pronunciation - ii - narendra's teaching page · 2019. 2. 6. · see paɡe no. 92-95 of the book...

Pronunciation - II

Narendra Kumar

Asst. Prof.

TEQIP-III, MHRD, GOI

BIET Jhansi

Level tone : mā - mother Rising tone: má - hemp

Falling - Rising tone : mǎ - horse Falling tone : mà - scold

• Tone : the rising and falling quality of sound in a word; for example in Mandarin (Chinese) (https://www.thoughtco.com/four-tones-of-mandarin-2279480)

• Pitch : how high or low a sound

• Accent : A way of pronouncing a language, the emphasis given on a word. e.g British vs. American (/hɜːbl/ vs. /hɜːrbl)

• Intonation : the rise and fall of the voice in speaking

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (http://home.hib.no/al/engelsk/seksjon/SOFF-MASTER/SOFF_PROJECT_CDR/021-INTONATION.htm)

• Stress : extra force on a particular word or syllable, for example in English to export an export (https://www.learning-english-online.net/pronunciation/stress-and-intonation/)

• Rhythm : a strong regular repeated pattern of sound

Paralinguistic features

2/6/2019 Narendra Kumar, Asst. Prof. BIET Jhansi TEQIP-III, MHRD, GOI 2

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00777/full

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Stress

• An additional force on a syllable of a word.

– Primary Stress

– Secondary Stress

• Common nouns and adjectives are stressed

on the first syllable

– Athlete, better, father, metal

• Compound words, particularly nouns, are

usually stressed on the first part.

– Barber shop, post office, motorcycle

2/6/2019 3 Narendra Kumar, Asst. Prof. BIET Jhansi TEQIP-III, MHRD, GOI

Stress • first syllable is stressed when the word is a

noun or adjective, but the second syllable is stressed when it is a verb.

Conduct: Her bad conduct disturbed everyone.

Please conduct the test well.

• Endings that are stressed.

– ee referee

– ese Japanese

– ique physique

– eer mountaineer

– esque picturesque

– ette brunette


stress

• Endings that do not influence

-age patron patronage

-en awake awaken

-ful success successful

-ing understand understanding

-less meaning meaningless

-ly regular regularly

-ment develop development

-ness tidy tidiness

-y comfortable comfortably


Stress

• Endings that influence

– graphy photograph photography

– eous advantage advantageous

– ious injury injurious

– ial commerce commercial

– ian comedy comedian

– ion conserve conservation

– ic academy academic

– ical economy economical

– ity able ability


Weak & Strong forms of words


Words Strong forms Weak Form Examples a /eɪ/ /ə/ /ə ɡɜːl/ an /æn/ /ən/ /ən æpl/ the /ðiː/ /ði/ ( ˞vowel)

/ðə/ ( ˞conso.) /ði ɒrɪndʒ/ /ðə pen/

am /æm/ /əm/ /m/ (after I)

əm aɪ ə bɔɪ aɪ m taɪad/

are /ər/ /ə/ /ðə ɡɜːlz ə bjuːtəfl/ can /kæn/ /kən /haʊ kən aɪ help/

For details : See paɡe no. 92-95 of the book Better Enɡlish Pronunciation by J.D.O’Conor (1998)

../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf../../Reference Books/ATC_Books/ATC-LAB/J. D. O'Connor - Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge English Language Learning) (1998, Cambridge University Press).pdf

Syllable • Origin: Old French sillabe, via Latin from Greek sullabē, from sun- ‘together’ + lambanein ‘take’.

• A unit of word/spoken language containing either a vowel or a combination of one vowel and one or more consonant sounds.

• No syllable has more than one syllable. Diphthongs/triphthongs are always counted as single vowel sound.

• A syllable has zero or more consonants.


English Syllable Structure


Open syllables V “I” /ɑe/ CV “me” /miː/ CCV “spy” /spɑe/ CCCV “spray” /spræe/

Closed syllables VC “am” /æm/ VCC “ant” /ænt/ VCCC “ants” /ænts/ CVC “man” /mæn/ CVCC “bond” /bɔnd/ CVCCC “bands” /bændz/ CVCCCC “sixths” /sɪksθs/ CCVC “brag” /bræɡ/ CCVCC “brags” /bræɡz/ CCVCCC “plants” /plænts/ CCCVC “spring” /sprɪŋ/ CCCVCC “springs” /sprɪŋz/ CCCVCCC “splints” /splɪnts/

Open Syllable:

ends with vowel

sound.

Closed Syllable:

ends with consonant

sounds

Syllable structure

Syllable

Onset

br

Nucleus

æ

Coda

ɡz 2/6/2019 Narendra Kumar, Asst. Prof. BIET Jhansi TEQIP-III, MHRD, GOI 10

Consonant Sound/s

before the nucleus

vowel in a syllable

Consonant Sound/s

after the nucleus

vowel in a syllable

Vowel sound in

a syllable

Syllable Structure

• Rime/Rhyme: Vowel + Coda


Syllable Structure


Monosyllabic words

Disyllabic words Tri-syllabic words

One wʌn/ Permit /pə.mɪt/ Desperate /des.pə.rət/

Two /tuː/ Answer /ɑːn.sə/ Desirous /dɪ.zaɪə.rəs/

Owl /aʊl/ Enɡlish /ɪŋɡ.lɪʃ/ Dependant /dɪ.pen.dənt/

Sinɡ /sɪŋ/ Desire /dɪ.zaɪə/ Zooloɡy /zəʊ.ɒ.lə.dʒi/

Pray /preɪ/ Descry /dɪs.kraɪ/ Phonetics /fə.ne.tɪks/

Rhythm

• The perception of a pattern of alternation

between prominent and non-prominent

prosodic elements.

• Rhythm is deeply involved in the shape of

stress systems, stress being probably the

only phonological category that has a

rhythmic distribution (Hayes, 1995: 25).

||*wen? || ||*suːn *naʊ? jes ɪts *kəʊld aɪ ə*ɡrɪː aɪ ʃl kəm*pleɪn


Rhythm

• Foot: The rhythmic unit which forms part

of a line of verse.

– The unit is composed of syllables, and is

usually two, three, or four syllables in length.


Intonation

• The rise and fall of the voice in speaking a

sentence.

e.g. Thank you shows a real gratitude.

Thank you shows a casual acknowledgement not

very important.

My name is Narendra. It’s me whose name is Narendra.

My name is Narendra. My name not caste is Narendra.

My name is Narendra. My name is not was/will Narendra.

My name is Narendra. My name is Narendra not Mohan or

Sohan.


Juncture

• The word/syllable boundary which helps to

distinguish between two otherwise identical

sequences of sounds that have different

meanings.

e.g. Ice-cream /aɪs.kriːm/ I scream /aɪ.skriːm/

a name /ə.neɪm/ an aim /ən.eɪm/

that stuff /ðæt.stʌf/ that’s touɡh /ðæts.tʌf/


Allophones

• When a phoneme has two or more realizations,

then they are known as allophones.

• For example whenever voiceless consonants (/p/,

/t/, /k/, /tʃ/) appear at the initial of word, they are

pronounced with an additional air release

(aspiration).

Pen – [pʰen] /pen/ Couple – [kʌpl] cup – [kʌp]

Car – [kʰɑr] cuckoo – [kʊkuː] clock – [klɒk]

Table – [tʰebl] heater – [hiːtə(r)] hut – [hʌt]

Chair – [tʃʰeɪː(r)] teacher – [tiːtʃə(r)] teach – [tiːtʃ]


Plural marker /s/ /es/ /s/ /z/ /ɪz/

after voiceless

sounds /p/, /t/,

/k/,/f/, /θ/

after voiced sounds

/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /v/, /ð/,

/l/,/m/,/n/,/ŋ/

after sibilant

sounds /s/, /ʃ/,

/z/,/dʒ/, /tʃ/

Cats [kæts]

Tops [tɒps]

Cooks [kuːks]

Coughs [kʌfs]

Maths [mæθs]

Grabs [ɡræbz]

Rods [rɒdz]

Dogs [dɒɡz]

Leaves [liːvz]

Breathes [briːðz]

Fails [feɪlz]

Trams [træmz]

Earns [əːnz]

Songs [sɒnɡz]

Buses [bʌsɪz]

Chooses [tʃuːzɪz]

Washes [wɒʃɪz]

Watches [wɒtʃɪz]

Judges [dʒʌdʒɪz]

If final ‘y’ is /i:/

Copy - copies

[kɒpɪz]


Past tense marker /-ed/ /t/ /d/ /ɪd/

after voiceless

sounds /p/, /t/,

/k/,/f/, /θ/, /s/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/

after voiced sounds /b/,

/v/, /z/, /dʒ/, /l/, /n/, /r/,

/m/ Words ends in

vowel sounds

after sounds

/t/, /d/

Worked [wɜːkt]

Dropped [drɒpt]

Finished [fɪnɪʃt]

Divorced [dɪvɔːrst]

Stopped [stɒpt]

Laughed [lɑːft]

Watched [wɒtʃt]

Called [kɔːld]

Cleaned [kliːnd]

Offered [ɒfərd]

Damaged [dæmɪdʒd]

Loved [lʌvd]

Used [juːzd]

Amazed [əmeɪzd]

Rubbed [rʌbd]

Claimed [kleɪmd]

Want [wɒntɪd]

Need [niːdɪd]


Assimilation

• Assimilation is the process in rapid

colloquial speech in which a sound makes

its nearby sound similar in pronunciation.

– Cupboard /kʌpbɔːrd/ /kʌbərd/

– Handbag /hændbæɡ/ /hæmbæɡ/

– Good bye /ɡʊd baɪ/ /ɡub baɪ/

– Black doɡ /blæk dɔːɡ/ /blæɡ dɔɡ/

– That book /ðæt bʊk/ /ðæp bʊk/

– Ten cakes /ten keɪks/ /teŋ keɪks/


Elision

• Assimilation is the process in rapid

colloquial speech in which certain sounds

are elided in pronunciation.

– Get another /ɡet ənʌðə/ /ɡet nʌðə/

– Next day /nekst deɪ/ /neks deɪ/

– Last time /lɑːst taɪm/ /lɑːs taɪm/

– Left turn /left tɜːn/ /lef tɜːn/

– Hasn’t she /hæzʌnt ʃiː/ /hæzn ʃiː/


pronunciation - ii - narendra's teaching page · 2019. 2. 6. · see paɡe no. 92-95 of the book...

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