proteins and nucleic acids · stabilized by r-group interactions attraction and repulsion forces,...
TRANSCRIPT
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ProteinsandNucleicAcidsSept.14,2017
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ProteinFunction
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Proteinfunction
•Structure=cytoskeleton,connectivetissues• Transport=ionchannels(Na+,K+),nerveimpulses
•Cellsignaling=insulin,antibodies,communicationinbody
•Regulation =enzymes
DailyLives… Hair,antibodies,spiderwebs,eggwhites,tofu
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Proteinsaremadeupof…
•Aminoacids•2primaryfunctionalgroupswithcentralcarboninthemiddle•20aminoacids•8areessential,cannotmakeinourbodies
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Sidechains
4types:1.Polar(hydrophilic)
2.Nonpolar(hydrophobic)3.Acidic(negative)4.Basic(positive)
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Howareaminoacidslinkedtogether?
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Dehydrationsynthesis
1. CarboxylgroupwillinteractwithAminogroup
2. OxygenandtwoHydrogensformwater
3. Carbonneedsbondtosomethingà N
4. Peptidebond
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PeptideBond=AmideBond(Amidefunctionalgroup)
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Structuredictatesfunction?
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SickleCellDisease
• Abnormalhemoglobin(hemoglobinS) intheirredbloodcells• Cancauseblockage• Deprivationofoxygen
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Proteinscanbe…
•Roughlylinearinshape(strands/sheets)•Rounded/sphericalinshape(globularprotein)
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Stagesofproteinformation
1.Primary – sequence2.Secondary – alpha-helixorbeta-pleated
3.Tertiary – 3Dstructure4.Quaternary – twoormore(notall
proteins)
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PrimaryStructure
•Theuniquesequenceofaminoacidsinapolypeptidechain•Governedbynucleotidesequence(DNA)
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Structure
Thesequenceofaminoacidsdeterminesapolypeptidesthree-dimensionalconformationà itsfunctionalcharacteristics
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N- andC-terminus/Residue
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Secondarystructure
•Coilsandfoldsinapolypeptidechaincausedbyhydrogenbondsbetweencarboxylandaminogroups
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2Types
•Alpha-helix•Helicalshape
•Beta-pleated•Chainslieparallel
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TertiaryStructure
•Supercoilingofapolypeptidethatisstabilizedbyside-chaininteractions
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StabilizedbyR-groupinteractions
Attractionandrepulsionforces,andtheprotein’senvironment,forcesittoundergoadditionalfolding
1. Hydrogenbonds – polarsidechains2. Ionicbonds– oppositelychargedsidechains
3. VanderWaals – nonpolarRgroups4. Proline– Rgroupattachestotheaminoacidà Kink
5. Cysteine– cysteineresiduesformstrongdisulfidebridgeinteractions6. Hydrophobic/hydrophilicinteractions
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QuaternaryStructure
•Whenaproteinismadeupoftwoormoretertiarypolypeptides
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Denaturation
Achangeinthethree-dimensionalshapeofaproteincausedbychangesintemperature,pH,ionicconcentration,orotherenvironmentalfactors
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Think:Howwilldenaturingaproteinaffectit’sfunction?
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NucleicAcids
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Whatarenucleicacids?
•Nucleicacidsareinformationalmacromolecules•Usedbyallorganismstostorehereditaryinformationthatdeterminesstructuralandfunctionalcharacteristics
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2Types/Whatdotheydo?
1. DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid) =storestheinstructionsforcreatinganorganisms
2. RNA(ribonucleicacid) =readstheinformationinDNAandtransportstototheprotein-buildingapparatusinthecell
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Whatarenucleicacidsmadeof?
Nucleotides =subunit(monomer)ofDNAandRNA1. Nitrogenousbase2. 5-carbonsugar3. Phosphategroup
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DNAandRNA5-carbonsugar
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5nitrogenousbases
Pyrimidine(singlering)•Thymine/uracil•Cytosine
Purines(double-ring)•Adenine•Guanine
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Structure
Strand =seriesofnucleotideslinkedtogetherforminganucleotidepolymer
•RNAcoilsintoahelix,butsinglestranded•DNAalsohelical,butcomposedoftwostrands
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Howarestrandscreated?
Dehydrationsynthesis•Covalentbondbetweenphosphate groupofonenucleotideandhydroxyl groupattachedtocarbon-3ofthesugaronanothernucleotide•CreatesaPhosphodiesterbond
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HowaretwoDNAstrandsheldtogether?
• Heldtogetherbyhydrogenbondsbetweennitrogenousbasesonadjacentstrands• DNAstrandsareantiparallel=twoadjacentnucleotidepolymersrunninginoppositedirectionstooneanother
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Hydrogenbond
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Notrequiredforquizà Energyintermediates
Nucleotidesarealso usedtomakeimportantintermediatesinacell’senergytransformation
• ATP(adenosinetriphosphate)a=usedtodrivevirtuallyallenergy-requiringreactionsinacell• NAD+andFAD=ATPderivativesusedintheproductionofATP• NADP+=coenzymeinphotosynthesis
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QuickCheck
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Whycanaproteinbecalledapolypeptide,butapolypeptidecannotbecalledaprotein?
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Howisthe3-dimensionalshapeofproteinsformed?
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Howisapeptidebondformedbetweentwoaminoacids?
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Namethreefunctionsofproteinsinalivingorganisms.
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Whichelementisfoundinnucleicacids,butneitherincarbohydratesnorproteins?
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Whatdoesanucleotideconsistof?
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DifferentiatebetweenDNAandRNA.
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WhattypeofbondsholdthenitrogenousbasesofDNAtogether?
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TextbookProblems
ProteinsPg.50#19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26
NucleicAcidPg.56#18,19