Protestant ReformationProtestant

ReformationProblems in the ChurchProblems in the Church

1.1. Why are there so many different religious Why are there so many different religious denominations in the world today?denominations in the world today?

2.2. Is it possible for the entire Christian world to unite as Is it possible for the entire Christian world to unite as one church? Why or why not?one church? Why or why not?

3.3. Do you think God, Jesus, or the founders of the Do you think God, Jesus, or the founders of the Christian religion intended for so much variety to Christian religion intended for so much variety to exist?exist?

4.4. If only one Christian denomination existed, what If only one Christian denomination existed, what would it take to prevent that denomination from would it take to prevent that denomination from fragmentation (division)?fragmentation (division)?

iQ’s

Roman Catholicism 101Roman Catholicism 101

Hierarchy of PowerHierarchy of Power–Pope is leader of Pope is leader of

entire church and entire church and subject only to subject only to GodGod

–bishops in charge bishops in charge of diocese or of diocese or parishes within the parishes within the churchchurch

–priests control priests control individual churchesindividual churches

Roman Catholicism 101Roman Catholicism 101

Salvation based on worksSalvation based on works

Must comply with 7 sacraments:Must comply with 7 sacraments:– BaptismBaptism– ConfirmationConfirmation– Weekly Mass/CommunionWeekly Mass/Communion– ConfessionConfession– PenancePenance

MarriageMarriageLast RitesLast Rites

Roman Catholicism 101Roman Catholicism 101

Only clerics can Only clerics can perform sacraments perform sacraments and interpret and interpret scripturescriptureClerics are only Clerics are only intercessors intercessors (middlemen) (middlemen) between people and between people and GodGodMust obey clerical Must obey clerical doctrines and creedsdoctrines and creeds

Roman Catholicism 101Roman Catholicism 101

Observe religious Observe religious holidaysholidays

Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church was the one Church was the one and and onlyonly Christian Christian church; Christians church; Christians not free to pick not free to pick denomination of denomination of choicechoice

PowerPowerThroughout the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church Throughout the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church exercised control over the religious and secular worldexercised control over the religious and secular world

Popes reserved power over kings and queensPopes reserved power over kings and queens

Clerics (church officials) often received the best education, Clerics (church officials) often received the best education, owned the largest tracts of fertile lands, possessed the most owned the largest tracts of fertile lands, possessed the most wealth, and dined on the best food and drinkwealth, and dined on the best food and drink

simonysimony- - the payment of money in exchange for a high-ranking the payment of money in exchange for a high-ranking church position (ex: bishops, abbots, monks, priests, etc.)church position (ex: bishops, abbots, monks, priests, etc.)

GreedGreed

Clerics sought a life of luxuryClerics sought a life of luxury

Priests charged high fees for performing religious services (ex: Priests charged high fees for performing religious services (ex: marriage, baptism, confession, offering blessings, etc.)marriage, baptism, confession, offering blessings, etc.)

IndulgencesIndulgences- pardons from punishment for sin- pardons from punishment for sin– clerics sold clerics sold indulgences indulgences in order to make a large profitin order to make a large profit– sold sold indulgences indulgences to release prisoners of purgatoryto release prisoners of purgatory

CorruptionCorruption

Clerics were often powerful feudal lords and vassals (liege Clerics were often powerful feudal lords and vassals (liege servant of noble)servant of noble)

Lay investitureLay investiture- procedure in which clerics appointed - procedure in which clerics appointed worldly and unworthy friends to high-ranking church positionsworldly and unworthy friends to high-ranking church positions

After becoming vassals to corrupt lords, clerics were forced to After becoming vassals to corrupt lords, clerics were forced to obey wicked commands of liege lord obey wicked commands of liege lord

InsincerityInsincerity

Clerics more interested in wealth and worldly possessions Clerics more interested in wealth and worldly possessions than holy livingthan holy living

Works valued over feelings or personal thought; mass Works valued over feelings or personal thought; mass performed in Latinperformed in Latin

Ceremonies over pious behaviorCeremonies over pious behavior

Went through the motions without demonstrating any emotionWent through the motions without demonstrating any emotion

Reformation BeginsReformation Begins

Martin Luther

• Successful mine owners son.

• Course of life changed after a storm.

• Ascetic; never good enough for God.

• Plagued by a deep sense of sin and damnation.

• Revelation: Justification by Faith

• Posted 95 Theses on church door at Wittenberg in 1517.

95 Theses

• Challenged sell of indulgences and authority of Roman Catholic clerics.

• Luther hoped to reform but not break away from the Roman Catholic Church.

• Inspired Catholic humanists all over Germany to rebel against Catholic doctrine.

• Excommunicated by Pope Leo X

• Diet of Worms - Luther banished by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and forced to become an outlaw.

“To go against conscience is neither right nor safe.

Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.”

Martin Luther

German Princes Supports Luther

• Luther is protected by Frederick the wise of Saxony.

• Princes Motives• Stop sending German money to Rome.

• They could confiscate Catholic lands.

• Growing sense of nationalism

• Wanted to bolster their own power, by weakening the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Reformation Grows

• Luther translates Bible into the vernacular (native language).

• Followers “protested” Holy Romans Emperor’s treatment of Luther.

• Lutheran Church established.

• Peace of Augsburg - each German ruler had the right to choose religion for individual state.

Lutheranism

Salvation based on faith rather than works, private Salvation based on faith rather than works, private reflection rather than ceremoniesreflection rather than ceremonies

““Priesthood of all believers”Priesthood of all believers”Sole religious authority based on Bible, not man-made Sole religious authority based on Bible, not man-made

creeds or doctrinescreeds or doctrinesClergy called ministers and not subject to RC clerical Clergy called ministers and not subject to RC clerical

ordersordersOnly two sacraments (baptism and communion) Only two sacraments (baptism and communion)

instead of seveninstead of sevenTruly penitent hearts provide redemption for sins…not Truly penitent hearts provide redemption for sins…not

indulgencesindulgences

95 Theses45. Christians are to be taught that unless they have more than they need, they are bound to keep back what

is necessary for their own families, and by no means to squander it on pardons.

46. Christians are to be taught that the buying of pardons is a matter of free will, and not of commandment.

47. Christians are to be taught that the pope, in granting pardons, needs, and therefore desires, their devout prayer for him more than the money they bring.

48. Christians are to be taught that the pope's pardons are useful, if they do not put their trust in them; but altogether harmful, if through them they lose their fear of God.

49. Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of the pardon-preachers, he would rather that St. Peter's church should go to ashes, than that it should be built up with the skin, flesh and bones of his sheep.

50. Christians are to be taught that it would be the pope's wish, as it is his duty, to give of his own money to very many of those from whom certain hawkers of pardons cajole money, even though the church of St. Peter might have to be sold.

51. Christians are to be taught that it would be the pope's wish, as it is his duty, to give of his own money to very many of those from whom certain hawkers of pardons cajole money, even though the church of St. Peter might have to be sold.

the Reformation Spreads

the Reformation Spreads

Remediation • Some Events During the Renaissance

Johann Gutenberg develops the printing press. 1450

Christopher Columbus sets out to find a new sea route to Asia. 1492

Michelangelo Buonarroti completes the sculpture David. 1504

Leonardo da Vinci completes the painting Mona Lisa. 1505

Niccolò Machiavelli writes the political analysis The Prince. 1513

Ferdinand Magellan begins a voyage to discover a route to the Pacific Ocean. 1519

William Shakespeare writes the play Romeo and Juliet. 1595

The events listed on the time line contributed to

A decreased interest in the arts. B decreased concern for education. C increased interest in learning about the world. D increased desire for unlimited government power.

Remediation • Some Events During the Renaissance

Johann Gutenberg develops the printing press. 1450

Christopher Columbus sets out to find a new sea route to Asia. 1492

Michelangelo Buonarroti completes the sculpture David. 1504

Leonardo da Vinci completes the painting Mona Lisa. 1505

Niccolò Machiavelli writes the political analysis The Prince. 1513

Ferdinand Magellan begins a voyage to discover a route to the Pacific Ocean. 1519

William Shakespeare writes the play Romeo and Juliet. 1595

The events listed on the time line contributed to

A decreased interest in the arts. B decreased concern for education. C increased interest in learning about the world. D increased desire for unlimited government power.

Remediation • Study the list below.

• accumulating lands

• selling church jobs

• selling indulgences

This list shows church practices in the

1500s that directly led to the

A Reformation.

B Great Awakening.

C Industrial Revolution.

D Scientific Revolution.

Remediation • Study the list below.

• accumulating lands

• selling church jobs

• selling indulgences

This list shows church practices in the

1500s that directly led to the

A Reformation.

B Great Awakening.

C Industrial Revolution.

D Scientific Revolution.

Fate or Free willAccording to Christian beliefs, people inherit everlasting rewards or eternal punishment.

1. Who determines this fate?

2. Are individuals responsible for their own actions?

3. Does God play an active role in the events of this world, a spectator’s role, or a role somewhere in the middle?

the Reformation Spreads

• Hundreds of new sects formed throughout Europe.

• Anabaptist: • “Rebaptizers” believed in adult baptism only.

• Separation of Church and state.

• Zwingli: • Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland

• Believed Christians should practice only those things found in Scripture.

Catholic Catholic ConceptConcept ProtestantProtestant

Works-basedWorks-based SalvationSalvation Faith-basedFaith-based

Clergy onlyClergy only PriesthoodPriesthood All believersAll believers

PapacyPapacy AuthorityAuthority BibleBible

EssentialEssential CreedsCreeds WorldlyWorldly

All 7 essential for All 7 essential for salvationsalvation SacramentsSacraments Faith is essential; only Faith is essential; only

2 observed 2 observed

SupportSupport IndulgencesIndulgences RejectReject

LatinLatin Language of Language of Bible/WorshipBible/Worship VernacularVernacular

Confession/PenanceConfession/Penance RedemptionRedemption Accepting ChristAccepting Christ

ElaborateElaborate CeremoniesCeremonies Simple/LimitedSimple/Limited

PrimaryPrimary WorksWorks SecondarySecondary

Buildings (Exterior) Buildings (Exterior)

Buildings (Interior)Buildings (Interior)

RelicsRelics

RelicsRelics

RelicsRelics

Protestants SplitProtestants Split

Calvinism

• Founder John Calvin, French Protestant who preached in Geneva, Switzerland.

• Felt that he was called to Protestant Theology

• “God by a sudden conversion subdued and brought my mind to a teachable frame.” John Calvin

• Calvin outlined his beliefs and new doctrine in his famous treatise Institutes of the Christian Religion.

• Doctrine: “Community of Believers.”

• Predestination: God decided who would be saved and who would be damned at the beginning of time.

• The Elect: those that are chosen by God to inherit eternal salvation.

Calvinism

• Missionary Work

• Between 1555 and 1562, Calvin dispersed 100 preachers to far flung corners of Europe.

• Calvin: Great organizational skills, laid out directions for organizing congregations.

• Calvinism spreads into the Netherlands, France (Huguenots), British Isles, and across Europe.