project x: a multi-mw proton source at fermilab jim kerby for the project x team hzb 22 february...

Project X: A Multi-MW Proton Sourceat Fermilab

Jim Kerby for the Project X team

HZB22 February 2011

Outline

• Strategic Context/Evolution of the Fermilab Complex

• Project X Goals and Reference Design

• Project X R&D Program

• Strategy/Timeline

Project X website: http://projectx.fnal.gov

HZB Feb 2011 – J. Kerby

Strategic Context: Fermilab and the World Program

The Tevatron was the highest energy particle collider in the world for 25 years•Energy frontier now ceded to LHC

Fermilab operates the highest power long baseline neutrino beam in the world.•J-PARC is initiating a competitive program

To Soudan


Evolution of the Fermilab Accelerator Complex

• A multi-MW Proton Source, Project X, is the linchpin of Fermilab’s strategy for future development of the accelerator complex.

• Project X provides long term flexibility for achieving leadership on the intensity and energy frontiers

– Intensity Frontier:NuMI NOA LBNE/mu2e Project X Rare Processes NuFact

• Continuously evolving world leading program in neutrino and rare processes physics; opportunities for applications outside EPP

– Energy Frontier:Tevatron ILC or Muon Collider

• Technology alignment• Fermilab as host site for ILC or MC


Mission

• A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments– 2 MW proton source at 60-120 GeV

• High intensity, low energy protonsfor kaon and muon based precisionexperiments– Operations simultaneous with the

neutrino program

• A path toward a muon source forpossible future Neutrino Factory and/or a Muon Collider– Requires ~4 MW at ~5-15 GeV .

• Possible missions beyond P5– Standard Model Tests with nuclei and energy applications

Accelerator Requirements: Rare Processes

Proton Energy

(kinetic)

Beam Power Beam Timing

Rare Muon decays 2-3 GeV >500 kW 1 kHz – 160 MHz

(g-2) measurement 8 GeV 20-50 kW 30- 100 Hz.

Rare Kaon decays 2.6 – 4 GeV >500 kW 20 – 160 MHz.

(<50 psec pings)

Precision K0 studies 2.6 – 3 GeV > 100 A (internal target)

20 – 160 MHz.

(<50 psec pings)

Neutron and exotic nuclei EDMs

1.5-2.5 GeV >500 kW > 100 Hz


Reference Design


Functional Requirements

Requirement Description Value

L1 Delivered Beam Energy, maximum 3 GeV (kinetic)

L2 Delivered Beam Power at 3 GeV 3 MW

L3 Average Beam Current (averaged over >1 sec) 1 mA

L4 Maximum Beam Current (sustained for <1 sec) 5 mA

L5 The 3 GeV linac must be capable of delivering correctly formatted beam to a pulsed linac, for acceleration to 8 GeV

L6 Charge delivered to pulsed linac 26 mA-msec in < 0.75 sec

L7 Maximum Bunch Intensity 1.9 x 10 8

L8 Minimum Bunch Spacing 6.2 nsec (1/162.5 MHz)

L9 Bunch Length <50 psec (full-width half max)

L10 Bunch Pattern Programmable

L11 RF Duty Factor 100% (CW)

L12 RF Frequency 162.5 MHz and harmonics thereof

L13 3 GeV Beam Split Three-way

P1 Maximum Beam Energy 8 GeV

P2 The 3-8 GeV pulsed linac must be capable of delivering correctly formatted beam for injection into the Recycler Ring (or Main Injector).

P3 Charge to fill Main Injector/cycle 26 mA-msec in <0.75 sec

P4 Maximum beam power delivered to 8 GeV 300 kW

P5 Duty Factor (initial) < 4%

8HZB Feb 2011 – J. Kerby

Functional Requirements

Requirement Description ValueM1 Delivered Beam Energy, maximum 120 GeVM2 Delivered Beam Energy, minimum 60 GeVM3 Minimum Injection Energy 6 GeVM4 Beam Power (60-120 GeV) > 2 MWM5 Beam Particles ProtonsM6 Beam Intensity 1.6 x 10 14 protons per pulseM7 Beam Pulse Length ~10 secM8 Bunches per Pulse ~550M9 Bunch Spacing 18.8 nsec (1/53.1 MHz)

M10 Bunch Length <2 nsec (fullwidth half max)M11 Pulse Repetition Rate (120 GeV) 1.2 secM12 Pulse Repetition Rate (60 GeV) 0.75 secM13 Max Momentum Spread at extraction 2 x 10-3

I1 The 3 GeV and neutrino programs must operate simultaneously

I2 Residual Activation from Uncontrolled Beam Loss in areas requiring hands on maintenance.

<20 mrem/hour (average) <100 mrem/hour (peak) @ 1 ft

I3 Scheduled Maintenance Weeks/Year 8I4 3 GeV Linac Operational Reliability 90%I5 60-120 GeV Operational Reliability 85%I6 Facility Lifetime 40 years

U1 Provisions should be made to support an upgrade of the CW linac to support an average current of 4 mA.

U2 Provisions should be made to support an upgrade of the Main Injector to support a delivered beam power of ~4 MW at 120 GeV.

U3 Provisions should be made to deliver CW proton beams as low as 1 GeV.U4 Provision should be made to support an upgrade to the CW linac such that it can accelerate Protons.


Siting


R&D Program

• The primary elements of the R&D program include:– Development of a wide-band chopper

• Capable of removing bunches in arbitrary patterns at a 162.5 MHz bunch rate

– Development of an H- injection system • Require between 4.4 – 26 msec injection period, depending on

pulsed linac operating scenario– Superconducting rf development

• Includes six different cavity types at three different frequencies• Includes development of partners

• Goal is to complete R&D phase by 2015


SRF LinacTechnology Map

=0.11 =0.22 =0.4 =0.61 =0.9

325 MHz2.5-160 MeV

=1.0

1.3 GHz3-8 GeV

650 MHz0.16-3 GeV

Section Freq Energy (MeV) Cav/mag/CM Type

SSR0 (G=0.11) 325 2.5-10 18 /18/1 SSR, solenoid

SSR1 (G=0.22) 325 10-42 20/20/ 2 SSR, solenoid

SSR2 (G=0.4) 325 42-160 40/20/4 SSR, solenoid

LB 650 (G=0.61) 650 160-460 36 /24/6 5-cell elliptical, doublet

HB 650 (G=0.9) 650 460-3000 160/40/20 5-cell elliptical, doublet

ILC 1.3 (G=1.0) 1300 3000-8000 224 /28 /28 9-cell elliptical, quad

CW Pulsed


3 GeV CW LinacEnergy Gain per Cavity

• Based on 5-cell 650 MHz cavity– Crossover point ~450 - 500 MeV

=0.61

=0.9


3 GeV CW LinacRF Power per Cavity

• Single cavity per power source– Solid State, IOT


3 GeV CW LinacCryogenic Losses per Cavity

• ~42 kW cryogenic power at 4.5 K equivalent


SRF DevelopmentCavity/ CM Status

• 1300 MHz (ILC - type, Pulsed Linac)– 88 nine-cell cavities ordered– ~ 44 received (16 from a U.S. industry, AES)– ~ 30 processed and tested, 8 dressed– 1 CM built (DESY kit) + second under construction (U.S. procured)

• CM1 is now cold and under initial RF testing

• 650 MHz:– MOU signed with Jlab for 2 single cell =0.61 cavities – Initial =0.9 cavity shapes stamped at RRCAT– Order for six = 0.9 single cell cavities in US industry

• 325 MHz: – 2 SSR1 =0.22 cavities (Roark, Zanon) both VTS tested– 2 SSR1 near completion at IUAC– 10 SSR1 ordered from Industry (Roark)

• Design work started on 325 and 650 MHz CM


SRF Development325 MHz

• SSR1 (=0.22) cavity under development– Two prototypes assembled and tested – Both meet Project X specification at 2 K

• Preliminary designs for SSR0 and SSR2



Dimension Beta=0.61 Beta=0.9

Regular cell End cell Regular cell End cell

r, mm 41.5 41.5 50 50

R, mm 195 195 200.3 200.3

L, mm 70.3 71.4 103.8 107.0

A, mm 54 54 82.5 82.5

B, mm 58 58 84 84.5

a, mm 14 14 18 20

b, mm 25 25 38 39.5

α,° 2 2.7 5.2 7

• Initial design concepts completed– Single cell models being made



• Cavity development is being undertaken in the U.S. as part of the ILC program

– ILC goal: 31.5 MV/m (average CM gradient); Q0=8x109

– Project X goals: 25 MV/m; Q0=1x1010

• Development undertaken by a U.S. consortium of labs/universities/industry

– Fermilab, JLab, Argonne, Cornell– Cavites from U.S. and European vendors

• Substantial investment in infrastructure at Fermilab– Vertical and horizontal test stands– Cavity and cryomodule assembly areas– ILCTA_NML– Goal is to have capability of 1 CM/month by 2015



ILC

PrX


NML Test Facility

• The New Muon Laboratory (NML) Test Facility ultimately comprises:– Complete Test of ILC RF unit (with beam)

• Three 1.3GHz CM’s driven from a single rf source• 9mA x 1 msec pulse

– Beam Test Lines for • Crab Cavity Tests

– Upgrades for beam tests up to • 6 ILC type Cryomodules from two rf sources• AARD experiments and beam studies

– Shared Cryogenic Infrastructure for• 1.3GHz Cryomodule Test Stands• 650 MHz Cryomodule Test Stands


NML Facility Layout

2222

CryomodulesCapture Cavity 1 (CC1)

5MW RF System for Gun

CC1 & CC2 RF Systems

RF Gun

5MW RF System for Cryomodules

Future 10MW RF System

CC2

Future 3.9/Crab Cavity Test Beamlines


ILCTA_NML Facility


CM1 Just Prior to Cooldown


Future NML Complex

25

New Underground Tunnel Expansion

(Space for 6 Cryomodules (2 RF Units), AARD Test Beam Lines)

New Cryoplant & CM Test Facility

(300 W Cryogenic Plant, Cryomodule Test Stands, 10 MW RF Test Area)


Cryoplant Building Construction


MDB Test Facility

• The Meson Detector Building (MDB) Test Facility ultimately comprises:

– A shielded beam line enclosure with first proton, then H-, pulsed 1% duty factor, 3 millisecond beam up to 10MeV

• For Project X 325 MHz superconducting spoke cavity beam tests• For Project X chopper tests• For Project X H- beam instrumentation development

– Shielded enclosures and RF power systems for testing individual, jacketed 1.3 GHz, 650 MHz, and 325 MHz superconducting RF cavities (no beam)

• For ILC • For Project X


MDB Test Facility Layout

325 MHz Spoke Cavity Test Facility

1.3 GHz HTS

MDB Linac enclosure for 10

MEV

Source of cryogenics

Ion Source and RFQ

Scale: Square blocks are 3ft x 3ft

650 CW RF

HTS-2

1300 CW RF 325

CAGE


MDB Test Facility325 MHz RFQ


13.4 m16.9 m

10.5 foot ceiling

MDB Long Term PlanChopper and 4-Cavity CM

2.4 m cryostat

0.5 m end

0.5 m end

0 m 10.5 m14.2 m

18° spectrometer ~2.7 m length

Existing ion source and RFQ

10 m MEBT/CHOPPER

Actual absorber/shielding

With cryomodule need additional 3+ meters cave

length pending spectrometer line optics design


Collaboration

• A multi-institutional collaboration has been established to execute the Project X RD&D Program.

– Organized as a “national project with international participation”• Fermilab as lead laboratory• International participation via in-kind contributions, established through

bi-lateral MOUs. • IIFC Agreement in place and operating

– Collaboration MOUs for the RD&D phase outlines basic goals, and the means of organizing and executing the work. Signatories:ANL ORNL/SNS BARC/MumbaiBNL MSU IUAC/DelhiCornell TJNAF RRCAT/IndoreFermilab SLAC VECC/KolkataLBNL ILC/ART

• It would be natural for collaborators to continue their areas of responsibility into the construction phase.


Summary

• Project X is central to Fermilab’s strategy for development of the accelerator complex over the coming decade

– World leading programs in neutrinos and rare processes

– Aligned with ILC and Muon Accelerators technology development;

– Potential applications beyond elementary particle physics

• The design concept has evolved over the last year, providing significantly enhanced physics capabilities

– 2 MW to the neutrino program over 60-120 GeV– 3 MW to the rare processes program– Flexible provision for variable beam formats to multiple users

• CW linac is unique for this application, and offers capabilities that would be hard/impossible to duplicate in a synchrotron

• We are executing the R&D Plan to establish design, demonstrate technologies and prepare for construction starting in 2015

– Includes vendor development– Establish collaboration for construction


backups

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Fermilab Long Range Plan

Fermilab is the sole remaining U.S. laboratory providing facilities in support of accelerator-based Elementary Particle Physics. Fermilab is fully aligned with the strategy for U.S. EPP developed by HEPAP/P5.

The Fermilab strategy is to mount a world-leading program at the intensity frontier, while using this program as a bridge to an energy frontier facility

beyond LHC in the longer term.


Reference Design Scope

• 3 GeV CW superconducting H- linac, capable of delivering 1 mA average beam current.

– Flexible provision for variable beam structures to multiple users– Starts at ion source; ends at 3-way split (with stubs)– Supports rare processes programs– Provision for 1 GeV extraction for nuclear energy program

• 3-8 GeV pulsed linac capable of delivering 300 kW at 8 GeV – Supports the neutrino program– Establishes a path toward a muon based facility

• Upgrades to the Recycler and Main Injector to provide ≥ 2 MW to the neutrino production target at 60-120 GeV.

– Ends at MI extraction kicker– Supports the long baseline neutrino program

• Interconnecting beamlines


Capabilities

• > 2 MW delivered to a neutrino target at any energy between 60 – 120 GeV

• Simultaneous delivery of ~3 MW of high duty factor beam power to the 3 GeV program

– Variable beam formats to multiple users– CW beam at time scales >1 sec– 10% duty factor on time scales < 1 sec

• Potential for development of additional programs at:– 1 GeV for nuclear energy experimentation– 8 GeV for neutrino or muon experimentation

• The utilization of a CW linac creates a facility that is unique in the world, with performance that is unlikely to be duplicated in any synchrotron-based facility.


R&D ProgramWideband Chopper

• Approach– Four wideband kickers place at

180o in the 2.5 MeV MEBT• Helical or meander-stripline

travelling wave deflectors– Wideband amplifier

• Requirements– 1 nsec rise/fall time– 1 nsec flat top pulse duration– 150-200 Ω load impedance– >500 V pulse amplitude– >60 MHz average repetition rate

• Performance (simulation)– 0.16% beam loss with kicker off– 100% beam removal with kicker on


R&D Program H- Injection

• RDR Configuration– Inject and accumulate into the Recycler with single turn transfer to MI – Injection charge 26 mA-ms (1 mA – 4.3 ms – 6 injections and 10 Hz)

• Optional Configuration of interest– Inject 1 mA directly into the Main Injector in a single pulse over 26 ms,

bypassing the Recycler• Reduced complexity• Reduced linac energy, from 8 to 6 GeV

• Default technology Carbon Foil Charge Exchange (stationary foil)– Low beam current/long injections time creates many “parasitic” interactions,

and dominate the foil issues:• Foil heating, beam loss, emittance growth. (c.f. 1 mA 2300 turns)

– The number of parasitic hits is determined by injection insertion design, number of injection turns (linac intensity and injection time), linac and ring emittance, painting algorithm, foil size and orientation.

– Issues appear manageable up to about 4.3 msec (400 turns).


Operating Scenario3 GeV Program

39

1 sec period at 3 GeVMuon pulses (12e7) 162.5 MHz, 80 nsec 750 kWKaon pulses (12e7) 27 MHz 1500 kWNuclear pulses (12e7) 13.5 MHz 750 kW

Separation scheme

Ion source and RFQ operate at 6.2 mA83% of bunches are chopped @ 2.5 MeV maintain 1 mA over 1 sec

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 1,000Time, ns

Bunc

hin

tens

ity, e

7

Transverse rf splitter


Pulsed Linac

• The Reference Design utilizes a superconducting pulsed linac for acceleration from 3 to 8 GeV

• ILC style cavities and cryomodules– 1.3 GHz, =1.0– 28 cryomodules (@ 25 MV/m)

• ILC style rf system– 5 MW klystron– Up to four cryomodules per rf source

• Must deliver 26 mA-msec to the Recycler every 0.75 sec. Options:– 1 mA x 4.4 msec pulses at 10 Hz

• Six pulses required to load Recycler/Main Injector– 1 mA x 26 msec pulses at 10 Hz

• One pulse required to load Main Injector


SRF Development1300 MHz Cavity Vertical Tests

– European and American vendors– Cavity processing at JLab, Cornell, and Fermilab/ANL

ILC

PX (pulsed)


3 GeV CW LinacChoice of Cavity Parameters

• Identify maximum achievable surface (magnetic field) on basis of observed Q-slope “knee”

• Select cavity shape to maximizegradient (subject to physicalconstraints)

• Establish Q goal based on realistic extrapolation from current performance

– Goal: <25 W/cavity

• Optimize within (G, Q, T) space

(Initial) Performance Goals

Freq (MHz) Bpk(mT) G (MV/m) Q @T (K)325 60 15 1.4E10 2

650 72 16 1.7E10 2


Final Assembly

HTSVTS

String Assembly MP9 Clean RoomVTS

1st U.S. built ILC/PX Cryomodule 1st Dressed Cavity

Cavity tuning machine

Fermilab SRF infrastructure

43

Cavity processing at ANL

Electropolishing

High-pressurerinse

Ultrasonic CleaningJoint facility built by ANL/FNAL collaborationEP processing of 9-cells has startedTogether with Jlab, ANL/FNAL facility represents the best cavity processing facilities in the US for ILC or Project X


FNAL IB4 Tumbling Facility

• Multi-step process for elliptical cavities using multiple sets of media

• Current results represent an intermediate step towards a more complete process

• Much less infrastructure required

• Complete descriptions in prep for publication, presentation at TTC, SRF 2011


U.S. Department of Energy Process

• Process is governed by five “Critical Decisions”:– CD-0: Approve Mission Need– CD-1: Approve Alternative Selection and Cost Range– CD-2: Approve Performance Baseline– CD-3: Approve Start of Construction– CD-4: Approve Start of Operations or Project Completion

• Most projects undertaken in the last decade have take between 3 to 4 years to get from CD-0 to CD-3

• CD-0 documentation is submitted and we are anticipating approval in spring 2011

• Planning for a five year construction schedule

Project X could be up and running in ~2020


project x: a multi-mw proton source at fermilab jim kerby for the project x team hzb 22 february...

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