11

HallucinogensHallucinogens(Psychedelics)(Psychedelics)

22

HallucinogensHallucinogens

substances that alter substances that alter sensory processing in the sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in disturbances, changes in thought processing, and thought processing, and depersonalizationdepersonalization

33

Modern day history of Modern day history of hallucinogenshallucinogens

The Native American ChurchThe Native American Church– The American Indian Religious The American Indian Religious

Freedom Act of 1978Freedom Act of 1978 Timothy Leary and the League of Timothy Leary and the League of

Spiritual DiscoverySpiritual Discovery– The Psychedelic ExperienceThe Psychedelic Experience

44

The nature of hallucinogensThe nature of hallucinogens

Many drugs can exert Many drugs can exert hallucinogenic effectshallucinogenic effects– LSD typesLSD types– PhenylethylaminesPhenylethylamines– Anticholinergic agentsAnticholinergic agents

55

Nature of hallucinogensNature of hallucinogens

Psychedelic Psychedelic

PsychotogenicPsychotogenic

PsychotomimeticPsychotomimetic

66

Sensory and psychological Sensory and psychological effects of hallucinogenseffects of hallucinogens

Altered sensesAltered senses– synesthesiasynesthesia

Loss of controlLoss of control– flashbacksflashbacks

Self-reflectionSelf-reflection– ““make conscious the unconscious”make conscious the unconscious”

Loss of identity and cosmic mergingLoss of identity and cosmic merging– “ “mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug

experience”experience”

77

Traditional hallucinogens: Traditional hallucinogens: LSD types agentsLSD types agents

LSD (lysergic acid LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, diethylamide), mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and myristicin(DMT), and myristicin

These drugs cause These drugs cause predominantly psychedelic predominantly psychedelic effectseffects

88

Of high school seniors Of high school seniors sampled:sampled:

11.3% had used in 197511.3% had used in 1975

8.6% has used in 19928.6% has used in 1992

12.2% had used in 199912.2% had used in 1999

99

Traditional hallucinogens: Traditional hallucinogens: LSD types agentsLSD types agents

Physical properties of LSDPhysical properties of LSD– In pure form - colorless, odorless, In pure form - colorless, odorless,

tastelesstasteless– Street names - acid, blotter acid, Street names - acid, blotter acid,

microdot, white microdot, white lightninglightning

1010

Traditional HallucinogensTraditional Hallucinogens

Physiological effectsPhysiological effects– Massive increase in neural activityMassive increase in neural activity– Activates sympathetic nervous system Activates sympathetic nervous system

(rise in body temp., heart rate, and (rise in body temp., heart rate, and blood pressure)blood pressure)

– Parasympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system (increase in salivation and nausea)(increase in salivation and nausea)

1111

Traditional hallucinogens: Traditional hallucinogens: LSD types agentsLSD types agents

About half of the substance is About half of the substance is cleared from the body within 3 cleared from the body within 3 hours, and more than 90% is hours, and more than 90% is excreted within 24 hoursexcreted within 24 hours

Effects of this hallucinogen can last Effects of this hallucinogen can last 2-12 hours2-12 hours

Tolerance to the effects of LSD Tolerance to the effects of LSD develops very quicklydevelops very quickly

1212

Other LSD types agentsOther LSD types agents

Mescaline (Peyote)Mescaline (Peyote)– Mescaline is the most active drug in Mescaline is the most active drug in

peyote; it induces intensified perception peyote; it induces intensified perception of colors and euphoriaof colors and euphoria

– Effects include dilation of the pupils, Effects include dilation of the pupils, increase in body temperature, anxiety, increase in body temperature, anxiety, visual hallucinations, and alteration of visual hallucinations, and alteration of body image, vomiting, muscular body image, vomiting, muscular relaxation; in very high doses may cause relaxation; in very high doses may cause deathdeath

– Street samples are rarely authenticStreet samples are rarely authentic

1313

Other LSD types agentsOther LSD types agents

Psilocybin - its principal source is the Psilocybin - its principal source is the Psilocybe mexicanaPsilocybe mexicana mushroom mushroom

– It is not very common of the streetIt is not very common of the street– Hallucinogenic effects produced are Hallucinogenic effects produced are

quite similar to LSDquite similar to LSD– Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD, Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD,

mescalinemescaline– Stimulates the autonomic nervous Stimulates the autonomic nervous

system, dilates the pupils, increases the system, dilates the pupils, increases the body temperaturebody temperature

1414

Other LSD types agentsOther LSD types agents

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)– A short-acting hallucinogenA short-acting hallucinogen– Found in seeds of certain leguminous Found in seeds of certain leguminous

trees and prepared syntheticallytrees and prepared synthetically– It is inhaled and similar action as It is inhaled and similar action as

psilocybinpsilocybin

1515

Other Hallucinogenic (LSD Other Hallucinogenic (LSD type)type)

NutmegNutmeg– Myristica oil responsible for physical Myristica oil responsible for physical

effectseffects– High doses can be quite intoxicating High doses can be quite intoxicating – Can also cause unpleasant tripsCan also cause unpleasant trips

1616

Phenylethylamine Phenylethylamine hallucinogenshallucinogens

The phenylethylamine drugs are The phenylethylamine drugs are chemically related to amphetamines.chemically related to amphetamines.

They have varying degrees of They have varying degrees of hallucinogenic and CNS stimulant hallucinogenic and CNS stimulant effectseffects

Phenylethylamines that predominantly:Phenylethylamines that predominantly:– Release serotonin are dominated by their Release serotonin are dominated by their

hallucinogenic actionhallucinogenic action– Release dopamine are dominated by their Release dopamine are dominated by their

stimulant effectsstimulant effects

1717

Phenylethylamine Phenylethylamine hallucinogenshallucinogens

Dimthoxymethylamphetamine Dimthoxymethylamphetamine (DOM or STP)(DOM or STP)

““Designer” amphetaminesDesigner” amphetamines 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

(MDA)(MDA) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(MDMA)(MDMA)

1818

Anticholinergic Anticholinergic hallucinogenshallucinogens

The anticholinergic hallucinogens The anticholinergic hallucinogens include include naturally occurring alkaloid naturally occurring alkaloid substances substances that are present in plants that are present in plants and herbsand herbs

The potato family of plants contains The potato family of plants contains most of these mind-altering drugsmost of these mind-altering drugs

3 potent anticholingergic compounds3 potent anticholingergic compounds– ScopolamineScopolamine– HyoscyamineHyoscyamine– AtropineAtropine

1919

Anticholinergic Anticholinergic hallucinogenshallucinogens

Atropa Belladonna: The Deadly Atropa Belladonna: The Deadly NightshadeNightshade

Mandragora Officinarum: The Mandragora Officinarum: The MandrakeMandrake

Hyoscyamus Niger: HenbaneHyoscyamus Niger: Henbane Datura Stramonium: JimsonweedDatura Stramonium: Jimsonweed

2020

Other hallucinogensOther hallucinogens Phencyclidine (PCP)Phencyclidine (PCP)

– It was developed as an intravenous It was developed as an intravenous anesthetic, anesthetic, but found to have but found to have serious adverse side effectsserious adverse side effects

– It differs from the other traditional It differs from the other traditional hallucinogenshallucinogens It is a general anesthetic in high dosesIt is a general anesthetic in high doses It causes incredible strength and extreme It causes incredible strength and extreme

violent behaviorviolent behavior Management of the severe psychological Management of the severe psychological

reactions requires drug therapyreactions requires drug therapy

2121

Other hallucinogensOther hallucinogens Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological

effectseffects– Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation, Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation,

depression, depression, anesthesia, analgesiaanesthesia, analgesia– Large doses can cause coma, convulsions, Large doses can cause coma, convulsions,

and deathand death PCP psychological effectsPCP psychological effects

– Feelings of strength, power, Feelings of strength, power, invulnerability; invulnerability; perceptual distortions, perceptual distortions, paranoia, violence, paranoia, violence, psychoses,psychoses,

2222

Other hallucinogens: Other hallucinogens: inhalantsinhalants

The most commonly abused inhalants The most commonly abused inhalants are volatile substances that can cause are volatile substances that can cause hallucinations, intoxication, and euphoria.hallucinations, intoxication, and euphoria.– Volatile solventsVolatile solvents– AnestheticsAnesthetics– NitritesNitrites

Mild doses - mild stimulations, lack of Mild doses - mild stimulations, lack of motor motor control, dizziness, control, dizziness, hallucinationshallucinations

High doses - violent behavior, heart High doses - violent behavior, heart arrhythmia, unconsciousness, deatharrhythmia, unconsciousness, death2222

2323

From the forest to the front From the forest to the front lawn?lawn?

This lecture reviews basic This lecture reviews basic information on most of the information on most of the hallucinogen and dissociative hallucinogen and dissociative intoxicants growing throughout the intoxicants growing throughout the U.S.U.S.

Psychoactive composition, Psychoactive composition, geographic distribution, and brief geographic distribution, and brief overview on preparation and/or overview on preparation and/or intoxication will be reviewed intoxication will be reviewed

2424

Ephedra – Caffeine-like Ephedra – Caffeine-like StimulantStimulant

2525

The Ephedra EquationThe Ephedra Equation

Most “dietary supplements” marketed as Most “dietary supplements” marketed as psychoactive intoxicants contain psychoactive intoxicants contain ephedrine and/or caffeine from a variety of ephedrine and/or caffeine from a variety of botanical sources. botanical sources.

In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a tea or compounded with other herbs.tea or compounded with other herbs.

Historically in the U.S., it was used as a Historically in the U.S., it was used as a stimulant tea: Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, stimulant tea: Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, and other names.and other names.

Contains: ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine, Contains: ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins, nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins, saponin, and flavone saponin, and flavone

2626

Ephedra grows in the Ephedra grows in the deserts of the Southwestdeserts of the Southwest

2727

Ephedra of the USEphedra of the USE. trifurcaE. trifurca, , E. viridisE. viridis, , E. torreyana,E. torreyana, E. nevadensis E. nevadensis and and E. E.

californicacalifornica

100 gm dried ephedra could contain 100 gm dried ephedra could contain anywhere from 0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrineanywhere from 0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrine

Herbalists do offer pure extract Herbalists do offer pure extract preparationspreparations

2828

Psilocybe Mushrooms: Potent Psilocybe Mushrooms: Potent HallucinogenHallucinogen

Psilocybin: 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMTPsilocybin: 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMT Psilocin: 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMTPsilocin: 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMT Psilocybe cubensisPsilocybe cubensis typically contains typically contains

1.6 mg psilocybin per gram of dried 1.6 mg psilocybin per gram of dried mushroommushroom

40 mcg/kg40 mcg/kg intoxicates intoxicates 3 to 4 hour duration3 to 4 hour duration

2929

Psilocybe MushroomsPsilocybe Mushrooms

Small brown Small brown mushrooms that mushrooms that stain blue to the stain blue to the touchtouch

Illicit cultivation Illicit cultivation but also foraged but also foraged from temperate from temperate climatesclimates

3030

Psilocybe Mushrooms:Psilocybe Mushrooms:Religious UseReligious Use

Religious use continues in Oaxaca, Mexico

3131

Psilocybin contentPsilocybin content

3232

Dimethyltryptamine – Potent Dimethyltryptamine – Potent Hallucinogen (DMT)Hallucinogen (DMT)

N,N-DimethyltryptamineN,N-Dimethyltryptamine 10 to 20 mg smoked : 15 minute intoxication10 to 20 mg smoked : 15 minute intoxication Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in

presence of an MAOI: 3-4 hour intoxicationpresence of an MAOI: 3-4 hour intoxication Many sourcesMany sources Religious use of ayahuasca continues in Religious use of ayahuasca continues in

Brazil; indigenous and “modern” religions: Brazil; indigenous and “modern” religions: Santo Daime and Uniao do Vegetal. Both Santo Daime and Uniao do Vegetal. Both seek permission to use in the U.S. seek permission to use in the U.S.

3333

DMT…it’s as common as DMT…it’s as common as crabgrass… crabgrass…

““Canary” grass; Canary” grass; Phalaris aquatica, P. Phalaris aquatica, P. arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. tuberosatuberosa

Desmanthus illinoensis; Desmanthus illinoensis; Prairie Prairie BundleflowerBundleflower

Many other sources; mostly S. Many other sources; mostly S. America.America.

3434

DMT contentDMT content

Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried plant ++++++++++++++++++++++plant ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

P. tuberosaP. tuberosa: DMT : DMT 100 mg+100 mg+; 5-Me-DMT ; 5-Me-DMT 22 22 mg+mg+; 5-OH-DMT ; 5-OH-DMT 5 mg5 mg

P. arundinaceaP. arundinacea DMT DMT 60+ mg60+ mg Desmanthus illinoesisDesmanthus illinoesis (root bark) DMT (root bark) DMT 340 340

mgmg Psychotria viridisPsychotria viridis: DMT : DMT 200 mg200 mg

3535

Phalaris spp.Phalaris spp.

3636

Desmanthus illinoesisDesmanthus illinoesis

3737

Monoamine Oxidase Monoamine Oxidase InhibitorsInhibitors

Sedative-hypnotic properties and possibly hallucinogenic/dissociative properties

Sources: Peganum harmala, Passiflora spp.,

USED TO MAKE DMT ORALLY ACTIVE

3838

Peganum harmalaPeganum harmala

3939

Peganum harmalaPeganum harmala

Commonly called Syrian rueCommonly called Syrian rue Contains reversible MAOIs that may Contains reversible MAOIs that may

also be psychoactive (2 to 4% beta-also be psychoactive (2 to 4% beta-carboline content).carboline content).

Ayahuasca’s MAOI source only has Ayahuasca’s MAOI source only has 0.5% beta-carboline content.0.5% beta-carboline content.

Passiflora: approx. 1%Passiflora: approx. 1%

4040

Passiflora incarnataPassiflora incarnata

Passion flower; fruit used in Passion flower; fruit used in drinks; some herbal preparations drinks; some herbal preparations as a “sedative”as a “sedative”

4141

Peyote – Potent Peyote – Potent HallucinogenHallucinogen

Contains mescaline

Lophophoria williamsii

4242

Natural Range of PeyoteNatural Range of Peyote

4343

Harvesting PeyoteHarvesting Peyote

4444

PeyotePeyote Lophophoria williamsiiLophophoria williamsii

contains 1.5% mescaline contains 1.5% mescaline ((-3,4,5--3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylaminetrimethoxyphenethylamine))

3mg/kg3mg/kg potent intoxication potent intoxication Up to 8 to 10 hour durationUp to 8 to 10 hour duration Continued religious use in Continued religious use in

North AmericaNorth America Other cacti used in South Other cacti used in South

America and also…America and also…

4545

TrichocereusTrichocereus spp.spp.

Most popular Most popular source of non-source of non-sacramental sacramental mescaline in the mescaline in the U.S. isn’t peyote…U.S. isn’t peyote…

These ornamental These ornamental cacti can be found cacti can be found almost everywherealmost everywhere

4646

The Peyote CeremonyThe Peyote Ceremony

Stewart OC. Stewart OC. Peyote ReligionPeyote Religion. Norman, OK: . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

Aberle DF. Aberle DF. The Peyote Religion Among the NavahoThe Peyote Religion Among the Navaho. . Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.

4747

The Peyote CeremonyThe Peyote Ceremony

Reasons for a Reasons for a meetingmeeting

The Road Chief The Road Chief and…and…

Tobacco prayersTobacco prayers Ingestion of PeyoteIngestion of Peyote Power of songPower of song Water ceremonyWater ceremony The morning afterThe morning after

4848

Lysergic Acid AmideLysergic Acid Amide

Ipomoea spp. (esp. I. purpurea)

Morning Glory

5-10 grams of seeds

Aztec: Oliliuqui

Argyria nervosa

Hawaiian Baby Woodrose

4-8 seeds ingested

4949

Salvia divinorum Salvia divinorum potent hallucinogenpotent hallucinogen

Many other Salvia spp. may also Many other Salvia spp. may also contain psychoactive diterpenes. contain psychoactive diterpenes. “Salvinorin A”“Salvinorin A”

Related to Sage plants/Mint familyRelated to Sage plants/Mint family Does not grow in the United States Does not grow in the United States

naturally, but can readily be naturally, but can readily be cultivated. Mexican origincultivated. Mexican origin

First reported in 1962 but popularity First reported in 1962 but popularity increased via Internet…increased via Internet…

5050

Salvia divinorumSalvia divinorum

5151

Coleus?Coleus?

5252

Datura stramoniumDatura stramonium Potent Potent DissociativeDissociative

5353

DaturaDatura

Leaves typically cut and smokedLeaves typically cut and smoked Contains atropine, scopalomine, Contains atropine, scopalomine,

and…and… Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S.Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S. Occasional report of death by Occasional report of death by

ingestion of rootingestion of root Many other sources for atropine and Many other sources for atropine and

scopalomine…mandrake, henbane…scopalomine…mandrake, henbane…

5454

Amanita muscariaAmanita muscariaFound throughout the U.S.

Muscimol is the primary psychoactive alkaloid

Dissociative

5555

Bufo Frogs…Bufo Frogs…

Contains bufontinin but intoxication Contains bufontinin but intoxication primarily from 5-Meo-DMTprimarily from 5-Meo-DMT

The toad is NOT licked but glands are The toad is NOT licked but glands are milked for poisonmilked for poison

5656

Botanical intoxicants…Botanical intoxicants…future mayhem?future mayhem?

None of these plants are addictive, other than None of these plants are addictive, other than cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which is not common. Illicit cultivation of is not common. Illicit cultivation of Cannabis Cannabis sppspp., of course, continues.., of course, continues.

Eradication of the illicit drug market of Eradication of the illicit drug market of hallucinogens may drive the “resourceful” to hallucinogens may drive the “resourceful” to these botanicals more than today.these botanicals more than today.

It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals from U.S. territoryfrom U.S. territory

The Internet will drive an ever wider The Internet will drive an ever wider dissemination of information on these botanicals dissemination of information on these botanicals to those seeking this informationto those seeking this information

5757

ReferencesReferences