prospects and challenges of activity based learning … 6 of 12 “learning by doing”. learning...
TRANSCRIPT
Page 1 of 12
Prospects and Challenges of Activity Based Learning System in Higher Education in India: A Case Study of Jharkhand State
By: Dr. Sonal Sharma
University Department of Commerce & Business Management
Vinoba Bhave University
Hazaribag-825301 (Jharkhand) India.
Mentor
Prof. (Dr.) M. K. Singh
Head & Dean
University Department of Commerce & Business Management
Vinoba Bhave University
Hazaribag-825301 (Jharkhand) India.
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
VINOBA BHAVE UNIVERSITY
HAZARIBAG - 825301
JHARKHAND, INDIA
Page 2 of 12
Prospects and Challenges of Activity Based Learning System in Higher Education in India: A Case Study of Jharkhand State
Introduction
Activity-Based learning (ABL) describes a range of pedagogical approaches to teaching. Its core
premises include the requirement that learning should be based on doing some hands-on
experiments and activities. The idea of activity-based learning is rooted in the common notion
that children are active learners rather than passive recipients of information. If the child is
provided the opportunity to explore on his own and provided an optimum learning environment
then the learning becomes joyful and long lasting. There is really only one way to learn how to
do something and that is to do it. If you want to learn to throw a football, drive a car, build a
mousetrap, design a building, cook a stir-fry, or be a management consultant, you must have a go
at doing it. Throughout history, youths have been apprenticed to masters in order to learn a trade.
We understand that learning a skill means eventually trying your hand at the skill. When there is
no real harm in simply trying we allow novices to "give it a shot."
Activity Based Learning Process
Figure No. 1.1: Activity Based Learning Cycle
Set up Activity
Learning Activity
Reflection on Learning
New Question
Page 3 of 12
Origin of Activity Based Learning
Activity-based learning started sometime in 1944 around World War II when a British man
David Horsburgh came to India and finally decided to settle down there. He was an innovative
thinker and charismatic leader.1He started teaching in Rishi Valley School. He joined the British
Council and worked in Chennai and Bangalore for many years. After his voluntary retirement, he
located a 7-acre (28,000 m2) site in Kolar District and opened his school, Neel Bagh. Neel Bagh
was based on an innovative idea of Horsburgh and known for its creative methods in teaching
well-planned learning materials. With his wife Doreen and his son Nicholas, Horsburgh
developed a diverse curriculum, which included music, carpentry, sewing, masonry, gardening,
as well as the usual school subjects, English, mathematics, Sanskrit, and Telugu. These
pedagogic materials were systematically planned, with sketches and drawings and an occasional
touch of humour. Later Horsburgh created a magnificent library in Neel Baugh that was
accessible to teachers and students. This initiative of Horsburgh was later proved to be one of the
pioneer and milestones in ABL. In modern time ABL is the method of education followed in the
Corporation schools of Chennai, from 2003, as an effort to provide special schools for children
who had been freed from bonded labour.2
Methods of Activity Based Learning
1. Project Based Learning or PtBL is the use of in-depth and rigorous classroom projects to
facilitate learning and assess student competence. Students use technology and inquiry to
respond to a complex issue, problem or challenge. PtBL focuses on student-centered inquiry and
group learning with the teacher acting as a facilitator.
The students engage in design, problem solving, decision making, and investigative
activities. It allows students to work in groups or by themselves and allows them to come up with
ideas and realistic solutions or presentations. Students take a problem and apply it to a real life
situation with these projects. PtBL is a different teaching technique that promotes and practices
1 "Where mind is without fear". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 11 January 2004.
2 Anandalakshmi S., "Activity Based Learning: A Report on an Innovative Method in Tamil
Nadu ", SSA, pp. 1–8.
Page 4 of 12
new learning habits. The students have to think in original ways to come up with the solutions to
these real world problems. It helps with their creative thinking skills by showing that there are
many ways to solve a problem.
2. Problem Based Learning
Problems are used as a stimulus for students to start the learning process. Students reason
through the problem and find out what they already know and what they should know in order to
solve the problem. It is through this active and reflective thinking process that students become
responsible for their own learning. It is the application of their knowledge to the problem that
students test and integrate what they learn. In general, problem based learning (PmBL) aims to
motivate students to participate in the learning process and to help foster problem solving skills.
In problem based learning (PmBL), class activities are constructed around a problem
or problems. The instructor no long lectures. Instead, when the instructor integrates PmBL into
the course, students are empowered to take a responsible role in their learning. The instructor is
not the authoritative source of information and knowledge. Students have to take the initiatives
to inquire and learn; and the instructor must guide, probe and support students' initiatives. What
students learn during their self-directed learning must be applied back to the problem with
reanalysis and resolution.
3. Work-Based Learning
Work-Based Learning means instructional programs that deliberately use the workplace as a
site for student learning. Work-based learning programs are formal, structured, and strategically
organized by instructional staff, employers, and sometimes other groups to link learning in the
workplace to students' college-based learning experiences. Work-based learning programs have
formal instructional plans that directly relate students' worksite learning activities to their career
goals. These experiences are usually but not always college-credit generating.
4. Active Learning is an umbrella term that refers to several models of instruction that focus the
responsibility of learning, on learners.
Page 5 of 12
Examples of "Active Learning" activities include:
Using Audio-Visual Materials
Using Case Studies or Case Method Teaching
Using Collaborative/Cooperative Methods or Group Work
Using Computer Aided Instruction
Using Demonstrations or Lab Activities
Using Discussion, Debate, or Student Presentations
Using Field Trips or Field Work
Using Games or Simulations
Using Library Assignments
Using Projects
Using Role Play or Performance
Using Surveys or Interviews
Using Writing Activities
5. Self-Directed Learning
Self Directed Learning is an informal learning process in which an individual takes on the
responsibility for his/her learning process by identifying his learning needs, setting goals, finding
resources, implementing strategies, and evaluating their results. It can be easily implemented in
daily activities. Students can motivate by internal as well as external factors of environment.
Self-Directed Learning is a reflective and action-oriented process. Learning can be linked with
other students. Some situations lend themselves to self-directed learning better than others. Self-
Directed Learning needs to be combined with other learning methods for content to be fully
learned. Since Self Directed Learning is unstructured and independent, it is easy for students to
become unproductive.
6. Experimental Learning
This is a holistic learning approach in which the learner utilizes his or her experiences and
learning strengths in the process of constructing knowledge. It is more commonly referred to as
Page 6 of 12
“learning by doing”. Learning takes place through direct involvement and reflection. Learners
bring their own life experience to the learning situation. “Hands-on” aspect increases motivation
and material retention. Learners may bring differing cultural experiences or perspectives to the
learning experience.
Benefits of Activity Based Learning
It Move students from passive recipients to motivated participants through more
contextualized, hands-on teaching activities.
Activity based instruction appeals to those who enjoy learning through doing. However,
not all learners are active learners. Some learners are more reflective and like to observe,
while others enjoy theorizing and thinking about concepts without any practical work.
But it does work for those who are actively inclined.
Activity based learning can be fun and motivate those students who are used to
everything being entertaining, exciting, instantly gratifying and easy and who would
otherwise be lost because of their poor attitude.
Activity based learning does give the child scope for independent learning and exploring
something on their own, without any direction from a teacher.
Active learning works because it allows for students to assess their own role in their
learning processes.
Active learning redefines classroom practice from a static view of learning in which
knowledge is poured into the passive, empty minds of student learners to a more dynamic
view where, through project-based, collaborative, and problem-based activities, students
play a more vital role in creating new knowledge to be applied to other professional and
academic contexts.
Active learning encourages assessment throughout the course rather than at the end and
recognizes the importance of self-assessment.
Limitations
Activity is just part of learning. Without reflecting on the activity; thinking about it in
certain ways to make a theory; testing that theory again etc. the active learning will have
very little lasting value. There will be activity but nothing particular gained from it.
Active learning should be balanced with other less concrete experiences.
Page 7 of 12
Young learners can totally loose the point of the exercise and not gain anything from it.
For example, using paints to make a chart to supposedly learn about graphing can
degenerate to a painting exercise where the child simply thinks they are making a picture.
The exercise is too much like play and the child does not realize they are meant to be
doing something totally different.
Active learning can become very trivial for advanced learners. When a concept is
understood and the learner is ready to move on it would be very tedious and time
consuming to do some practical activity based around the concept.
Focusing on activity to make learning fun can actually hamper those students who would
make good progress without it. Those more able learners can also come to believe that all
learning should be fun and be hampered in their attitude for tackling more difficult
advanced matter that does not so easily render itself to being made into an "activity".
Much advanced matter is abstract and doesn‟t lend itself to activity. The learner may be
limited in their learning pathway because of being directed towards more practical
elements of knowledge and applications of theories rather than the development of raw
theories in themselves.
Objectives of Study
The broad objectives of study are as follows:
1) To understand the terminology of activity based learning and to find out how important it
is for our education system
2) To study the significance of activity based learning from higher education perspective
3) To analyze the performance of students before and after introduction of activity based
learning in the classroom.
4) To analyze the effectiveness of activity based learning in higher education system
5) To find out the factors that impact upon the proper implementation and successfulness of
activity based learning in higher education.
6) To find out the challenges posed by internal and external environment of university
education system for activity based learning
Page 8 of 12
7) To review and analyze the existing higher education framework
8) To analyze the course curriculum of Indian Universities with respect to Foreign
Universities
9) To find out the limitations in the higher education system with respect to activity based
learning.
10) To examine the feasibility of activity based learning in the university education system
11) To provide an appropriate solution for the sound and effective education system
12) Finding suitable measures to make activity based learning a successful learning
technique in the classroom
13) To provide a future prospects of this learning system within the framework of current
higher education system
14) To provide a recommendation to the ministry of human resource development for the
improvement in the existing educational system.
Review of Literatures
King Terry. Paterson Pat “Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: Theory into
Practice” University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK HERDSA 2002 Conference
Proceedings.
The introduction of problem-solving learning based on problems of design, decision or
construction. The authors suggest that problem-solving learning has its own limitations and
weaknesses. The model developed in the paper stresses the need for the introduction of
collaborative, problem-based learning using „problems of explanation‟ which promote
knowledge building, which is inherently generative and explicitly encourages the development of
a research culture. The paper discusses the characteristics of an environment for computer
supported knowledge building and the advantages this offers.
Page 9 of 12
O’Neill, G., Moore, S., McMullin, B. (Eds), Donnelly Roisin, Fitzmaurice Marian (2005), “Collaborative Project–Based Learning and Problem–Based Learning in Higher
Education: A Consideration of Tutor and Student Roles in Learner-Focused Strategies”,
Emerging Issues in the Practice of University Learning and Teaching. Dublin: AISHE,
available at http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/.
The aim of this chapter is twofold. Firstly to support academic staff from a variety of subject
disciplines in higher education in the clarification between two different learner focused
strategies, namely collaborative project-based (CPBL) and problem-based learning (PBL).
Secondly, to provide practical advice to them to assist in the making of informed decisions as to
when which strategy is most appropriate to use to support learning. Section one explores what is
meant by group learning. Students have knowledge, views and experiences to share that are
valuable and worthy of consideration. Opening up our classes to the voices of our students is
sending a very powerful message to them as it is through dialogue with others, articulation of
viewpoints and identification of concerns that students are enabled to make sense of new
information. Definitions of the two learner-focused strategies will be provided in specific
contexts within higher education. Section Two details each strategy under the key headings: the
role of tutor and students.
Lester Stan, Costley Carol (2010), “Work-Based Learning at Higher Education Level:
Value, Practice and Critique”, Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 35, Issue No. 5, pp. 561-
575, Middlesex University, London, UK.
The discussion in this study grounded in experience at Middlesex University, one of the UK‟s
largest providers of work-based higher education, while also drawing on wider practice
principally from the UK and Australia. The study suggests that, attention is also needed to the
work environment in which learning takes place. This includes the capacity of the workplace to
provide adequate scope for learning, but it also extends to the opportunities available afterwards
for learners to develop.
Research Methodology
The study will be based on primary as well as secondary sources of information. The data and
information have been collected from the various publications of Department of Higher
Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, National Council of Educational
Research and Training, National University of Educational Planning and Administration,
Page 10 of 12
University Grants Commission and other valuable publication. The information will gather
through different books, articles, journals, reports and from published dissertation as well as
thesis. Various websites have also been used for the collection of data and information. An
appropriate statistical tools and techniques will be used for the analysis of data and information.
The research methods will be based on nature, characteristics and availability of data.
Area of the Study
The area of the study is confined to within the State of Jharkhand. The study covers all the
universities running MBA Program in their course curriculum within the Jharkhand State.
Hypothesis
1) Is this the support system only reason for the improper execution and non-success of
activity based learning system in the classroom or there are other factors that impact upon
the classroom learning technique?
2) Are there any limitations in the existing educational framework that deteriorate the
performance of students?
3) How activity based learning technique is better from the traditional instructional
approach?
4) Is this the active learning methods best approach of teaching and learning or there are
other medium also?
Tentative Chapterisation
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Methodology
4. Testing of Hypothesis
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 11 of 12
Beneficiaries of the Study
The results or outcomes analyzed from the proposed study would be beneficial to the following
sections such as:
Education Sector: This study would be beneficial to the foremost and very important sector
which is an education sector for their decision making and policy making. The recommendations
and suggestions from this study provide meaningful information to higher education authorities
to form any judgment.
For Further Researchers: The proposed study would be very beneficial for the researchers
because it‟s work as a valuable addition to their existing knowledge and help them to enhance
their knowledge for future research. From this study, they get an insight of this teaching learning
technique in a very deeper perspective.
Student: To get the understanding of activity based learning concept as a whole.
Conclusion
This research work merely focuses on the activity based learning technique of teaching. To know
how it is better than traditional instructional approach, what are the limitations in their part, what
are the challenges posed by this learning technique and its future perspective with in the light of
current educational framework. To understand the terminology of active learning and to analyze
how it is fruitful technique for our education system. The study requires collection of proper and
adequate data and information for in-depth analysis. The study merely takes MBA students of
universities within the jurisdiction of Jharkhand state for or to know the existence of active
learning technique in their course curriculum. The aim is to get the attention of all the individual
faculty, faculty developers, academic administrators, and educational researchers to understand
the significance of this topic. To provide a well designed and planned course curriculum for
better implementation of activity based learning system. To provide a well defined
recommendations to the ministry of higher education for teaching learning technique in their
current educational program.
Page 12 of 12
References
1) Arndt, T. L., LaFollette, W. R. (1991, January/February), “Interactive Television and the
Nontraditional Student, Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 181-185.
2) Cole, B. C., Smith, D. L. (1993, January/February), “Cooperative Learning Strategies for
Teaching Adult Business English”, Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp.
170-173.
3) Cottell, P. G., Jr., Millis, B. J. (1993, Spring), “Cooperative Learning Structures in the
Instruction of Accounting”, Issues in Accounting Education, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 40-59.
4) Delbecq, A. L., Scates, D. C. (1991, August), “Teaching with Television: Assessing the
Potential of Distance Education”, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp.
340-354.
5) Denton, L. T. (1992, Spring), “Using Product Positioning Strategies to Establish National
Images: An Exercise Using Current International Events in the Marketing Classroom”,
Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 13, pp. 68-79.
6) Finch, B. J. (1993, May), “A Modeling Enhancement to Teaching with Cases”, Journal
of Management Education, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 228-235.
7) Fisher, J. (1993, Spring), “Instructional Case: Traditional Industries. Issues in Accounting
Education”, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 169-186.
8) Martyn Margie (2007), “Clickers in the Classroom: An Active Learning Approach”,
Educause Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.2, pp.71-74.
9) Rubenson, G. C. (1992, May/June), “Helping Students Evaluate Management
Alternatives: The Debate”, Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 287-
290.
10) Shooshtari, N. H., Fleming, M. J. (1990, April), “Field Study Abroad Programs as a
Method of Internationalizing Business Faculty”, Journal of Education for Business, Vol.
65, No. 7, pp. 298-301.
11) Taylor, C. (1992, May), “A Class Exercise for Encouraging Accountability”, Journal of
Management Education, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 254-256.
12) Prince, M. (2004). Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research. Journal of
Engineering Education, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 223-232.
13) Bonwell, C.; Eison, J. (1991). Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom
AEHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 1. Washington, D.C.: Jossey-Bass