psychedelics revisited
TRANSCRIPT
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8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited
1/8
ReVI SION
OLUME
10
NLM ER
THEOURN L
OFONS OUSN SS
ND
CH NGE 50
Psychedel i cs
Revi si t ed
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8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited
2/8
Terence Me
Kenna has spent
t he
l a s t 20
years i n t he st udy
of
t he
ont ol ogi cal
f oundat i ons
of shamani sm
and t he et hno-
pharmacol ogy of
s p i r i t u a l
t ransf ormati on
He
graduat ed
from
t he
Uni versi ty
of
Cal i -
forni a
a t Berkel ey
w t h
a
d i s
tri buted
maj or i n
ecol ogy,
r e
source
conservati on,
and
shamani sm Af t er
graduat i on
he tr avel ed extensi vel y
i n t he
Asi an and
NewWorl d
tr opi cs, becomng
speci al i zed
i n
t he
shamani sm
and
ethno-
medi ci ne of t he
Amazon
Basi n Wth hi s brot her
Denni s, he i s t he
aut hor
of
The I nvi s ib le Landscape
and
Psdocybi n :
The
Magic
Nf ush-
room
Growers
Gui de
t a l k
i ng book
of
hi s Amazon
ad-
vent ures, True
Hal l uci nati ons,
has
al so
been
produced
I n
Hawai i
he
i s t he f oundi ng
sec-
retary- tr easurer
of
Bot ani cal
Di mensi ons,
a t ax- exempt ,
nonprofi t
research botani cal
garden
and
germ
pl asma
r e
posit ory
devot ed
t o t he
col l ect i on and
propagati on
of
pl ants of
ethnopharmacol ogi -
c a l
i nterest
I n
Cal i fo rni a he
di v ides hi s
t i me
bet ween w r i t
i n g l ecturi ng,
and
managi ng
Lux
Natura
I nc
.
a publ i shi ng
company of which
he
i s t he
presi dent
and
founder
Hal l uci nogeni c
Mushrooms
and
Evol ut i on
TerenceMcKenna
F
or t ens of
ml l enni a
humanbei ngs have
been
u t i l i z i n g
hal l uci nogeni c
mushroom
t o
di vi ne
and
t o i nduce
shamani c
ecstasy
The
human mushroom
i nteracti on
i s
not a
s t a t i c
symbi oti c
rel ati onshi p
but rather adynamc
one
t hrough
whi ch t
l e a s t one of
t he p a r t i e s has
been
bootst r apped t o hi gher
cul t ural l e v e l s
The i mpact of
hal l uci n-
ogeni c
pl ant s
on t he evol ut i on
and emer gence
of human
bei ngs i s a heretof ore
un-
examned
phenomenon
yet t
promses t o provi de an
under st andi ng
of not onl y
pri mate
evol ut i on
but al so t he
emer gence of
t he c ul t u r a l f orms
uni que
t o
Homosapi ens
At
Gome
Nat i onal
Park
i n
Tanzani a,
pri matol ogi sts
found t hat one
part i cul ar
speci es
of
l e a f kept
appeari ng undi gest ed
i n
Chi mpanzee
dung They
f ound t h a t
every few
days
t he
chi mps
woul d vary
f r om
t h e i r
usual patt ern
of eat i ng w l d f r u i t
I nst ead,
t hey woul d wal k
f or
20 m nut es or
l onger
t o
t he
s i t e
where
a
speci es
of
Aspi l i a
was grow ng
They
woul d
repeat -
edl y pl ace
t h e i r l i p s over an
Aspi l i a l e a f and
hol d
i t
i n t he i r
mouths
Chi mps were
seen
t o
pl uck
a l e a f
pl ace
i t
n
t h e i r
mout hs, r o l l t around f or
a f ewmoments
and t hen swal l ow t
whol e I n
t h i s
way as many
as 30 smal l
l e a ve s
mght
be eat en
Bi ochemst
El oy Rodr i guez of
the Uni versi ty of
Cal i forni a,
I r v i n e i s o l a t e d
t he a c t i v e pri n-
c i p l e fromt he
Aspi l i a- a reddi sh
oi l now
named
t hi arubri ne- A
Worki ng
w t h t he
same
subst ance, Nei l
Towers of t he
Uni versi t y
of
B r i t i s h
Col umbi a f ound
t hat
t h i s
compound can
k l l common bacteri a
i n
concent rat i ons
of l e s s t han one
part
per
m l l i o n Her bar i um
records
st udi ed
by Rodri guez
and
Towers showed
t hat Af ri can
peopl es
used t he
same l e a ve s
t o
t r e a t
wounds
and st omach
aches
O t he f our
s p e c i e s
of Aspi l i a
nat i ve to Af r i ca,
t he i ndi genous
peopl es used onl y t h r e e
t he same three
u t i l i z e d
by t he
chi mpanzees
Rodr i guez,
Aregul l i n,
Uehara,
N shi da, Wangham
Abramowski
Fi nl ayson,
Tower , 1985
These
f i ndi ngs c l e a r l y
show
t he way a benef i ci al
pl ant ,
once
di scovered
by
an ani mal or a
person,
can
be
i ncl uded
i n
t he
d i e t
and
thus
conf er an
adapt i ve
advantage
The
ani mal
or
person
i s no l onger t hreatened by
cert ai n
envi ronment al f a c t o r s
such
as
di s e a s e s t hat may
have
previ ousl y
s e t const rai nt s
on
t he
l i f e
span
of
i ndi vi dual s
of
t he
speci es or
on t he
growt h
of
t he popul ati on
as awhol e Thi s type
of
adapt i ve
advant age
i s
e a s i l y under st ood
Less easy
t o underst and
i s t he way
pl ant
hal l uci nogens
mght
have
provi ded
s i m l a r ye t
d i f f e r e n t adap-
t i v e
advant ages
These
compounds
do not
catal yze
t he
i mmune
system i nto hi gher
s t a t e s of
a c t i v i t y
al t hough
t h i s may be a secondary
e f f e c t
Rather ,
t hey
cat al yze
consci ousness,
t hat
pe c ul i a r
s e l f r e f l e ct i ng a bi l i t y t hat has r eached
i t s
greatest apparent
expressi on
i n human be-
i ngs Consci ousness,
l i k e
t he
a b i l i t y
t o
r e s i s t
d i s e a s e
conf er s an i mmense
adapt i ve
advantage
on
any i ndi vi dual
who possesses t
Consci ousness
has been c a l l e d awareness of
awar eness
Guent her,
1966 and
i s
character -
i zed by
novel
connect i ons
among
t he
vari ous data
of
experi ence
Consci ousness
i s
l i k e
a super
nonspeci f i c
i mmune
response
There s no
evol ut i onary
l i m t t o how
much consci ousness
can
be
acqui red
by
a
speci es And there
i s
no end t o
t he
degree of adapt i ve
advant age
t he
acqui si -
t i on of
consci ousness
wi l l
conf er on t he i ndi vi dual
or
t he speci es
i n
whi ch
i t r e s i d e s
There
s reason
t o quest i on t he
scenari o whi ch
physi cal
ant hropol ogi st s
present
us
regardi ng
t he
emer gence
of humanconsci ousness out of
bi nocul ar,
bi pedal
pri mates
The
amount of t i me
a l l o t t e d
t o
t h i s ont ol ogi cal
t ransf ormati on of ani mal
organi zati on
i s
excessi vel y
b r i e f
Evol ut i on
i n
hi gher ani mal s
t akes
a
very l ong t i me
t o
occur
For exampl e,
t he
b i o l ogi s t who
s t u d i e s t he
evol uti on
of t he
earl y amphi bi ans r a r e l y operates i n
t i me spans
of l e s s
t han 100
t housand
years
and
often
speaks
i n
t erms of m l l i o n s of years But
t he
emergence
of man
f r om
t he
hi gher p r i
mat es i s somethi ng
t hat has
gone
on
i n
l e s s
than
a
m l l i o n
years
Physi cal l y humans
apparent l y
have changed
very
l i t t l e i n
t he
l a s t
m l l i o n
years
But
t he amaz i ng
p r o l i f e r a t i o n
of
consci ousness,
s oc i a l i n s t i t ut i ons
codi ng pr a c t i c e s
and
cul t ures
has
come
so
qui ckl y
that
i t i s d i f f i c u l t f or
mod
ern evol ut i onary
b i o l o g i s t s t o
account
f or i t
Most
do not even
at t empt
an expl anati on
SPR NG
88
5
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2 R
e
V
S I ONVOL I o No 4
There i s a hi dden f a c t o r
i n
t he
evol ut i on of
human bei ngs t h a t nei t her a mss i ng
l i nk nor
a t e l o s
i mpar t ed f r om on hi gh
Thi s hi dden factor i n t he
evol ut i on
of human
bei ngs, t he f act or t hat c a l l e d human con-
sci ousness
f o r th
f roma bi pedal ape wi th bi n-
ocul ar
v i s i o n ,
i nvol ved a f e edback l oop wi t h
pl ant hal l uci nogens Thi s not an i dea t hat
has been w del y
expl or ed,
al t hough
a
very
conservati ve
f o rm
of
t h i s
noti on appear s
i n
R
Gordon Wasson s Soma Di vi ne Mush-
room
of
I mmort al i t y
W
sson, 1971)
Was-
son
does not comment on t he
emer gence
of
humanness out
of t he
pr i mat es
but does sug-
gest hal l uci nogeni c mushroom as t he causal
agent i n
t he appear ance of
s p i r i t u a l l y
awar e
human
bei ngs
and
the genes i s of r e l i g i o n
Wasson
f e e l s
t hat
omni vor ous fo ragi ng hu-
mans woul d
have
event ual l y encount er ed
hal l uci nogeni c mushroom
or
ot her
psycho-
a ct i v e
pl ant s
i n t h ei r envi r onment
The strategy
of
t hese
e a r l y
human
omni -
vores
was t o ea t
ever yt hi ng
and t o
vomt
what ever
was unpal atabl e Pl ant s
f ound
t o
be
edi bl e
by
t h i s method
were t hen i n c u l -
cated in to t h ei r d i e t The
mushroom
would
be e sp ec i a l l y noti ceabl e because of t h ei r un-
usual form and
col or
The s t a t e of
con-
sci ousness
i nduced
by t he mushroom or
ot her
hal l uci nogens woul d pr ovi de a reason
f or
f oragi ng
humans t o r et ur n
r epeat edl y
t o
t hose
pl ant s
i n
or der t o
r eexperi ence
t h ei r
be-
wi tchi ng novel ty Thi s process woul d create
what
C Waddi ngton 1961 cal l ed a
c r eode,
a
pat hway
of devel opment al
ac-
t i vi t y i n ot her wor ds, a habi t )
Habi t uat i on
t o t he
exper i ence was i nsured
si mpl y because t was e cs t a t i c Ecsta t i c
a word unnecess ar y
t o
defi ne except oper a-
t i o n a l l y An ec s t at i c exper i ence
one
t hat
one wi shes t o have over and over agai n I t
has
been
shown
i n
experi ment al si t uati ons
t h a t i f one
creates
a
s i t u a t i o n
i n whi ch
N N-
di - met hyl t r ypt amne
DMT) can be del i ver ed
t o a
monkey
on demand t hen a l a r g e
num
ber of monkeys exposed t o that exper i ment al
appar at us w i l l
pr ef er t he
MT over food
and water MTwas used
i n
these exper i -
ment s because t a
very short - acti ng,
overt
hal l uci nogen
t hat
occurs i n
many di f f e r en t
pl ant spec i e s ( J acobs, 1984) Al t hough
we
cannot
anal yze
t he l aboratory monkeys
s t a t e
of m nd,
t
i s very
c l e ar
t h a t somet hi ng
i n t he experi ence i mpel s
them
t o r et ur n t o t he
st i mul us
agai n
and agai n
Was son s i dea t h a t r e l i g i o n ori gi nated when
an omnivorous protohuman encount er ed
a l k al o i d s i n t he envi r onment
was
count ered
by
M r c e a El i ade
1964 ,
t he most
b r i l l i a n t ex-
posi t or of t he ant hr opo l ogy of
shamani sm
and
t he author of
Shamani sm
Ar chai c
Techni ques
of
Ecstasy El i ade consi ders what
he c a l l s
na rcot i c
shamani smt o be deca-
dent He
f e e l s
t hat
i f one cannot achi eve
ec-
stasy
wi t hout dr ugs, t hen one s cul ture i s
pr obabl y i n
a
decadent
phase The use of t he
word na r c ot i c - a
t e rm
usual l y
used
f or so-
p o r i f i c s - t o
descri be
t h i s
f o rm
of
shamani sm
betrays an unsett l i ng
bot ani cal
and phar ma-
col ogi cal nai vet e
Wasson s
not i on, whi ch I
share, i s p r ec i s e l y t he
opposi t e
I t i s t he pres-
ence of a
hal l uci nogen
i n
a
shamani zi ng cul -
t u r e that i ndi cates
i t s shamani sm i s aut hent i c
and a l i v e
I t i s
t he
l a t e
and decadent phase of
shamani smt hat characteri zed
by
el aborate
r i t u a l s ,
ordeal s,
and
r e l i a n c e
on pathol ogi cal
personal i t i es
Wherever t hese
l a t t e r
phenom
ena
ar e
c en t r a l , shamani sms
we l l
on i t s way
t o
becomng si mpl y
r el i gi on.
One
vi ew of
pl ant hal l uc i nogens
t o
see
them
as
i nt erspecies messages or exopher o-
mones
Pheromones ar e chemcal compounds
exuded by an organi sm f or t he
pur pose
of
car r y ing mes sages
bet ween or gani sms of t he
same speci es
The meani ng of t he mes sage
not i n t r i n s i c i n t he pher omone s chemcal
s t ruc ture
but
i n
evoluti onar i l y
establ i shed
convent i on
Ants, f or
i n s t a n c e, produce a
number of
secret i ons
wi t h
very s p e c i f i c
meani ngs
f or ot her
ant s Howeve r , t hese
chemcal l anguages ar e s pe ci e s- s p ec i f i c
t he ant of one s p ec i e s cannot r ead t he
pheromones
of another
s p ec i e s
I n
f a c t
there
one known case wher e a pheromonemeans
one
t hi ng
t o one ant speci es and y et bear s a
compl et el y di ff erent meani ng t o anot her
ant
s p ec i e s , much
i n t he sameway t hat t he Eng
l i s h word no means yes
i n
Gr eek
I f
hal l uci nogens ar e
operat i ng
as exopher -
omones t hen t he
dynamc
symbi ot i c
r e l a -
t i onshi p bet ween pr i mat e
and hal l uci nogeni c
pl ant
actual l y a t r ans f er
of
i nf ormat i on
from one speci es t o
anot her The pr i mat e
ga ins i nc reased v i s u al
acuity and access t o
t he t r ansc endent Ot her ,
whi l e
t he b en ef i t s t o
t he
mushroom
a r i s e
out of t he
pr i mat e
do-
mesti cati on
of pr evi ousl y
w l d
c a t t l e
and
hence t he expansi on of t he
ni che occupi ed
by
t he mushroom Where pl ant hal l uci nogens
do not
occur , such
processes cannot
take
pl ace,
but
i n
t he
presence of
hal l uci nogens
a
cul t u re
sl ow y
i nt r oduced
t o i nc r eas ingl y
more novel i nfo rmat i on, sensory i nput,
and
behavi or
and t hus i s
boot st r apped t o
hi gher
s t a t e s of s e l f - r e f l e c t i o n
Human
l anguage
aro se out
of t he
synergy
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8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited
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l l
of t he ment al f unc t i o ns
t h a t
we
associ at e
wi t h humanness may
have
emerged
out
of
i n t e r a c t i o n
w i t h
hal l uci nogeni c pl ant s
of
pr i mat e
organi zati onal
p ot e n t i a l
by
pl ant
hal l uci nogens
I ndeed
t h i s
p o s s i b i l i t y
was
b r i l l i a n t l y
ant i ci pat ed
by
Henry
Munn i n hi s
essay The
Mushroom of Language
( 1973)
Munn wri t es
Language
i s an ec st at i c act i v i t y of s i g n i f i -
c a t i o n
I n t ox i c a t e d by t he
mushr oom,
t he
f l u en c y, t he e a s e , t he
a p t n e s s
of e x pr e s s i o n
one becomes capabl e
of ar e such
t h at one
i s
ast ounded by
t he
wor ds t h a t
i s s ue f o r t h f r om
t he contact of t h e i nt e nt i on
of
a r t i c u l a t i o n
w i t h
t he mat t er of e x pe r i e nc e
The spontane-
i t y
t he
mushr ooms
l i b e r a t e
i s
no t
onl y per -
c e pt u a l ,
but
l i n g u i s t i c
For
t he shaman, i t
i s
as
i f
e xi s t e n c e were u t t e r i n g
i t s l f
t hrough
hi m ( pp
8 8- 8 9 )
Ot her wri ters have
sensed t he i mpor t ance
of hal l uci nat i ons as c at a l y s t s
of
human psy-
chi c organi zat i on : J u l i a n
J aynes t heory,
present ed i n
hi s
cont roversi al
book The Ori -
gi ns
of
Consci ousness
i n
t he
Breakdown of
t he
Bi camer al
Mnd 1 9 7 7 ) , makes t he poi nt
t hat
there
may have been maj or s hi f t s i n hu-
man s e l f - d e f i n i t i o n even i n hi s t or i c al
t i mes
He
proposes
t hat through Homer i c t i mes
peopl e
di d
not
have
t he
ki nd
of
i n t e r i o r
psy-
chi c organi zat i on
t h a t we take f or
grant ed
What we c a l l ego was
f or pr e- Homer i c peo-
pl e
what t hey
cal l ed a god . When
danger
t hreatened
suddenl y
and
unbi dden,
t he god s
voi ce was heard i n
t he i ndi v i d ua l s mnd, a
ki nd of
metaprogram f or
s ur v i v a l
cal l ed
f o r t h under
great s t r e s s
Thi s
i n t e g r a t i v e
psy-
chi c f unct i on
was
percei ved
by
those
experi -
enci ng
i t
t o
be
e i t h er
t he di r e c t voi ce of a
god, or t hat
of
t he l eader of
t he
soci ety
k i n g ) , or
of
t he
dead
k i n g , t he ki ng i n t he
a f t e r l i f e
Mer chant s and t r a d e r s moving
fromone
soci ety
t o
anot her br ought
t he
un-
wel come
news t hat t he gods were sayi ng d i f -
f erent
t hi ngs
i n
d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s , and t hus
c a s t
e ar l y seeds of
doubt
At
some
poi nt
peo-
pl e
i nt egrated
i n
t he
J ungi an
s e n s e ) t h i s
pre-
vi ousl y
autonomous
f uncti on, and
each per-
sonbecame t he god and rei nt erpret ed
t he i n-
ner
voi ce
as t he s el f or ,
as
i t
was l a t e r
c al l e d,
t he
ego .
Hal l uci nogeni c pl ant s may have
been t he
c at a l y s t s f or
everythi ng
about us t h a t
d i s t i n -
gui shes
us
from
other
pr i mates
except per-
haps
t he l o s s of body h ai r Al l
of t he
ment al
f unct i ons- t hat
we
associ at e wi th
humanness,
i ncl udi ng
r e c a l l ,
proj ecti ve
i magi nat i on, l an-
guage, namng,
magi cal
speech,
dance, and a
sense of r e l i g i o
may have emer ged out
of
i n-
teract i on wi th
hal l uci nogeni c
pl ant s
Our so-
c i e t y ,
more t han
others,
w i l l f i n d t h i s
theory
d i f f i c u l t t o
accept
because
we have
made
pharmacol ogi cal l y
obt ai ned
e c s t a s y
a
t aboo
Sexual i t y
i s a
t aboo
f or
t he
same
reason
such t hi ngs are consci ousl y
or unconsci ousl y
sensed t o be ent wi ned wi th
t he mysteri es
of
wher e
we
came
f r om
and how
we
got t o be
t he
way
we
are
theory of
pl ant hal l uci no-
gens
as
cent ral
t o
t he o r i g i n of
mnd suggest s
a
scenar i o
such
as t he f ol l owi ng
e
know
t hat t he
Sahar a was
much wet t er
as recentl y
as
or t housand y e a r s
ago
The
Roman
hi st or i an Pl i ny r e f e r r e d
t o ort h
Af r i ca as
Rome s breadbasket
.
The pre-
sumpt i on
i s
t h a t over
t he
l a s t
150
t housand
years t he Sahar a has grown
gradual l y
d r i e r ,
changi ng f r om
a subtr opi cal
f or es t t o
g r a s s -
l ands
and r e c en t l y , t o
d e s e r t
When
t he g r a s s -
l ands f i r s t
appear ed,
t he arboreal
adaptat i on
of t he pr i mates i l l served t h e i r
cont i nued
sur-
v i v a l
They l e f t t he t r e e s and
began
t o f oray
onto t he
grassl ands Thei r
arboreal l y
evol ved
repert oi re
of
t roop
s i g n a l s came under
p r e s -
sure t o f ur t her
expand t was t he generat i on
of hunt i ng
pack
s i g n a l s ,
such as occurs
i n
wol ves
and
dogs, t h a t
served
as t he b as i s f or
l anguage
But
anot her r e s u l t
of movi ng out of
t he
t r e e s
and
onto
t he grassl ands
was
t he
l i k e l i -
hoodof
encount eri ng t he manure
of
ungul at e
herbi vor es,
and, i n
t he
same
s i t u a t i o n , copro-
p h i l i c
( dung- l ovi ng)
mushroom
Several spe-
c i e s of
psi l ocybi n- cont ai ni ng
mushroom are
coprophi l i c
;
Aman ta
muxar i a,
whi ch has a
symbi ot i c
rel at i onshi p to b i r c h
and f i r
t r e e s ,
does not
The f a r
f ewer number of pl ant
speci es that
characteri ze
grassl ands i n
cont rast
wi th
f o r -
e s t s make
i t hi ghl y
l i k e l y
t hat any
grassl and
pl ant
encounter ed
woul d
be t e s t e d
f or i t s
f ood
pot ent i al
Theemnent
geographer
Carl
Saur
f e l t t hat
there was no such
t hi ng
as a
natur al
grassl and
He suggest ed
t h a t a l l
grassl ands
wer e human
a r t i f a c t s
r e s u l t i n g
from
bur ni ng
He
based
t h i s
ar gument on
t he f a c t
t hat a l l grassl and
s p e c i e s
can be
found present
i n
t he unders t or y
of
t he
f o r -
es t s at
t he
edge
of t he grassl and, but a very
hi gh percent age
of t he f o r e s t s p e c i e s are ab-
sent
i n
t he grassl ands
From
t h i s he argued
t h a t t he
grassl ands
are
so
recent that
they
must be seen
as
concom t ant wi th t he
r i s e
of
l arge human
popul at i ons ( Saur, 1973)
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The next s tep
i n
t he
cul tura l
evol ut i on
of
t he
bi pedal
pack-hunt i ng
pri mat es
was
t he
domesti cati on of some of
t he
br owsi ng
her-
bi vor es
Wth
t he
ani mal s and
t h ei r manure
came
t he mushroom and t he
human-mush-
room
re l at i onshi p was fur ther enhanced and
deepened
Evi dence f or t hese specul ati ons can be
found
i n
southern
Al ger i a
Ther e
i s
an
area
cal l ed t he T a s s i l i pl at eau, a
cur i ous geol ogi -
c a l f ormati on
t s
l i k e a l abyri nth,
a vast
badl ands of
stone
escar pments that have
been
cut by t he
w nd
i nt o
many per pendi cu-
l a r
nar row
corr i dors ,
al most l i k e an aban-
doned
c i t y
And i n t he
T a s s i l i
t here are
rock
pai nt i ngs
t h a t
date f r om
t he
l a t e
n e o l i t h i c
t o
as r ecent l y as 2
thousand
years
ago Her e
ar e
t he e a r l i e s t known depi cti ons of shamans
i n
coi nci dence
w t h l a r g e numbers of gr azi ng
ani mal s,
s pec i f i c a l l y c a t t l e (Lhote, 1959 La-
j oux, 1963)
The
shamans ,
danci ng and
hol di ng
f i s t f u l s
of
mushroom,
a l s o
have
mushroom
spr out i ng
out of t h e i r bodi es
Thi s connecti on
bet ween t he
T a s s i l i
ar t and
mushroomuse was di scovered and
poi nt ed
out t o me by J e f f Gai nes, an et hnomycol o-
g i s t
and ar t h i s t o r i a n l i v i n g i n Boul der ,
Col -
or ado He r ecogni zed
t he i mpl i cati ons of t he
T a s s i l i
i mages f or t he r o l e
of
mushroom
use
i n
human
pr ehi story
S im l a r i mages occur i n
pre- Col ombi an Peruvi an
t e x t i l e s
wherei n
t he
shaman s
shown
hol di ng
an obj ect that has
been
i dent i f i ed as
e i t h e r a
chopper
or
mushroom Choppi ng t o ol s have been
found that r esembl e t he
depi ct ed
obj ect
Un-
l i k e
t he Peruvi an
i mages, w t h
t he T a s s i l i
f r escoes the case
s
c l e ar Her e we s ee
danci ng
shamans w t h s i x , e i g ht , or t en mushroom
cl utched
i n
t h ei r
hands
and spr out i ng
from
t h ei r bodi es
The
her di ng peopl es
who
produced the Tas-
s l
pai nt i ngs moved out of Af r i c a over a l ong
peri od of
t i me, per haps
f r om
30 thousand t o 5
thousand
years ago
Wher ever
they
went ,
t h ei r
pastoral
l i f e s t y l e
went
w t h
themThe
Red Sea
was l andl ocked
at
t h a t t i me The boot
of
Ar abi a was backed
up
agai ns t t he
Af r i c an
cont i nent
The
l andbr i dge
there
was u t i l i z e d
by some of
these Af r i can p a s t o r a l i s t s t o
enter
t he f e r t i l e
c r e s c e n t and l a t e r Asi a M nor ,
wher e they
i nterm ngl ed w th popul at i ons
al -
r eady
present and bec ame
we l l - e s t a bl i s he d by
12
thousand
years ago
These
p a s t o r a l
peopl e
had
a
c u l t
of c a t t l e
and one
of
t he
Gr eat
God-
dess
The
evi dence f or t h i s
comes
f r om
a num
ber
of
s i t e s i n southern
Anatol i a ,
t he
b e s t
r e-
sear ched
bei ng Cat al
Huyi i k, a s i t e
dated
t o
8-9, 000
BP Cat al Huyti k
has been thor-
oughl y excavated
and
cont ai ns amazi ng
shr i nes
w t h c a t t l e b a s - r e f i e f s and heads of t he c a t t l e
cover ed
w t h ocher
des i gns- t he
very
compl ex
pai nt i ngs of
a
very compl i cat ed
c i v i l i z a t i o n
(Mel l aart , 1 5, I 7)
I n t he conf l uence of t he
c u l t
of
t he
Gr eat
Goddess and
t he c a t t l e
c u l t ,
there
s a
r ecog-
n i t i o n and an awareness of t he
mushroom
as
t he t hi r d
and cht honi c
member
of
a
ki nd
of
l a t e
n e o l i t h i c t r i n i t y The mushroom seen t o
be as much a pr o duc t of t he c a t t l e as
m l k,
meat , and manur e,
was t he
pi pel i ne t o
t he
presence of t he Goddess Recent l y Ri ane
Ei s l e r 1 9 8 7 ) , i n her i mpor t ant
revi s i oni ng
of
h i s t o r y
The Chal i ce
and t he Bl ade,
has ad-
vanced t he
i mpor t ant
not i on of
partner-
shi p model s of soci ety bei ng
i n
compet i t i on
and oppr essed by domnator
f or ms
of so-
c i a l or gani zat i on These
l a t t e r
ar e
hi erarch i -
c a l ,
pa t er n al i s t i c ,
ma t er i a l i s t i c , and
mal e
dom nat ed
Her
pos i t i on
s
that i t
i s t he t en-
s i o n
bet ween
these
two
f or ms
of
s o ci a l
or -
gani zati on
and t he
overexpr essi on
of
t he
dom nat or model t hat ar e r esponsi bl e f or
our al i enati on I am
n compl ete agr eement
w t h E i s l e r s
vi ew
I n
f a c t t h i s essay asks a
two-poi nt ques t i on that
i s an
ext ensi on
of
her
ar gument
What
factor ma in t ai ned t he
equi l i br i um
of t he
part ner shi p
s oc i e t i e s of
t he
l a t e n e ol i t hi c , and what factor f aded,
thereby
s e t t i n g
t he
s t age f or
t he emergence
of t he
evol ut i onar i l y
mal adapt i ve domnator
model ?
t s
t he
dept h of
t he re l at i onshi p of
a
human
gr oup
t o t he
gnosi s
of
the vegetabl e
m nd, t he Gaian c o l l e c t i v i t y of organi c l i f e ,
t h a t
deter m nes t he
strength
of t he gr oup' s
connect i on
t o t he archetype
of
t he Goddess
and hence t o t he part ner shi p s t y l e of s o c i a l
or gani zat i on
The l a s t t i me that t he mai n-
stream of West er n
t hought
was refreshed by
t he gnosi s of t he
vegetabl e
mnd was at t he
c l o s e of t he
Hel l eni st i c
era,
when
t he El eu-
s i a ni a n
Myst eri es
wer e f i n a l l y suppr essed
by
enthusi asti c Chr i s t i an
barbar i ans
( Was son,
Hofmann Ruck,
1978)
The
l a t e
medi eval
church
that
conducted
the great w t c h bur ni ngs was
very
concer ned
t h a t
al l c r e di t f or
epi sodes of magi c and de-
r angement shou l d be
gi ven
t o t he
Devi l -
hence, know edge of pl ants
such
as Dat ur a,
deadl y ni ghts hade, and
monkshood
and t he
r o l e
that
they wer e pl ayi ng i n
t he nocturnal
gat her i ngs and a c t i v i t i e s of t he
pract i t i oners
of t he c r a f t
wer e
suppr essed
After a l l
we
cannot have a Devi l who i s such
a
di m ni shed
f i g u r e that he must r e l y
on
mere
her bs t o
work hi s wi l e s The Devi l must be a
worthy
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f oe of t he
Chri stos, and hence n ea r l y
co-
equal
Duer r ,
1985
My
concl usi on s t hat taki ng the next evo-
l ut i onary step the
ar chai c r e v i v a l t he r e
b i r t h of t he Goddess,
and t he endi ng of
pro-
f ane
hi s t o r y- are
agendas t hat i mpl i c i t l y
cont ai n
t he
not i on of
our
r ei nvol vement w t h
and t he emer gence of
t he
veget abl e
mnd
That same mnd t hat coaxed
us
i n t o s e l f r e
f l e c t i n g l anguage
nowoffers
us t he bound-
l e s s
l andscapes
of t he i magi nat i on
Wthout
such
a r el at i ons hi p t o
psychedel i c
exopher o-
mones r egul at i ng
our symbi oti c
rel ati onshi p
w t h
t he
pl ant ki ngdom we stand out si de
of
an
underst andi ng of pl anetar y pur pose
And
under st andi ng
pl anetar y pur pose may be
t he
maj or
cont r i but i on
t hat
we can make
t o
t he
evol ut i onar y
process
Returni ng
t o t he bosom
of t he pl anetar y
par t nershi p
means t radi ng
t he poi nt of vi ewof t he
mal e- created ego
f or
t he i n t ui t i o na l t r a ns l i ngu i s t i c
under st andi ng
of t he mat ernal mat r i x
The peopl e of
Cat al
H0yi l k
and
ot her
Mesopotaman peopl es exi sted
undi st ur bed
i n t he
anci ent M ddl e East
f or a l ong t i me,
pr acti ci ng thei r
Mother
Goddess r e l i g i o n
Then, around 5- 7, 000 BP a d i f f e r e n t ki nd
of peopl e
w t h wheel ed c ha r i o t s
pat r i ar chy,
and
a r i t u a l
i nvol vi ng horse s a c r i f i c e swept
down
f r om north
of t he Caspi an Sea i nto
Tur key,
Anat ol i a, and what
now
I r a q and
I r a n
encount er i ng
t he
p as t o r a l mushroom
usi ng
l ow anders These i nvaders ar e t he
peopl e t hat Wasson has
suggest ed wer e t he
bearers of Soma
He
f e e l s
t hat
Soma
t he i n
t oxi cat i ng pl ant
of t he
Vedi c
hymns, may
have been
t he mushroom
Amani ta
muscar i a
mushroom
myst er y
c u l t was
carr i ed
out of
t he f o r e s t s
of Centr al As i a by Aryan peopl e
who event ual l y
s e t t l e d
i n I ndi a
The probl em
w t h t h i s hypot hesi s
t hat
A muscar i a
not a
r e l i a b l e vi si onary ha l l u
ci nogen
t s
d i f f i c u l t t o
obtai n
a cons i s -
t ent l y e c s t at i c i ntoxi cat i on
from
Amani ta
muscar i a
Much
i nk has
been
shed
over t h i s
pr obl em
Some
have suggest ed t h a t
muscar i a must be poundedw t h m l k curd
i n
or der
t o decar boxal ate muscar i ne, t he a c t i v e
t o x i n i nto
muscamol the hal l oci nogeni c
const i t uent
Ot her s have suggest ed t hat t he
Amani ta
must
be
dri ed
or roasted and aged
before i t s r ender ed
nont oxi c
and
e f f e c t i v e
The
f a c t
of t he mat t er
s that
muscamol
not
a
deep
hal l uci nogen,
even
when used
as
a
pur e compound
Wasson was on t he r i gh t
t r a c k
corr ectl y
r ecogni zi ng
t he
pot ent i al
of
Amani ta
muscar i a
t o i nduce
r e l i g i o u s
f e e l i n g
and
ecstasy but di d not take i nto
account t he
i magi nat i on
and
l i n g u i s t i c
st i mul at i on i m
parted
by
t he
i nput
of
Af r i can
psi l ocybi n-
cont ai ni ng
mushroom i nt o t he
evol ut i on of
O d Worl d
mycol at r y
Weknow
t hat at l e a s t one psi l ocybi n
mush-
room Psi l ocybe
cubensi s or St rophar i a
cu-
b en s i s
ci r cum r opi cal
i n t
di s t r i but i on
oc-
curr i ng
t hr oughout
t he warm wet tr opi cs
wher ever c a t t l e of t he
Bos i ndi cus type are
present Thi s r a i s e s a
number
of quest i ons
s
P
cubensi s
excl usi vel y
a creature
of t he
manure
of Bos
i ndi cus,
or can i t occur
i n
t he
manure
of
other c a t t l e ? ow
recent l y
has t
r eached
t s var i ous
habi t at s?
The
f i r s t
s p ec i
men of Psi l ocybe
cubensi s
was
col l ect ed by
Ear l e i n Cuba
i n
1906, yet cur r ent botani cal
theory pl aces t he actual
poi nt of or i gi n f or
t he speci es
i n
Kampuchea
n
archaeol ogi cal
di g
i n Thai l and
at a pl ace
c a l l e d Non Nak
Tha
has been dated
t o
15, 000 BP, and there
t he bones of Bos i ndi cus
have
been f ound
coi nci dent w th
human graves
Some
of
t he
bones
have burned- out c e n t e r s
i ndi cat i ng
t h a t
they had been used as chi l l ums
t o bum
and
pr esumabl y smoke
vegetabl e
mater i al
Chi l l ums
of t he
NonNak
Tha
type
ar e used
even
t oday
among
yoga- saddhus
t hr oughout
I ndi a
Psi l ocybe cubensi s common
i n t he
NonNak
Tha
area t oday
At what poi nt , t hen, di d
P
cubensi s
ent er
t he New
Worl d? I n southern Mexi co,
coi nci -
dent w t h t he Mayan
cul t ur al a r e a nat i ves
use a number of
psi l ocybi n- cont ai ni ng mush
r ooms
Ps i l ocybe
mexi cana, P azt ecor um
P maztecorum and
others
These mush
room
const i t ut e
t he
Mexi can
mushroom
compl ex di scover ed by
Val ent i na and Cor -
donWasson
i n
t he ear l y
f i f t i e s
Psi l ocybe
cu-
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Themushroom
el i gi on
i s
act ual l y
the
generi c r el i gi on
of human
bei ngs
5 6
ReVSO Vot
. l oNo
4
bensi s al so occur s
i n
these a r e a s
bei ng
espe-
c i a l l y
p r o l i f i c
at Pal enque
Pal enque
i s t he
s i t e
of
t he
rui ns
of one
of t he
most exqui si te
c i t i e s of t he Mayan cl i max
Many
peopl e
have taken t he mushroom
at Pal enque
and
have
had
t he i mpressi on that
they wer e
i n-
gest i ng t he
sacred
sacr ament
of t he peopl e
who b u i l t t h i s
f abul ous abandoned 7th- cen-
tury Mayan
c i t y
but
t h i s
noti on
i s
di sput ed
by
modern botani st s
We cannot be cert ai n
t h a t P
cubensi s
was
t he
mushroomsacra-
ment
of
t he
Maya
Most
orthodox
botani sts
ar gue
that P
cubensi s entered
t he
New
Worl d w t h
t he conquest ,
transported by t he
Spani sh
and t h e i r c a t t l e I n t he
absence
of a
deci pher ment of t he Mayan gl yphs,
i t i s not
easy
t o i magi ne howsuch a mat t er
coul d
be
pr oved or
di sproved
Gi ven t he l ong
v i a b i l i t y
of t he spores and t he general l y prevai l i ng
w nds at
t he
equat or ,
t he
ci r cumr opi cal
di s -
t r i b u t i o n
of
P cubensi s
i s probabl y
a
very ol d
f a c t of t he
ecol ogy
of t he pl anet
The
I ndo- Ar yan
peopl e comngout
of cen-
t r a l
Asi a
contacted
val l ey- dwel l i ng,
past oral ,
par tners hi p
c u l t u r es
and
assi ml ated
from
them
t he
c ul t of
t he
coprophi ti c psi l ocybi n-
contai ni ng mushroom car ryi ng
i t
east ward
i nt o I ndi a The evi dence
i s
t h i n but,
on
t he
other hand,
t he
evi dence has not been
sought
Af t er
l l
t he current desert cl i mate of t he
r egi on encompass i ng I r a q I r a n southern
Tur k ey, J or dan,
and Saudi Ar abi a makes
t h i s a very unl i kel y pl ace
t o
l ook
f or
archaeo-
l o gi c al evi dence of a
mushroom
c u l t How
e v e r
Rober t
Gr aves s
book
Food
f or Cen
taurs
1960)
di scuss es
how
a
taboo usual l y
i n-
di c a t e s
an
e a r l i e r h i s t or i c a l
i nvol vement w th
t he f orbi dden
i t e mi n
the i nventory of t he c ul -
ture
And
mus hr oom , whi ch ar e har dl y
f ound
i n t he cont empor ar y envi r onment where
these
r e l i g i o n s are pract i ced, are
very
taboo
i n
t he substr at um of p r i m t i v e
Zoroast r i an-
i sm
Mandaeani s m
and t he undi f f erenti ated
c u l t
r e l i g i o n s
t h a t pr eceded themMandaean
i sm
s p e c i f i c a l l y f or bi ds t he eat i ng of
mush
room, accor di ng
t o Wasson
Wasson, Hof
mann
Ruck, 1978)
I n
The
Sacr ed Mushroomand t he
Cr oss
1970) ,
J ohn Al l egr o, concent r at i ng on
post-
e x i l i c
J udai sm
i n
Pal esti ne, makes a contro-
v er s i a l
case that can onl y be
j udged
by Su-
mer i an
ph i l o l o g i s t s He p o s i t s t hat
t her e ar e
mushroom
wor ds, phrases, and symbol s t h a t
can be traced
through
Accadi an
i n t o ol d Ac-
cadi an and
back
in t o Sumer i an,
and
that
mushrooms
wer e
used
very
earl y
i n t hi s
ar ea
y
own appr oach has been t o work f orwar d
from
t he Vedas The Vedas are hymns
t h a t
these
I ndo- Ar yan peopl e composed
s ome-
where
al ong
t h ei r ml l enni a- l ong
per egr i na-
ti ons
i n I ndi a
TheNi nt h Mandala
of t he Ri g
Veda
especi al l y
goes i nt o g r e a t d et a i l
about
Soma and
s t a t e s
t h a t
Soma stands
above
t he
Gods
Soma
i s t he s upr eme e n t i t y Soma
i s
t he moon
Soma i s mascul i ne
Her e we have
a r ar e
phenomenon
a
mal e
l unar dei t y
The
connect i on
bet ween t he f em ni ne and t he
moon i s
so
deep
and obvi ous t hat a l unar
mal e
dei ty
stands out, maki ng
i t s tr adi ti onal
hi s t or y i n t he
regi on easy
t o
t r a c e
I
r eexamned
t he mythol ogi es
of t he
Near
East t r y i n g t o f i nd a
l unar
god that woul d
prove t h a t
t h i s i dea
had been
i mpor t ed t o
I n-
di a
fromt he West I found t h a t
t he
Sumer -
i an
c i v i l i z a t i o n s
nort her nmost
outpost
was
a
c i t y c al l ed Harr an, a c i t y t r a di t i o n a l l y a s so c i -
ated
w t h t he
begi nni ng of
ast r ol ogy
I n -
vented i n
Harr an,
ast r ol ogy spread t o Chi na,
l a t e r
t o Egypt , and thr oughout t he anci ent
worl d The
patron dei ty of t he
c i t y
of
Har -
r an was a moon
god Si n or Nannar Si n
was
mal e andwore
a cap that l ooked l i k e amush
room
Noother
dei ty i n t hat
pant heon
had
t h i s headgear
f ound three exampl es of
Si n
or Nannar
on
cyl i nder s e al s and i n each case
t he headgear was promnent, and
i n
one i n-
stance t he accompanyi ng
t e x t
by
a ni ne-
t eenth- century
schol ar ment i ons
that t h i s
headgear was i n f ac t t he i d e n t i f i e r
f or t he
god
Masper o, 1894)
Why
was
t he Aryandei ty connect ed
w t h
t he
mushroomper cei ved
as
mal e?
Al t hough
t h i s
i s aprobl emf o r
f o l k l o r i s t s
and mythol o-
g i s t s
cert ai n poi nts ar e obvi ous
German
f o l k l or e
has
al ways
associ at ed
t he
moon
w t h
the mascul i ne, and
t he
mushroom
w l l
take t he
proj ecti on of mascul i ni t y or fem-
ni ni t y
w t h
equal
ease
t
i s
obvi ousl y con-
nected
t o
t he moon i t has
a l u st r o us s i l v e r y
appear ance
i n
cert ai n f o r m , and
i t
seem t o
appear at ni ght
when
t he moon r u l e s t he
heavens On t he other
hand, one can s h i f t
t he
poi nt
of vi ew
and suddenl y
s ee t he mush
roomas mascul i ne
i t
i s sol ar
i n
col or,
phal -
l i
i n
appearance, and i mpar t s a
great
en-
ergy
So t he
mushroom
i s
ac t u al l y
an
an-
-
8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited
8/8
drogynous
shape- shi f t i ng dei t y
t h a t can take
vari ous f orms
r e l a t i v e
t o t he
predi sposi t i on
of t he
cul t ure
encount er i ng
i t
One can al
most say
that
i t i s
a
mrror
of c ul t u r a l
expec-
t ati ons
That
i s
why f or t he
I ndo- Aryans
i t
took ona
mascul i ne qual i ty
and
why
i n
ot her
si t uati ons
i t
seems t o
have a ver y
l unar qual -
i t y
Ei ther
way,
i t i s
a hal l uci nogen
t h a t i s
not
w l d
and
i s
associ at ed w th t he
domest i -
cat i on of ani mal s
and w t h human
cul t ure
Thi s associ ati on
w t h
domest i cat ed
ani mal s
i mpl i cat es t he
mushroom
i n
t he c ul t u r a l
de-
ve l opment of t he
I ndo- Aryans, t he
peopl e
who
wrot e
t he
Vedas
These same Aryans
were t he aut hors
of
a
breakt hrough i n r e l i g i o u s
ont ol ogy
For
them
there
wer e
no
sacred r i v e r s no
sacred
t r e e s
and
no
hol y
mount ai ns
They t ran-
scended
geography i n
t h e i r not i on of
dei t y
They
b u i l t a f i r e and
where
t he
f i r e was
human
consci ousness
emer ged
i n t o
t he
l i g h t
ki ndl ed, the center of
t he uni verse came
t o
r e s t
They had di scovered
t he
t r anscendence
of t i me and
space
A
sacr ament al
pl ant
h al
l uci nogen
t h a t i s l i n ke d t o t he
dung of do-
mesti cated ani mal s means t h a t
t he sacr ament
i s
as nomadi c
as
t he peopl e and
ani mal s that
provi de
i t s
f avored
m l i e u
There
are a
number
of pr obl ems
w t h t h i s
t heory, one
of
whi ch i s
t he l ack of conf i rma-
t i on
i n I ndi a
of
t he
presence of
Psi l ocybe
cubensi s or
ot her
psi l ocybi n- cont ai ni ng
mushroom
Amani ta
muscari a i s a l s o rare
i n
I ndi a
I
p r e di c t
however ,
t h a t
a
caref ul
search of t he f l o r a of
I ndi a w l l
r e v e a l P cu-
bensi s
as an i ndi genous
component of t he
bi ome
of t he subcont i nent And
I
mai nt ai n
that
t he d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n
of t he e n t i r e area
from
Nort h Af r i ca
t o
t h e Tar r
regi on around
Del hi has
di st ort ed our
concept i on
of what
occurred
i n
t he p r e hi s t o r i c evol ut i on
of r e l i g
i ous
ont ol ogy when these
c i v i l i z a t i o n s
wer e
i n
t h e i r
i nf ancy
and t he area was
much
wet -
t er
The
mushroom
r e l i g i o n i s act ual l y
t he
generi c r e l i g i o n
of
human
bei ngs,
and
al l
l a t e r
adumbrat i ons
of r e l i g i o n stem from
t he
c u l t
of
r i t u a l
i n ge s t i o n
of
mushroom
t o
i n
duce ecst asy
rethi nki ng
of
t he
r o l e t ha t hal l uci nogeni c
pl ant s
and f ungi have pl ayed
i n
t he
prom-
t i on
of
human
emergence f rom
t he subst rat a
of pri mat e
organi zat i on can
hel p t o
l ay t he
b as i s f or a new
appreci ati on of
t he
uni que
conf l uence
of
f actors responsi bl e and neces-
sary
f or t h e evol ut i on
of human bei ngs
The
w del y
f e l t i ntui t i on
of
t he
presence
of
t he
Ot her
as
a f emal e
companion
t o
t he
human
navi gati on
of hi story can, b el i e ve be
traced
back
t o
t he
i mmer si on i n
t he veget abl e
mnd
that provi ded
t he
r i t u a l cont ext i n whi ch
of sel f - awareness, s e l f r e f l e c t i o n
and
s e l f
art i cul at i on
:
t he l i g h t of t he Great
Goddess
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