psychology 2003

8/14/2019 Psychology 2003

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Research in psychology

Citation

[Journal Article]Integrative data analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets.Curran, Patrick J.; Hussong, Andrea M.Psychological Methods. Vol 14(2), Jun 2009, 81-100.

Abstract

There are both quantitative and methodological techniques that foster thedevelopment and maintenance of a cumulative knowledge base within thepsychological sciences. Most noteworthy of these techniques is meta-analysis, which allows for the synthesis of summary statistics drawn from

multiple studies when the original data are not available. However, whenthe original data can be obtained from multiple studies, many advantagesstem from the statistical analysis of the pooled data. The authors defineintegrative data analysis (IDA) as the analysis of multiple data sets thathave been pooled into one. Although variants of IDA have beenincorporated into other scientific disciplines, the use of these techniques ismuch less evident in psychology. In this article the authors present anoverview of IDA as it may be applied within the psychological sciences,discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of IDA, describeanalytic strategies for analyzing pooled individual data, and offerrecommendations for the use of IDA in practice.

Qualitative research and its place in psychological science.

By Madill, Anna; Gough, Brendan

Psychological Methods. Vol 13(3), Sep 2008, 254-271.

In discussing the place of diverse qualitative research within psychologicalscience, the authors highlight the potential permeability of the quantitative-

qualitative boundary and identify different ways of increasing communicationbetween researchers specializing in different methods. Explicating diversitywithin qualitative research is facilitated, initially, through documenting the rangeof qualitative data collection and analytic methods available. The authors thenconsider the notion of paradigmatic frame and review debates on the current andfuture positioning of qualitative research within psychological science. In sodoing, the authors argue that the different ways in which the concept of paradigmcan be interpreted allow them to challenge the idea that diverse research
http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&id=308B7EFD-9543-44CF-F3A0-F5EE29551419&resultID=20&page=1&dbTab=pahttp://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&id=308B7EFD-9543-44CF-F3A0-F5EE29551419&resultID=20&page=1&dbTab=pahttp://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&id=308B7EFD-9543-44CF-F3A0-F5EE29551419&resultID=20&page=1&dbTab=pa


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paradigms are prima facie incommensurate. Further, reviewing the ways in whichproponents of qualitative research are seeking to reconfigure the links betweenparadigms helps the authors to envisage how communication between researchcommunities can be enhanced. This critical review allows the authors tosystematize possible configurations for research practice in psychology on a

continuum of paradigm integration and to specify associated criteria for judgingintermethod coherence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries.Green, Amie S.; Rafaeli, Eshkol; Bolger, Niall; Shrout, Patrick E.; Reis, Harry T.Psychological Methods. Vol 11(1), Mar 2006, 87-105.

Abstract

1. Concern has been raised about the lack of participant compliance in diarystudies that use paper-and-pencil as opposed to electronic formats. Threestudies explored the magnitude of compliance problems and their effectson data quality. Study 1 used random signals to elicit diary reports andfound close matches to self-reported completion times, matches that couldnot plausibly have been fabricated. Studies 2 and 3 examined thepsychometric and statistical equivalence of data obtained with paperversus electronic formats. With minor exceptions, both methods yielded

data that were equivalent psychometrically and in patterns of findings.These results serve to at least partially mollify concern about the validity ofpaper diary methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, allrights reserved)


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Conclusion

Before I tell my experience of researches on the topic ofIntroduction to psychology I would like to add that whenever

our mind is opened to something new, we are always curiousabout it. It is nature of human mind to absorb knowledge andexplore new things. But before exploring new things, aquestion always comes in our mind that what it is related to?What is the meaning of that particular subject? How itdeveloped? When the word psychology comes in our mind, wewould like to know what it means. How it developed inhistory? What is it scope now in todays world? What is itimportance? What development has been done in it? What

are its branches?

Through my searches I explored a lot of new things in the contextof Intro to Psychology. I found schools and branches ofpsychology and its history more than I studied in the class. Someof them were.Analytical psychology

Behavioural geneticsCultural-historical psychology

EcopsychologyExistential psychologyIndividual psychologyPhenomenological psychologyRadical behaviorismTransactional analysisTranspersonal psychologyCommunity psychologyThose articles which I found are more focusedrelated to Intro to

Psychology includes
http://www.shvoong.com/tags/psychology/http://www.shvoong.com/tags/psychology/


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Sensation

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Sensory transmission mechanisms.Milner, Peter M.Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie. Vol 12(3),Sep 1958, 149-158.

Abstract

1. In visual, auditory, and gustatory discrimination finer differentiation isobtained than can be directly accounted for by differences in excitation ofadjacent peripheral receptors. A neural mechanism or schema ispresented which may sharpen and amplify differences through severalafferent stages. "The qualities of sensation are no better defined at theperiphery than are its spatial attributes." (PsycINFO Database Record (c)2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]New directions in touch.Lederman, Susan J.; Klatzky, Roberta L.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne depsychologie exprimentale. Vol 61(3), Sep 2007, 169-170.

Abstract

1. Introduces the special issue on New Directions in Touch, which focuseson a number of critical topics concerning the sense of touch, with invitedreviews written by some of the top researchers in the field today. Some ofthese are traditional topics that have seen impressive advances in recentyears, while others are quite new. The intent in highlighting this work is toreflect the increasing excitement in recent years surrounding theexponential increase in highly innovative and diverse research devoted to


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the sense of touch. There are nine articles in the special issue, covering awide assortment of topics related to human tactile and haptic sensing andits application, including sensation, perception, cognition and theirunderlying neural mechanisms, and how basic research on touch hasbeen applied to the design of haptic interfaces for teleoperation and virtual

environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Review-Book]Review of Some relations between vision and audition.

Geldard, Frank A.Psychological Bulletin. Vol 48(3), May 1951, pp. 273.

Abstract

1. Reviews the book Some relations between vision and audition , by J. D.Harris, (see record 1951-02809-000). When sense modalities are beingcompared, relations of difference are more easily established than thoseof similarity. But many sensory phenomena transcend modal boundaries,and some, such as adaptation, appear in all sense departments. Thisbook consists of a dozen or so brief essays, stresses the functional

resemblances between vision and audition as a start "toward arriving atgeneral principles of organization and theory of the whole sensorium." Thepoints of comparison of the two senses, not entirely systematicallyselected, themselves exemplify the difficulties inherent in makingintermodal comparisons. The topics are: absolute and differentialsensitivity, the relative ranges of intensities mediated, wave frequency asa sensation determinant, relative efficiencies as energy integrators, waysin which sensations develop and decay, responses to regularly interruptedstimuli, the question of bilateral interaction, events in single nerve fibers,central and peripheral determinants of acuity, quantum considerations,and intersensory phenomena. The experimental evidences cited are quite

commodiously documented. Still, there are a few topics in connection withwhich one could wish that the visual literature had been appealed to in ascompetent a manner as was the auditory. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=1951-02809-000http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=1951-02809-000


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Perception

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Edge-region grouping in figure-ground organization and depth perception.Palmer, Stephen E.; Brooks, Joseph L.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Vol34(6), Dec 2008, 1353-1371.

Abstract

1. Edge-region grouping (ERG) is proposed as a unifying and previously

unrecognized class of relational information that influences figure-groundorganization and perceived depth across an edge. ERG occurs when theedge between two regions is differentially grouped with one region basedon classic principles of similarity grouping. The ERG hypothesis predictsthat the grouped side will tend to be perceived as the closer, figural region.Six experiments are reported that test the predictions of the ERGhypothesis for 6 similarity-based factors: common fate, blur similarity,color similarity, orientation similarity, proximity, and flicker synchrony. All 6factors produce the predicted effects, although to different degrees. In a7th experiment, the strengths of these figural/depth effects were found tocorrelate highly with the strength of explicit grouping ratings of the same

visual displays. The relations of ERG to prior results in the literature arediscussed, and possible reasons for ERG-based figural/depth effects areconsidered. We argue that grouping processes mediate at least some ofthe effects we report here, although ecological explanations are also likelyto be relevant in the majority of cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]

Scene and position specificity in visual memory for objects.Hollingworth, AndrewJournal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Vol32(1), Jan 2006, 58-69.

Abstract


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1. This study investigated whether and how visual representations ofindividual objects are bound in memory to scene context. Participantsviewed a series of naturalistic scenes, and memory for the visual form of atarget object in each scene was examined in a 2-alternative forced-choicetest, with the distractor object either a different object token or the target

object rotated in depth. In Experiments 1 and 2, object memoryperformance was more accurate when the test object alternatives weredisplayed within the original scene than when they were displayed inisolation, demonstrating object-to-scene binding. Experiment 3 tested thehypothesis that episodic scene representations are formed through thebinding of object representations to scene locations. Consistent with thishypothesis, memory performance was more accurate when the testalternatives were displayed within the scene at the same position originallyoccupied by the target than when they were displayed at a differentposition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]The influence of categories on perception: Explaining the perceptual magneteffect as optimal statistical inference.Feldman, Naomi H.; Griffiths, Thomas L.; Morgan, James L.Psychological Review. Vol 116(4), Oct 2009, 752-782.

Abstract

1. A variety of studies have demonstrated that organizing stimuli intocategories can affect the way the stimuli are perceived. We explore theinfluence of categories on perception through one such phenomenon, theperceptual magnet effect, in which discriminability between vowels isreduced near prototypical vowel sounds. We present a Bayesian model toexplain why this reduced discriminability might occur: It arises as aconsequence of optimally solving the statistical problem of perception innoise. In the optimal solution to this problem, listeners perception is

biased toward phonetic category means because they use knowledge ofthese categories to guide their inferences about speakers targetproductions. Simulations show that model predictions closely correspondto previously published human data, and novel experimental resultsprovide evidence for the predicted link between perceptual warping andnoise. The model unifies several previous accounts of the perceptualmagnet effect and provides a framework for exploring categorical effects


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in other domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)


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Personality

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Employee personality as a moderator of the relationships between workstressors and counterproductive work behavior.Bowling, Nathan A.; Eschleman, Kevin J.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. Vol 15(1), Jan 2010, 91-103.

Abstract

1. The current study, which is framed within the context of the TransactionalTheory of Stress and Coping, examined counterproductive work behaviors

(CWBs) as a response to ineffective coping with work stressors. Morespecifically, we examined whether the relationship between work stressorsand CWBs was moderated by employee personality. Analyses using datacollected from 726 adults employed in a diverse set of occupations foundthat work stressors were more strongly related to CWBs among workerswho were low in conscientiousness, or high in negative affectivity (NA)than among workers who were high in conscientiousness, or low in NA.We found less consistent support, however, for the moderating effects ofagreeableness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Only three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages:A comparison of 14 trait taxonomies.De Raad, Boele; Barelds, Dick P. H.; Levert, Eveline; Ostendorf, Fritz; Mlacic,Boris; Blas, Lisa Di; Hrebckov, Martina; Szirmk, Zsfia; Szarota, Piotr;Perugini, Marco; Church, A. Timothy; Katigbak, Marcia S.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 98(1), Jan 2010, 160-173.

Abstract

1. We tested the hypothesis that only 3 factors of personality description arereplicable across many different languages if they are independentlyderived by a psycholexical approach. Our test was based on 14 traittaxonomies from 12 different languages. Factors were compared at eachlevel of factor extraction with solutions with 1 to 6 factors. The 294 factorsin the comparisons were identified using sets of markers of the 6-factor


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model by correlating the marker scales with the factors. The factorstructures were pairwise compared in each case on the basis of thecommon variables that define the 2 sets of factors. Congruencecoefficients were calculated between the varimax rotated structures afterProcrustes rotation, where each structure in turn served as a target to

which all other structures were rotated. On the basis of averagecongruence coefficients of all 91 comparisons, we conclude that factorsolutions with 3 factors on average are replicable across languages;solutions with more factors are not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being.

Steel, Piers; Schmidt, Joseph; Shultz, JonasPsychological Bulletin. Vol 134(1), Jan 2008, 138-161.

Abstract

1. Understanding subjective well-being (SWB) has historically been a corehuman endeavor and presently spans fields from management to mentalhealth. Previous meta-analyses have indicated that personality traits areone of the best predictors. Still, these past results indicate only amoderate relationship, weaker than suggested by several lines ofreasoning. This may be because of commensurability, where researchers

have grouped together substantively disparate measures in their analyses.In this article, the authors review and address this problem directly,focusing on individual measures of personality (e.g., the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory; P. T. Costa & R. R.McCrae, 1992) and categories of SWB (e.g., life satisfaction). In addition,the authors take a multivariate approach, assessing how much variancepersonality traits account for individually as well as together. Resultsindicate that different personality and SWB scales can be substantivelydifferent and that the relationship between the two is typically much larger(e.g., 4 times) than previous meta-analyses have indicated. Total SWBvariance accounted for by personality can reach as high as 39% or 63%

disattenuated. These results also speak to meta-analyses in general andthe need to account for scale differences once a sufficient research basehas been generated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)


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Emotion

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Are specific emotions narrated differently?.Habermas, Tilmann; Meier, Michaela; Mukhtar, BarbaraEmotion. Vol 9(6), Dec 2009, 751-762.

Abstract

1. Two studies test the assertion that anger, sadness, fear, pride, andhappiness are typically narrated in different ways. Everyday events

eliciting these 5 emotions were narrated by young women (Study 1) and 5-and 8-year-old girls (Study 2). Negative narratives were expected toengender more effort to process the event, be longer, more grammaticallycomplex, more often have a complication section, and use more specificemotion labels than global evaluations. Narratives of Hogans (2003)

juncture emotions anger and fear were expected to focus more on actionand to contain more core narrative sections of orientation, complication,and resolution than narratives of the outcome emotions sadness andhappiness. Hypotheses were confirmed for adults except for syntacticcomplexity, whereas children showed only some of these differences.Hogans theory that juncture emotions are restricted to the complication

section was not confirmed. Finally, in adults, indirect speech was morefrequent in anger narratives and internal monologue in fear narratives. It isconcluded that different emotions should be studied in how they arenarrated, and that narratives should be analyzed according to qualitativelydifferent emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Review-Book]

Review of The brain and emotion and Anxiety, depression and emotion.Rippon, GinaJournal of Psychophysiology. Vol 15(3),2001, 208-210.

Abstract

1. Reviews the books, The brain and emotion by E. Rolls (2000) and Anxiety,depression and emotion edited by R. D. Davidson (2000). If the term


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"Emotion" was not present in the titles of both these books, the readercould be forgiven for thinking that they were about two distinct,nonoverlapping aspects of human behaviour. The "emotion" that is thesubject of Rolls' research monograph at first glance appears to bear littlerelation to the process linking the research reviews in Davidson's edited

text. But in the final analysis they can be described as complementary,although one suspects that they will attract nonoverlapping audiences.The reviewer feels that the Rolls book is really talking about motivation,and that a more accurate title for the book would be "The brain, motivationand emotion" with "Issues for consciousness" as a subtitle. It is a masterly,coherent, and challenging monograph. Davidson's edited text gives a verydifferent treatment of emotion or affect, principally characterized by theassumption that emotion is a "given," that we know what it is, and that itdoes not need defining. This is not necessarily a shortcoming, butindicates that the contributors are writing about emotional behaviour fromvery different perspectives and for very different reasons from Rolls.

These books are very different, both in their content and in their approach.Each is of value in different ways. Rolls provides a scholarly monographon motivational states, with a thought-provoking conclusion on how thesemight form the bases of our emotions and the relevance of all of this toconsciousness. It would be of value to a wide range of researchers,principally neuroscientists but evolutionary psychologists and neuralnetworkers could also find something of interest in the closing chapters.Davidson's collection provides a set of valuable and comprehensivereviews of research on anxiety and depression, with the added value ofcritical evaluations of each of these contributions. It would be of interest topsychophysiologists, but also to clinical practitioners. (PsycINFODatabase Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Emotion and organized behaviour: Experimental data bearing on the Leeper-Young controversy.Thompson, William R.; Higgins, William H.Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie. Vol 12(2),Jun 1958, 61-68.

Abstract

1. To determine whether shock-induced emotionality in rats leads toorganized, adaptive behavior and a stable sequence of responses, choice-behavior, activity level, autonomic activity, and relative stability werecompared for shocked and nonshocked groups. The initial phase ofemotional stress may be followed by, or even produce, highly organized,


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adaptive, and temporally predictable behavior. 15 references. (PsycINFODatabase Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)


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Motivation

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Are moods motivational states? A study on effort-related cardiovascularresponse.de Burgo, Joana; Gendolla, Guido H. E.Emotion. Vol 9(6), Dec 2009, 892-897.

Abstract

1. Based on the mood-behavior-model (Gendolla, 2000), this study testedthe idea that moods only have effects on effort mobilization in settings that

directly call for this and in which people can thus use their moods as task-relevant information. Fifty university students were randomly assigned to a2 (Mood: negative vs. positive) 2 (Memorizing: intentional vs. incidental) 2 (Time: mood induction vs. task performance) mixed model design.Effort mobilization was operationalized as systolic blood pressure (SBP)reactivity. As expected, in the intentional-memorizing condition, SBPreactivity was stronger in a negative mood than in a positive mood. Moodhad no impact in the incidental-memorizing condition, which did not call foreffort mobilization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Erratum/Correction]The role of performance antecedents and consequences in work motivation:Correction to Komaki, Collins, and Penn.Komaki, Judith L.; Collins, Robert L.; Penn, PatJournal of Applied Psychology. Vol 67(4), Aug 1982, pp. 410.

Abstract

1. Reports an error in the original article by Judith L. Komaki, Robert L.Collins, and Pat Penn (Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp.334-340). An incorrect version of Figure 1 was printed. The correct versionis provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared inrecord 1982-26864-001.) Assessed the effects of both antecedents andconsequences while keeping supervisory involvement and stimuluschanges constant. The safety performance of 200 employees in 4departments of a processing plant was monitored 3 times/wk over 46 wks.


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A multiple baseline design was used in which the phases were introducedin steps. Following baseline, the antecedent condition was presented, inwhich safety rules were explained and safety meetings held, along withfrequent supervisor interaction and stimulus changes. Then theperformance consequence, feedback, in which a feedback graph was

maintained and feedback meetings held, was added. The antecedentcondition, even when bolstered by fairly extensive supervisor involvement,resulted in improvements in only 2 out of 4 departments. Only during theconsequent condition did performance significantly improve in alldepartments over baseline and antecedent conditions. Furthermore,employees reported that they preferred obtaining information followingtheir performance. The results confirm that performance consequencessuch as feedback play a critical role in work motivation and thatantecedents alone may not be effective in all cases, even with fairlyextensive supervisor involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Cross-cultural differences in two-factor motivation theory.Hines, George H.Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 58(3), Dec 1973, 375-377.

Abstract

1. Tested F. Herzberg's 2-factor motivation theory in New Zealand, usingratings of 12 job factors and overall job satisfaction obtained from 218middle managers and 196 salaried employees. Contrary to dichotomousmotivator-hygiene predictions, supervision and interpersonal relationshipswere ranked highly by those with high job satisfaction, and there wasstrong agreement between satisfied managers and salaried employees inthe relative importance of job factors. Findings are interpreted in terms ofsocial and employment conditions in New Zealand. (PsycINFO DatabaseRecord (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)


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Memory

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]The influence of memory on perception: Its not what things look like, its whatyou call them.Mitterer, Holger; Horschig, Jrn M.; Msseler, Jochen; Majid, AsifaJournal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Vol35(6), Nov 2009, 1557-1562.

Abstract

1. World knowledge influences how we perceive the world. This study showsthat this influence is at least partly mediated by declarative memory. Dutchand German participants categorized hues from a yellow-to-orangecontinuum on stimuli that were prototypically orange or yellow and thatwere also associated with these color labels. Both groups gave moreyellow responses if an ambiguous hue occurred on a prototypicallyyellow stimulus. The language groups were also tested on a stimulus(traffic light) that is associated with the label orange in Dutch and with thelabel yellow in German, even though the objective color is the same forboth populations. Dutch observers categorized this stimulus as orangemore often than German observers, in line with the assumption that

declarative knowledge mediates the influence of world knowledge on colorcategorization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]The cognitive processes underlying event-based prospective memory in school-age children and young adults: A formal model-based study.Smith, Rebekah E.; Bayen, Ute J.; Martin, Claudia

Developmental Psychology. Vol 46(1), Jan 2010, 230-244.

Abstract

1. Fifty children 7 years of age (29 girls, 21 boys), 53 children 10 years ofage (29 girls, 24 boys), and 36 young adults (19 women, 17 men)performed a computerized event-based prospective memory task. All 3groups differed significantly in prospective memory performance, with


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adults showing the best performance and with 7-year-olds showing thepoorest performance. We used a formal multinomial process tree model ofevent-based prospective memory to decompose age differences incognitive processes that jointly contribute to prospective memoryperformance. The formal modeling results demonstrate that adults differed

significantly from the 7-year-olds and the 10-year-olds on both theprospective component and the retrospective component of the task. The7-year-olds and the 10-year-olds differed only in the ability to recognizeprospective memory target events. The prospective memory task imposeda cost to ongoing activities in all 3 age groups. (PsycINFO DatabaseRecord (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Exploring developmental differences in visual short-term memory and workingmemory.Ang, Su Yin; Lee, KerryDevelopmental Psychology. Vol 46(1), Jan 2010, 279-285.

Abstract

1. Although visuospatial short-term memory tasks have been found to

engage more executive resources than do their phonological counterparts,it remains unclear whether this is due to intrinsic differences between thetasks or differences in participants experience with them. The authorsfound 11-year-olds performances on both visual short-term and workingmemory tasks to be more greatly impaired by an executive suppressiontask (random number generation) than were those of 8-year-olds. Similarfindings with adults (e.g., Kane & Engle, 2000) suggest that the impositionof a suppression task may have overloaded the older childrens executiveresources, which would otherwise be used for deploying strategies forperforming the primary tasks. Conversely, the younger children, whoprobably never had the capacity or know-how to engage these facilitative

strategies in the first place, performed more poorly in the single taskcondition but were less affected in the dual task condition. These findingssuggest that differences in the childrens ability to deploy task-relevantstrategy are likely to account for at least part of the executive resourcerequirements of visual memory tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation


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Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Adults' memories of childhood: True and false reports.Qin, Jianjian; Ogle, Christin M.; Goodman, Gail S.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Vol 14(4), Dec 2008, 373-391.

Abstract

1. In 3 experiments, the authors examined factors that, according to thesource-monitoring framework, might influence false memory formation andtrue/false memory discernment. In Experiment 1, combined effects ofwarning and visualization on false childhood memory formation wereexamined, as were individual differences in true and false childhoodmemories. Combining warnings and visualization led to the lowest falsememory and highest true memory. Several individual difference factors(e.g., parental fearful attachment style) predicted false recall. In addition,

true and false childhood memories differed (e.g., in amount ofinformation). Experiment 2 examined relations between Deese/Roediger-McDermott task performance and false childhood memories.Deese/Roediger-McDermott performance (e.g., intrusion of unrelatedwords in free recall) was associated with false childhood memory,suggesting liberal response criteria in source decisions as a commonunderlying mechanism. Experiment 3 investigated adults' abilities todiscern true and false childhood memory reports (e.g., by detectingdifferences in amount of information as identified in Experiment 1). Adultswho were particularly successful in discerning such reports indicatedreliance on event plausibility. Overall, the source-monitoring framework

provided a viable explanatory framework. Implications for theory andclinical and forensic interviews are discussed. (PsycINFO DatabaseRecord (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)


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Thinking

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Comment/Reply]Thinking critically about critical thinking approaches: Comment on Yancher, Slife,and Warne (2008).Bensley, D. AlanReview of General Psychology. Vol 13(3), Sep 2009, 275-277.

Abstract

1. Yanchar, Slife, and Warne (see record 2008-11592-004) recentlycontrasted core assumptions of the method-centered, scientific analytic

reasoning approach to critical thinking that is dominant in psychology withtheir own alternative approach emphasizing integration of information frommultiple perspectives. They contended that emphasis on the scientificanalytic approach is associated with justification and neglects otherstrategies such as more open-minded and respectful dialogue that couldpromote innovation and theory development. This commentary on theirarticle examines these claims in light of research on critical-thinkingdispositions and scientific discovery. Their claims received mixed support,prompting recommendations for additional research and using theresearch evidence to revise the psychological claims of their alternativeapproach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]From what might have been to what must have been: Counterfactual thinkingcreates meaning.Kray, Laura J.; George, Linda G.; Liljenquist, Katie A.; Galinsky, Adam D.;Tetlock, Philip E.; Roese, Neal J.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 98(1), Jan 2010, 106-118.

Abstract

Four experiments explored whether 2 uniquely human characteristicscounterfactual thinking (imagining alternatives to the past) and the fundamentaldrive to create meaning in lifeare causally related. Rather than implying arandom quality to life, the authors hypothesized and found that counterfactual


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thinking heightens the meaningfulness of key life experiences. Reflecting onalternative pathways to pivotal turning points even produced greater meaningthan directly reflecting on the meaning of the event itself. Fate perceptions (itwas meant to be) and benefit-finding (recognition of positive consequences)were identified as independent causal links between counterfactual thinking and

the construction of meaning. Through counterfactual reflection, the upsides toreality are identified, a belief in fate emerges, and ultimately more meaning isderived from important life events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Review-Book]Reviews of Children's Logical and Mathematical Thinking and Verbal Processesin Children.

Bullock, MerryCanadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. Vol 25(3), Jul 1984, 243-246.

Abstract

1. Reviews the books, Children's Logical and Mathematical Thinking, editedby Charles Brainerd (1982); and Verbal Processes in Children, edited byCharles Brainerd and Michael Pressley (1982). These first two issues ofthe new Springer-Verlag series can be discussed from two perspectives.Children's Logical and Mathematical Thinking contains topics traditionallystudied under the rubric of quantity concepts--conservation and number.

Two chapters add a look at children's and adolescents' ideas aboutchance and probability, and an illustration of how training involvingquantity and class-inclusion concepts may be used to test a formalizedmodel of concept acquisition. In the second volume, Verbal Processes InChildren, the thematic orientation seems more stretched than in the firstvolume. The editors try to integrate research topics "which havehistorically been islands unto themselves, but which can meaningfully beconsidered part of a more encompassing discipline concerned with howchildren process verbal information." If one views the volume as a whole,the theme seems more post hoc than organizational. There are eightchapters, the range of topics is large, and the connecting links are not

apparent. Two chapters are on reading processes. The other six coverreferential communication, bilingualism, story analyses of moral dilemmas,memory strategy, instruction research, semantic development, and causallanguage. As "flagships" for a series on progress in cognitivedevelopment, these two volumes provide a range of topics, but fall short oftheir goal of integrating different lines of investigation. (PsycINFODatabase Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)


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Learning

Citation

Tests enhance the transfer of learning.Rohrer, Doug; Taylor, Kelli; Sholar, BrandonJournal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Vol36(1), Jan 2010, 233-239.

Abstract

1. Numerous learning studies have shown that if the period of time devotedto studying information (e.g., casa-house) includes at least 1 test (casa-?),performance on a final test is improveda finding known as the testingeffect. In most of these studies, however, the final test is identical to the

initial test. If the final test requires a novel demonstration of learning (i.e.,transfer), prior studies suggest that a greater degree of transfer reducesthe size of the testing effect. The authors tested this conjecture. In 2experiments, 4th- or 5th-grade students learned to assign regions or citiesto map locations and returned 1 day later for 2 kinds of final tests. Onefinal test required exactly the same task seen during the learning session,and the other final test consisted of novel, more challenging questions. Inboth experiments, testing effects were found for both kinds of final tests,and the testing effect was no smaller, and actually slightly larger, for thefinal test requiring transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, allrights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Context, learning, and extinction.Gershman, Samuel J.; Blei, David M.; Niv, YaelPsychological Review. Vol 117(1), Jan 2010, 197-209.

Abstract

1. A. Redish et al. (2007) proposed a reinforcement learning model ofcontext-dependent learning and extinction in conditioning experiments,using the idea of state classification to categorize new observations intostates. In the current article, the authors propose an interpretation of thisidea in terms of normative statistical inference. They focus on renewal andlatent inhibition, 2 conditioning paradigms in which contextualmanipulations have been studied extensively, and show that onlineBayesian inference within a model that assumes an unbounded number of


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latent causes can characterize a diverse set of behavioral results fromsuch manipulations, some of which pose problems for the model of Redishet al. Moreover, in both paradigms, context dependence is absent inyounger animals, or if hippocampal lesions are made prior to training. Theauthors suggest an explanation in terms of a restricted capacity to infer

new causes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Individual differences and reliability of paired associates learning in younger andolder adults.Rast, Philippe; Zimprich, DanielPsychology and Aging. Vol 24(4), Dec 2009, 1001-1006.

Abstract

1. The authors modeled individual nonlinear trajectories of learning usingstructured latent growth curves based on an exponential function with 3parameters: initial performance, learning rate, and asymptoticperformance. The 3 parameters showed reliable individual differences andthe between-parameter correlations indicated that participants with highlearning rates recalled more items initially. The asymptotic performancewas unrelated to the learning rate and the initial performance. In addition,age and speed of information processing were included in the analyses.

Age mainly affected negatively the asymptotic and the initial performancewhereas speed of information processing affected the learning ratepositively. Reliability estimates based on 2 similar learning conditions weremoderate overall. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)


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Stress And Healthy Life Style

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Personality, stressful life events, and treatment response in major depression.Bulmash, Eric; Harkness, Kate L.; Stewart, Jeremy G.; Bagby, R. MichaelJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Vol 77(6), Dec 2009, 1067-1077.

Abstract

1. The current study examined whether the personality traits of self-criticismor dependency moderated the effect of stressful life events on treatmentresponse. Depressed outpatients (N = 113) were randomized to 16 weeksof cognitivebehavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, orantidepressant medication (ADM). Stressful life events were assessedwith the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Severeevents reported during or immediately prior to treatment predicted poorresponse in the ADM condition but not in the psychotherapy conditions. Incontrast, nonsevere life events experienced prior to onset predictedsuperior response to treatment. Further, self-criticism moderated therelation of severe life events to outcome across conditions, such that inthe presence of severe stress those high in self-criticism were less likely torespond to treatment than were those low in self-criticism. (PsycINFODatabase Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Intraindividual change and variability in daily stress processes: Findings from twomeasurement-burst diary studies.Sliwinski, Martin J.; Almeida, David M.; Smyth, Joshua; Stawski, Robert S.Psychology and Aging. Vol 24(4), Dec 2009, 828-840.

Abstract

1. There is little longitudinal information on aging-related changes inemotional responses to negative events. In the present article, weexamined intraindividual change and variability in the within-personcoupling of daily stress and negative affect using data from 2measurement-burst daily diary studies. Three main findings emerged.First, average reactivity to daily stress increased longitudinally, and thisincrease was evident across most of the adult lifespan. Second, individual


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differences in emotional reactivity to daily stress exhibited long-termtemporal stability, but this stability was greatest in midlife and decreasedin old age. Third, reactivity to daily stress varied reliably within-persons(across-time), with individuals exhibiting higher levels of reactivity duringtimes when reporting high levels of global subject stress in the previous

month. Taken together, the present results emphasize the importance ofmodeling dynamic psychosocial and aging processes that operate acrossdifferent time scales for understanding age-related changes in daily stressprocesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Psychological impact of an economic crisis: A Conservation of Resources

approach.nal-Karagven, M. HlyaInternational Journal of Stress Management. Vol 16(3), Aug 2009, 177-194.

Abstract

1. This study examined the psychological effects of an economic crisis basedon Conservation of Resources (COR) stress theory. It investigated howthe loss of economic resources had a psychological influence on well-being and identified which of 3 variables (the loss of economic resources,demographic characteristics, or coping strategies) had the greatest

psychological influence. Psychological well-being was assessed via levelsof anxiety and anger. The study provided clear support for COR theory.The loss of economic resources had a strong and mostly positiverelationship to anxiety and anger. The coping strategies were the mostimportant of several predictors. Similar studies were proposed to increaseconfidence in generalizing to other populations and to identify the causallinks between loss of economic resources, coping, and psychological well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)


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Psychopathalogy

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]Pathological gambling subtypes.Vachon, David D.; Bagby, R. MichaelPsychological Assessment. Vol 21(4), Dec 2009, 608-615.

Abstract

1. Although pathological gambling (PG) is regarded in the 4th edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (AmericanPsychiatric Association, 1994) as a unitary diagnostic construct, it is likelycomposed of distinct subtypes. In the current report, the authors usedcluster analyses of personality traits with a non-treatment-seekingcommunity sample of gamblers and identified 3 PG subtypes. Gamblerspartitioned into a simple PG cluster, characterized by low rates ofcomorbid psychopathology and trait scores near the normative mean; ahedonic PG cluster, characterized by moderate rates of comorbidpsychopathology and a proclivity for excitement seeking and positiveaffect; and a demoralized PG cluster, characterized by high rates ofcomorbid psychopathology and a propensity toward negative affect, lowpositive emotionality, and disinhibition. The findings provide preliminarysupport for an empirically based typology of gamblers, distinguishable interms of personality structure, which may reflect different etiologies.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)

Citation

Database: PsycARTICLES[Journal Article]The Causes of Underdiagnosing Akathisia.Hirose, ShigehiroSchizophrenia Bulletin. Vol 29(3),2003, 547-558.

Abstract

1. This article reviews what causes clinicians to overlook or underdiagnoseakathisia. The causes are considered to be related to both the patient'ssymptoms and the clinician's attitude toward akathisia. The patient factorsinclude mild severity of akathisia, lack of apparent motor restlessness, no


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voluntary expression of inner restlessness, no clear communication ofinner restlessness, restlessness in body parts other than the legs, atypicalexpressions of inner restlessness, other prominent psychic symptoms,and absence of other extrapyramidal signs. The clinician factors includeemphasis on objective restlessness, failure to consider akathisia during

antipsychotic therapy, failure to fully implement antiakathisia treatments inambiguous cases, and strict adherence to research diagnostic criteria.Akathisia is likely to be overlooked or underdiagnosed when both patientand clinician factors are present. Currently, there may be two majorproblems with underdiagnosis: (1) symptoms that fulfill the diagnosticcriteria for akathisia are overlooked, and (2) conditions that do not fulfillthe diagnostic criteria but can still benefit from antiakathisia measures areunderdiagnosed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rightsreserved)


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psychology 2003

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