictive forecasting or classification, while text analytics applies statistical, linguistic, and structural techniques to extract and classify information from textual sources, a species of unstructured data. All are varieties of data analysis.

Data integration is a precursor to data analysis, and data analysis is closely linked to data visualization and data dissemination. The term data analysis is sometimes used as a synonym for data modeling, which is unrelated to the subject of this article.

Questionnaire’s Analyst:-

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Here the raw data which also known as primary Data which I found out by getting my questionnaire filled from my sample was converted by me into secondary and useful data which is represented below.

Overview:-

Hindustan Hindi is Newspaper for Youngsters.

One of the preferred newspapers among Youth in Uttarakhand.

Its supplement “Learn English” is very accepted by its target Audience. Many youngsters are readers of Hindustan

Findings on the basis of Questionnaire:-

Q1. Which newspaper do you read?

From the above question I came to know that People read Hindustan, Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagron, Hindustan Times, Rashtra Sahara.

Q2. Which paper is your First Preference?

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From the above two questions I found out the competitors of Hindustan Hindi & they are:-

1. Amar Ujala

2. Dainik Jagron

Q3. What is given first preference in newspaper?

From the above diagram we come to know what are the things which are given preference when an individual reads newspaper

Q4. You have read Hindustan?

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From the above diagram we come to know that many were reading Hindustan but they currently have switched and very few remain loyal to Hindustan newspaper.

Q5. What do you like in Hindustan?

From the above diagram we come to know that people like Language, Vocabulary used, Articles which are published, Pictures which are inserted in the newspaper.

Q6. What changes would you like to make in Hindustan?

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From the above diagram we come to know the changes which the reader want in the newspapers like News Content, Style Sheet, Approach, Local News, News in Detail.

Q7. What more do they want in Hindustan?

From the above diagram we come to know that people want local news more in detail, they want extra supplement to be included for ladies, Old people and more entertainment news + Entertainment Article.

Findings from Survey:-

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Here the individual read newspaper on the basis of the family member they

have as all newspapers consist of same news.

1. Amar Ujala?

There is supplement included for each everyone i.e.

For Example:-

Ladies - Rupayan

Old Age – Spirituality.

Career Opportunities for Youth – Udaan

For Youth, career opportunities and related articles in UDAAN published every

Wednesday.

If a family has Ladies then they have Roopayan to go through which is published

every Friday.

As joint family prevails in these areas even for old people there is Spirituality

edition which they like to read.

Again there is local news in detail which is preferred by the population.

2. Dainik Jagron?

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‘Josh’ supplement which gives knowledge

for all age group i.e.

i. Educational Loans details.

ii. New trends in various fields.

iii. Opportunities for housewives to earn extra income etc.

Here the newspaper has various details like:-

The steps which the government is taking regaring educational Loans which now a day’s most of the students take to go for Post Graduate Course like Masters in Business Administration (MBA), Master in Mass Communication, Animation Courses offered by renowned institution like ARENA, MACC etc so it is helpful not only to Students but also to their parents as they also become aware of the terms & conditions of taking loan alond with the interest charged on it.

Secondly it show what are the new couses introduces or started, what’s its eligibility, where these couses have started etc so it is helpful to the student as to in which new fields they can go and according to their creativity & knowledge they can work better for which company.

Thirdly according to current inflation of prizes of daily commodities, how can housewives earn some mony and help their husbands to some extent.

3.Hindustan ?68

i. Only for Youth i.e. 18 – 24

ii. Supplement for children includes 80% advertisements.

iii. Learn English – For those who want to increase their English which is

quite popular among Youth.

Here

if we see hindustan has been able to attract the youth but here the parents

don’t give ears to their childrens need. In dehradhunit may not prevail to som

extent but in other parts like Vikas Nagar, Dakpathar etc it still prevails.

Secondly it has less content for children.Though its Learn English “Angregi

Sikhye” is a super hit but only by giving one thing to the youth when other

newspaper give more then what Hindustan is giving. It means to be in

competition its needs to change its content alongwith its approach.

Suggestions:-

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Hindustan needs to change its approach from only youth to having

everything for each & every member of the family.

Its needs to attract not only youth but also elder as they are the ones who

pay for newspaper & here still head of the family rule still exist i.e. all

decision’s are taken up by the head of the family. This exist more in Area’s

like Vikasnagar, Dakpathar, Prem Nagar than in areas like Dehradhun.

One thing I would like to say that Hindustan Needs to change as it is always said “Change or Perish” and this rule applies to each & everything even Humans.

Conclusion:-

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Thus I concluded that my training at HT Media not only helped me to

learn marketing tools but I also learned how the newspaper travels

between hands from the time it is printed in printing press till it

reaches the final customer.

It also allowed me to use my skills to handle first hand survey and I also learned how to prepare a survey and also how to carry it out.

Biblography:-

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http://www.htmedia.in/HTMLCorpImages/HTMediaCorpSite/pdf/Press%20release/Press

%20Release.pdf

http://www.htmedia.in/History.aspx?Page=Page-HTMedia-History

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media

http://www.ehow.com/list_6063199_types-print-media_.html

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/47833-Newspaper-Their-Importance.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size

http://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/sample-survey-and-advantages-of-

sampling.html

http://www.google.co.in/search?

hl=en&q=who+started+amar+ujala+&btnG=Search&meta=&aq=o&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dainik_Jagran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Ujala

http://www.balancedscorecard.org/Portals/0/PDF/datacoll.pdf

http://www.tutorvista.com/math/types-of-data-collection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis

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