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Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology

Lecture 8

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Scoring Your Questionnaire: IISS

In order to score your questionnaire, you must compute 2 scores.

Score 1: Sum of odd-numbered items

Score 2: Sum of even-numbered items

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Values

1. What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary?

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1. define the value dimensions identified by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, Hofstede and Schwartz.

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

2. identify Canada’s rankings on Hofstede’s value dimensions.

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What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary?

● Schwartz and Bilsky (1987) generated the following definition of “values”:

“Values (a) are concepts or beliefs, (b) pertain to desirable end states or behaviors, (c) transcend specific situations, (d) guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and (e) are ordered by relative importance.”

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(a) Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1973; see also Carter, 1991; Russo, 2000):

Identified 5 value dimensions on which these cultural groups varied:

● A number of studies have examined the major value dimensions on which cultures vary. These include:

Examined values among members of diverse cultural groups within the U.S. (e.g., Hispanics, Mormons, Navaho Indians, Texans).

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Value Dimension Alternative Orientations

“Time” orientation Past, present, or future

“Man-nature” orientationSubjugation to, harmony with, or

mastery over nature

“Activity” orientation Being, becoming, or doing

“Nature of man” orientation Good, evil, or “mixed”

“Relational” orientation Collateral, lineal, or individualistic

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Dimensions

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Value DimensionAfrican

AmericansEuropean Americans

Hispanic Americans

“Time” orientation Present Future Past

“Man-nature” orientation

Harmony with nature

Mastery over nature

Harmony with nature

“Activity” orientation Doing Doing Becoming

“Nature of man” orientation

Mixed Mixed Good

“Relational” orientation

Collateral Individualistic Collateral

Value Orientations of U.S. Cultural Groups (Ho, 1997)

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(b) Hofstede (1980, 2001, 2010):

Early research identified 4 value dimensions on which these cultural groups varied: Power distance,

uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and individualism.

Examined values among IBM employees in 50 countries (e.g., Canada, China, Columbia, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, New Zealand, Poland, Uruguay, U.S., West Africa).

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Value Dimension High Scoring Countries Low Scoring Countries

Power distanceMalaysia, Guatemala,

PanamaDenmark, Israel,

Austria

Uncertainty avoidanceGreece, Portugal,

GuatemalaDenmark, Jamaica,

Singapore

MasculinityJapan, Austria,

VenezuelaNetherlands, Norway,

Sweden

IndividualismU.S., Australia,

Great BritainPanama, Ecuador,

Guatemala

Countries High and Low on Hofstede’sValue Dimensions

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Value Dimension Maximum Score Average Score Canada’s Score

Power distance 104 55 39

Uncertainty avoidance

112 64 48

Masculinity 95 50 52

Individualism 91 43 80

Canada’s Scores on Hofstede’sValue Dimensions

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(c) Schwartz (1999, 2011):

Examined values among individuals in 49 countries (e.g., Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, United States, Zimbabwe).

Identified 3 value dimensions on which these cultural groups varied: Mastery vs. harmony, hierarchy vs. egalitarianism, and conservatism vs. autonomy.

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Values

1. What are the major value dimensions on which cultural groups vary?