CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Radio control (often abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use of radio signals to remotely

control a device. The term is used frequently to refer to the control of model vehicles from a

hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial military, and scientific research organizations make

[traffic] use of radio-controlled vehicles as well.

A remote control vehicle is defined as any mobile device that is controlled by a means that does

not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is often a radio control device,

cable between control and vehicle, or an infrared controller. A remote control vehicle (Also

called as RCV) differs from a robot in that the RCV is always controlled by a human and takes

no positive action autonomously.

One of the key technologies which underpin this field is that of remote vehicle control. It is vital

that a vehicle should be capable of proceeding accurately to a target area; maneuvering within

that area to fulfill its mission and returning equally accurately and safely to base.

Recently, Sony Ericsson released a remote control car that could be controlled by any Bluetooth

cell phone. Radio is the most popular because it does not require the vehicle to be limited by the

length of the cable or in a direct line of sight with the controller (as with the infrared set-up).

Bluetooth is still too expensive and short range to be commercially viable.

1. 1 HISTORY:THE FIRST REMOTE CONTROL VEHICLE / PRECISION GUIDED WEAPON:

This propeller-driven radio controlled boat, built by Nikola Tesla in 1898, is the original

prototype of all modern-day uninhabited aerial vehicles and precision guided weapons. In fact,

all remotely operated vehicles in air, land or sea. Powered by lead-acid batteries and an electric

drive motor, the vessel was designed to be maneuvered alongside a target using instructions

received from a wireless remote control transmitter. Once in position, a command would be sent

1

to detonate an explosive charge contained within the boat's forward compartment. The weapon's

guidance system incorporated a secure communications link between the pilot's controller and

the surface-running torpedo in an effort to assure that control could be maintained even in the

presence of electronic counter measures.To learn more about Tesla's system for secure wireless

communications and his pioneering implementation of the electronic logic-gate circuit read

‘Nikola Tesla — Guided Weapons & Computer Technology’, Tesla Presents Series Part 3, with

commentary by Leland Anderson.[1]

USE OF REMOTE CONTROLLED VEHICLES DURING WORLD WAR II :

During World War II in the European Theater the U.S. Air Force experimented with three basic

forms radio control guided weapons. In each case, the weapon would be directed to its target by

a crew member on a control plane. The first weapon was essentially a standard bomb fitted with

steering controls. The next evolution involved the fitting of a bomb to a glider airframe, one

version, the GB-4 having a TV camera to assist the controller with targeting. The third class of

guided weapon was the remote controlled B-17. It's known that Germany deployed a number of

more advanced guided strike weapons that saw combat before either the V-1 or V-2. They were

the radio-controlled Henschel's Hs 293A and Ruhrstahl's SD1400X, known as "Fritz X," both

air-launched, primarily against ships at sea.

1.2 TECHNOLOGY USED :

DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY (DTMF) :

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signaling over

analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other

communications devices and the switching center.The version of DTMF used for telephone tone

dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone (canceled March 13, 1984), and is

standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. Other multi-

frequency systems are used for signaling internal to the telephone network[1].

2

As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters

to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during station breaks for

the benefit of cable companies. Until better out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in

the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the

commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere.

TELEPHONE KEYPAD:

The contemporary keypad is laid out in a 3×4 grid, although the original DTMF keypad had an

additional column for four now-defunct menu selector keys. When used to dial a telephone

number, pressing a single key will produce a pitch consisting of two simultaneous pure tone

sinusoidal frequencies. The row in which the key appears determines the low frequency, and the

column determines the high frequency. For example, pressing the '1' key will result in a sound

composed of both a 697 and a 1209 hertz (Hz) tone. The original keypads had levers inside, so

each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for calling the system

multifrequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to determine which key

was pressed.[1]

Fig.1.1: A DTMF Telephone Keypad

3

DTMF KEYPAD FREQUENCIES (WITH SOUND CLIPS) :

Table 1.1 : DTMF Keypad frequencies

TONES #, *, A, B, C, AND D:

The engineers had envisioned phones being used to access computers, and surveyed a number of

companies to see what they would need for this role. This led to the addition of the number sign

(#, sometimes called 'octothorpe' in this context) and asterisk or "star" (*) keys as well as a group

of keys for menu selection: A, B, C and D. In the end, the lettered keys were dropped from most

phones, and it was many years before these keys became widely used for vertical service codes

such as *67 in the United States and Canada to suppress caller ID. The U.S. military also used

the letters, relabeled, in their now defunct AutoVIN phone system. Here they were used before

dialing the phone in order to give some calls priority, cutting in over existing calls if need be.

The idea was to allow important traffic to get through every time. The levels of priority available

were Flash Override (A), Flash (B), Immediate (C), and Priority (D), with Flash Override being

the highest priority.

4

CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Fig 2.1 : block diagram of project mobile controlled robot

5

Mobile mounted on robot

DTMF DECODER IC

MICROCONTROLLERMOTOR DRIVER IC

RIGHT MOTOR

LEFT MOTOR

Mobile used as a remote

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

As shown in the above block diagram, first block is the Cell Phone. So it act as a remote control

device. We will control the robot by this mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone

attached to the robot. So the other block diagram is second mobile phone which is mounted on

robot and it act as a DTMF generator. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a tone

corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called ‘dual-

tone multiple-frequency’ (DTMF) tone. The robot perceives this DTMF tone with the help of the

phone stacked in the robot. The received tone is processed by the AT89S52 microcontroller with

the help of DTMF decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent

binary digit and this binary number is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is

preprogrammed to take a decision for any given input. The controller appropriate output is given

to Motor Driver IC L293D which will drive the two DC Motors connected to it in order to drive

the motors for forward or backward motion or a turn. So, ultimately the two motors rotate

according to the key pressed on the keypad of the cell phone.

2.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:The important components of this robot are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and motor driver.

A MT8870 series DTMF decoder is used here. All types of the MT8870 series use digital

counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output.

The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need of pre-filtering. When the input signals

are given at pins 1(IN+) & 2(IN-) , a differential input configuration is recognized to be

effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to (pin11) through

(pin14) outputs. The pin11 to pin14 of DTMF decoder are connected to the pins of

Microcontroller (P1.0 to P1.3).

6

Fig2.2: circuit diagram of project mobile operated robot

7

MT8870

AT89S52

L293D

14131211

M1

M2

+5V(Vcc)

18 10 40 31

1 16 9

2

7

10

15

3

611

14

1234

LED

15

17

16300kΩ

0.1µf0.1µf 100kΩ

100kΩ

FIGURE:- Circuit diagram

14

56

33pf

33pf

3.58MHZ

11.059MHZ

4 5 12 13

10

11

12

13

9

2

3

+Vss 8

Vcc

10kΩ

10µf

GND

Input

Then the outputs from port pins P3.0 through P3.3 of the microcontroller are fed to the inputs

IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D IC, respectively to

drive two geared dc motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. The microcontroller output is

not sufficient to drive the dc motors, so current drivers are required for motor rotation.

The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-h driver designed to provide bidirectional drive

currents of up to 600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the dc

motors. The L293D consists of four drivers. Pins IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4

are the input and output pins, respectively of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2,

and driver 3 and 4 are enabled by enable pin 1(EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When

enable input EN1 (pin1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding

to their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin9) enables drivers 3 and 4.

The motors are rotated according to the status of IN1 to IN4 pins of L293D which in turn are

depending on output pins of microcontroller, viz., P3.0 – P3.3.

Fig 2.3: Practical demonstration of mobile controlled robot

8

Cell phone as a remote control

Cell phone as a receiver

mobile controlled robot

2.4 WORKING OF ROBOT : In order to control the robot, you have to make a call to the cell phone attached to the robot

from any phone & the phone should be in auto answering mode, so that call is attended

automatically. now the call is picked by the phone on the robot through auto answer mode(which

is in the phone, just enable it). now

when you press 2 the robot will move forward

when you press 4 the robot will move left

when you press 8 the robot will move backwards

when you press 6 the robot will move right

when you press any other key else then 2,4,6,8 the robot will stop.

Now let we know what happens inside the ROBOT : when you press 2 the signal tone goes to

the mobile hand free ,which is feed to DTMF decoder ,which converts it into the digital

form ,then it is given to the booster IC, which after boosting gives it to the MCU. Now MCU

checks the input signal and checks the instruction to follow for the input signal. For 2 the

instruction says move ROBOT forward , then our MCU sends the signal to L293D in order to

move both the motors forward so that ROBOT will move forward, similarly for in the case :

1. If key pressed 4 ROBOT moves Left.

2. If key pressed 6 ROBOT moves Right.

3. If key pressed 8 ROBOT moves Backward.

4. If any key else than these keys i.e. 2,4,6,8, pressed ROBOT Stops.

9

CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION OF PROJECT

3.1 COMPONENTS USED :

Table 3.1: List of components used in projectS.No. Component Name Value Quantity

1. Resistors 100k 2

10k 1

330k 1

2. Capacitors 0.1uf 2

33pf 2

10uf 1

3. Crystal oscillators 3.58 MHz 1

11.0592 MHz 1

4. DTMF Decoder IC MT8870 _ 1

5. Voltage Regulator IC 7805 _ 1

6. Microcontroller AT89S52 _ 1

7. Motor Driver IC L293D _ 1

8. Diode 4001N _ 1

9. DC Gear motors 12V, 150 RPM 2

10. DC battery 9V 1

11. Earphone jack 3.5mm 1

12. LED _ 1

13. Connecting wires _ _

10

3.2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE :

1. DTMF DECODER IC MT8870:

The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 is a complete DTMF receiver integrating both the bandsplit filter

and digital decoder functions. The filter section uses switched capacitor techniques for high and

low group filters; the decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF

tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by on chip provision of a

differential input amplifier, clock oscillator and latched three-state bus interface.

Features

1. Complete DTMF Receiver

2. Low power consumption

3. Internal gain setting amplifier

4. Adjustable guard time

5. Central office quality

6. Power-down mode

7. Inhibit mode

8. Backward compatible with

9. MT8870C/MT8870C-1

Applications

1. Receiver system for British Telecom (BT) or

CEPT Spec (MT8870D-1)

2. Paging systems

3. Repeater systems/mobile radio

4. Credit card systems

5. Remote control

6. Personal computers

7. Telephone answering machine

11

Fig 3.1: MT8870 IC

PIN DESCRIPTION:In order to use the IC we must know about its pin description,so a brief pin description of

MT8870 IC is given below in table :

Table 3.2: Brief pin description of MT8870 IC

PIN No. NAME DESCRIPTION

1 IN+ Non-Inverting Op-Amp (Input).

2 IN- Inverting Op-Amp (Input)

3 GS Gain Select. Gives access to output of front end differential amplifier for connection of feedback resistor

4 VRef Reference Voltage (Output). Nominally VDD/2 is used to bias inputs at mid-rail.

12

Fig 3.2: Pin diagram of DTMF decoder IC MT8870

5 INH Inhibit (Input).Logic high inhibits the detection of tones representing characters A, B, C and D. This pin input is internally pulled down.

6 PWDN Power Down (Input). Active high. Powers down the device and inhibits the oscillator. Thispin input is internally pulled down.

7 OSC1 Clock (Input)

8 OSC2 Clock (Outpu)

9 VSS Ground (Input.). 0V typical

1O TOE Three State Output Enable (Input). Logic high enables the outputs Q1-Q4. This pin is pulled up internally.

11 TO14 Q1-Q4 Three State Data (Output). When enabled by TOE, provide the code corresponding to the last valid tone-pair received . When TOE is logic low, the data outputs are high impedance.

15 StD Delayed Steering (Output). Presents a logic high when a received tone-pair has been registered and the output latch updated; returns to logic low when the voltage on St/GT falls below VTSt.

16 ESt Early Steering (Output ).Presents a logic high once the digital algorithm has detected a valid tone pair (signal condition). Any momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt to return to a logic low.

17 St/GT. Steering Input/Guard time (Output) Bidirectional .voltage greater than VTSt detected at St causes the device to register the detected tone pair and update the output latch. A voltage less than VTSt frees the device to accept a new tone pair. The GT output acts to reset the external steering time-constant; its state is a function of ESt and the voltage on St.

18 VDD Positive power supply (Input )+5V typical

13

MT8870 FUNCTIONAL TABLE :TOW( or TOE ) pin is enable pin which make the IC active when it is high. Note that in the

circuit diagram TOE(pin10) is connected to 5V (high). Flow and Fhigh represent the unique

frequency pair for each key. You only need to know the output 4 bit binary code for each key.

Note that output for key „0‟ is not „0000‟. The following table is showing the tone frequencies and

binary code for every number on keypad.

Table 3.3: MT8870 Functional Table

14

VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC 7805:

The 7805 (sometimes LM7805) is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage

regulator integrated circuits. The 7805 IC is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a

regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. The 7805 are positive voltage

regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. 7805 ICs have

three terminals and are commonly found in the TO220 form factor, although smaller surface-

mount and larger TO3 packages are available. These devices support an input voltage anywhere

from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and

typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a

lower or higher current rating). It has a 5 volt output.

Features :

1. Internal Thermal Overload Protection.

2. Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting.

3. Output Current up to 1.5A.

4. Satisfies IEC-65 Specification. (International Electronical Commission).

5. Package is TO-220AB

15

Fig.3.3: 7805 IC with Pin diagram

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of

in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction

set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications.

Features:

1. Compatible with MCS®-51 Products

2. 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

a. Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

3. 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

4. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

5. Three-level Program Memory Lock

6. 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

7. 32 Programmable I/O Lines

8. Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

9. Eight Interrupt Sources

10. Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

11. Low-power Idle and Power-down Mode

12. Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

13. Watchdog Timer

14. Dual Data Pointer

15. Power-off Flag

16. Fast Programming Time

17. Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

18. Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

16

Fig. 3.4 : Pin diagram of microcontroller AT89S52

PIN DESCRIPTION:

1. VCC: Supply voltage.

2. GND: Ground.

3. Port 0:

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink

eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-

impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order

17

address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0

has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and

outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required

during program verification.

4. Port 1 :

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers

can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high

by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In

addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input

(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in

the follow-ing table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash

programming and verification.

5. Port 2 :

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers

can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high

by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port

2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and

dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In

this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to

external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents

of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and

some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification.[3]

6. Port 3 :

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers

can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high

by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are

18

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3

receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves

the functions of various special features of the AT89S52.

7. RST:

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running

resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times

out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In

the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

8. ALE/PROG :

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address

during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)

during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6

the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,

however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If

desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit

set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is

weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in

external execution mode.

9. PSEN :

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the

AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice

each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to

external data memory.

10. EA/VPP:

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to

fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.

Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.

19

EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the

12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

11. XTAL1:

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating

circuit

. 12. XTAL2:

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

MOTOR DRIVER IC L293D:

The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to

accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoids, DC

and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair

of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic,

allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is

suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in

a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking.

Features:

Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V

Separate Input-Logic Supply

Internal ESD Protection

Thermal Shutdown

High-Noise-Immunity Inputs

Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and

SGS L293D

Output Current 1 A Per Channel

(600 mA for L293D)

Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel

20

Fig.3.5: L293D IC

(1.2 A for L293D)

Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive

Transient Suppression (L293D)

Fig.3.6: Pin diagram of L293D IC

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very

precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz

wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize

frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric

resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as

"crystal oscillators." Here we have used two oscillators :

1. 3.58 MHz crystal oscillator :

It is used for generating clock pulse in DTMF decoder MT8870 IC.

2. 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator

21

It is used for generating clock pulse in microcontroller AT89S52.

3.5mm EAR PHONE JACK:

One wire comes from the ground terminal of the jack that is connected to common ground of the

complete circuit .The other wire can be

attached to any one of two signal terminals.

Ground wire

Signal wire

Fig.3.8: Internal jack structure showing ground and signal wires

CHAPTER 4

22

Fig.3.7 : 3.5mm earphone jack

Default M1=STOPM2=STOP

M2

M1=REVM2=REV

M2

If input=4

M1=REVM2=FWD

M2

If input=6

If input=4

READ THE INPUTFROM DTMF

DECODER(PORT1)

STARtTTTTT

ForwardIf input=2 M1=FWD

M2=FWD

M2

M1=FWDM2=REV

M2

Left

Right

Backward

Stop

PROGRAM DESIGNING

4.1 FLOW CHART :

23

4.2 PROGRAM CODE ://minor project "MOBILE CONTROL ROBOT"//

#include <REGX51.H> // 8051 header file//

void main()

P1=15; //input pins initialiazation//

P3=00; //output pins initialiazation//

while(1)

switch(P1)

case 2:

P3=05; //forward motion//

break;

case 4:

P3=9; //left motion//

break;

case 6:

P3=06; //right motion//

break;

case 8:

P3=10; //back motion//

break;

default:

P3=15; //stop //

24

CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARES USED

5.1 DIPTRACE :

1. Dip Trace 1.50 proved to be a very handy & easy-to-use tool for the PCB layout process.

2. Many of its features were utilized leading to an accurate & efficient design.

3. It has Design Error Check & Electrical Rule Check tools which proved to be helpful in the design.

4. It is loaded with a huge component list that is categorized in various libraries for giving simplicity.

5. Placement of components is also very easy & they can be rotated in 360⁰ to customize the design.

Fig.5.1: A screenshot of working with diptrace software

25

5.2 PCB LAYOUT:

So the final pcb layout obtained by diptrace software is given below :

Fig.5.2: Pcb layout of main processing unit

26

5.3 µVISION KEIL :

1. µVision Keil provides IDE for 8051 programming & is very easy to use.

2. When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the Device

Database and the µVision IDE sets all Compiler, Assembler, Linker, and Memory options.

It’s device database is large which supports many ICs of the 8051 family.

3. A HEX file can be created with the help of Keil which is required for burning onto chip.

4. It has a powerful debugging tool which detects most of the errors in the program.

Fig.5.3: A screenshot of working with keil

27

5. We can simulate the code of program as shown in the below figure:

Fig.5.4: A screenshot of simulation of program code in keil

28

5.4 TOPWIN 6.31h:TOPWIN Universal Programmer is a cool Chinese product that helps you program a

wide variety of EPROMSs, Microcontrollers, EEPROMS and GAL ICs.

To program the microcontroller AT89s52 you have to load the buffer with .hex file. The

hex file is created through Microvision KEIL development software. Generally for

ATMEL controllers coding is done in embedded C in KEIL IDE and finally it provides

the Intel format .hex file

1. Start the Topwin program.

2. File –> Open and then browse to the location where you have stored the .hex file and

select it.

3. A file format dialog box opens with automatically showing the type of file you have

selected (in this case .hex file).Just click Ok. The Hex file is loaded to the buffer.

4. Before clicking the Run button check for the tick marks under Run tag.

5. By default all process like Erase, Blank, Write, Verify add Security are tick marked

which will be executed one by one automatically .Security is a LOCK to the code so

that no body can make a copy of your master chip.

Fig.5.5: A screenshot of TopWin6.31h

29

CHAPTER 6

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

6.1 APPLICATIONS:

SCIENTIFIC:

Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments,

working in the deep Ocean, and space exploration. The majority of the probes to the other

planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles, although some of the

more recent ones were partially autonomous. The sophistication of these devices has fueled

greater debate on the need for manned spaceflight and exploration. The Voyager I

spacecraft is the first craft of any kind to leave the solar sy s t e m . The Martian explorers

Spirit and Opportunity have provided continuous data about the surface of Mars since

January 3, 2004.

MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT:

Military usage of remotely controlled military vehicles dates back to the first half of 20th

century. Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled Teletanks during 1930s in the Winter

War and early stage of World War II. There were also remotely controlled

cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army.

Remote control vehicles are used in law enforcement and military engagements for some of

the same reasons. The exposure to hazards are mitigated to the person who operates the

vehicle from a location of relative safety. Remote controlled vehicles are used by many

police department bomb-squads to defuse or detonate explosives. See Dragon Runner,

Military robot. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have undergone a dramatic evolution in

capability in the past decade. Early UAV!s were capable of reconnaissance missions alone

and then only with a limited range. Current UAV!s can hover around possible targets

until they are positively identified before releasing their payload of weaponry. Backpack sized

UAV!s will provide ground troops with over the horizon surveillance capabilities.

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SEARCH AND RESCUE:

UAVs will likely play an increased role in search and rescue in the United States. This

was demonstrated by the successful use of UAVs during the 2008 hurricanes that

struck Louisiana and Texas.

RECREATION AND HOBBY:

See Radio-controlled model. Small scale remote control vehicles have long been popular

among hobbyists. These remote controlled vehicles span a wide range in terms of

price and sophistication. There are many types of radio controlled vehicles.These include

on-road cars, off-road trucks, boats, airplanes, and e v e n h e l i c o p t e r s . The ’robots’ now

popular in television shows such as Robot Wars, are a recent extension of this hobby

(these vehicles do not meet the classical definition of a robot; they are remotely

controlled by a human). Radio-controlled submarine also exist.

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6.2 FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS & FUTURE SCOPE:

1. IR SENSORS:

IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles i f the r o b o t g o e s

beyond l i n e of sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it from a

distant place.

2. PASSWORD PROTECTION:

Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated

only if correct password is entered. Either cell phone should be password protected or

necessary modification should be made in the assembly language code. This introduces

conditioned access & increases security to a great extent.

3. ALARM PHONE DIALER:

By replacing DTMF Decoder I C MT8870 by a DTMF Transceiver IC’ CM8880, DTMF tones

can be generated from the robot. So, a project called Alarm Phone Dialer can be built

which will generate necessary alarms for something that is desired to be monitored

(usually by triggering a relay). For example, a high water alarm, low temperature alarm,

opening of back window, garage door etc.

When the system is activated it will call a number of programmed numbers to let

the u s e r k n o w t h e alarm has been activated. This would be great to get alerts of

alarm conditions from home when user is at work.

4. ADDING A

CAMERA:

If the current project is interfaced with a camera (e.g. a Webcam) robot can be driven

beyond line-of-sight & range becomes practically unlimited as GSM networks have a

Very large range.

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CONCLUSION

Microcontroller Based Cell phone operated robot is not limited for any particular application, it

can be used any where in processes, industries, defense etc. with little modifications in software

coding according to the requirements. This concept not only ensures that our work will be usable

in the future but also provides the flexibility to adapt and extend, as needs change.

In this project work we have studied and implemented a complete working model using a

microcontroller and DTMF signaling concept. The programming and interfacing of

microcontroller has been understood during the implementation. We have also understood the

concept of DTMF signal. This work includes the study of controlling the device using cellphone

which can be further used in many applications like, A ROBOTIC Arm can also be attached to it

,so that it can pick up small things. A metal detector can also be attached to it & can be used in

the borders for detecting hidden land mines.

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REFERENCES

1. R.Sharma, K.Kumar ,and S.viq, “ DTMF Based Remote Control System”, IEEE

International Conference ICIT , page no. 2380 -2383, December 2006.

2. Schenker.L, “Pushbutton Calling with a Two Group Voice Frequency Code”, The

bell System technical journal 39[1], page no. -235-255, 1960.

3. Ali Muhhamad Mazidi ,Janice Gillepsi Mazidi And Rolin D. Mckinley, “ The

8051 Microcontroller And Embedded System Using Assembly And C”, Pearson

Publication, Page No. 152-189, Fourth Impression 2009

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