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We learn by association› Our minds naturally connect events

that occur in sequence› Aristotle 2000 years ago› John Locke and David Hume 200 yrs ago

Associative Learning› learning that two events occur together

two stimuli a response and its consequences

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What Is Learning?Learning is acquiring new

knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, preferences

or understanding, and may involve synthesizing

different types of information.

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۞ It is simply a change in behavior – a form of adaptation and a mode of adjustment

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۩ Learning can be defined as a process which brings relatively permanent changes in the behavior of Learner through experience and Practice.

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Verbal learning:(Involving verbel expressions)

Learning of Motor Skills: (Walking,Swiming,Dancing,Typing)

Effective Learning:(habbits,interest,attitudes)

Cognative learning: (learning of concepts, principles , problem-solving)

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The learning canbe classified into:

Trail and error LearningConditioining LearningShaping Insightful learningAssociate learning.... Etc.

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•Trail And Error Learning

•( Edward L.Thorndike) (1874-1949)(1874-1949)

Different possible Different possible configurations are configurations are generated, after a test of generated, after a test of their "fitness", the good their "fitness", the good ones are retained, and the ones are retained, and the bad ones or "errors" are bad ones or "errors" are eliminated.eliminated. 8

Thorndike’s Puzzle box

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1. The law of Effect – This states that if the responses are rewarded and the reward is satisfying or pleasant, the connection or behavior is strengthened. If the effect is unpleasant or annoying, the connection is weakened.

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1.2.The Law of readiNESS– It stresses need motivation of learners through building up of the proper background and fostering the proper mindset. This includes the understanding that learning follows a maturation level. It says that an appropriate learning activity depends on the capacity of the learner.

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3. The Law of Exercise – This states that more connections are exercised, the stronger the connections become. When a connection or behavior has not been practiced or repeated, its strength decreases. As the saying goes, “Practice makes perfect.”

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Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which people (or any organism) learns to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence.

Classical conditioning occurs when a person forms a mental association between two stimuli, so that encountering one stimulus means the person thinks of the other.

Condition: to make people or animals act or react in a particular way by gradually getting them used to a specific pattern of events. 13

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in 1900s.

Neutral StimulusNeutral Stimulus: a stimulus that, before conditioning, has no effect on the desired response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned.

Unconditioned response (UCR)Unconditioned response (UCR): a response that is natural and needs no training.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned response (CR): Conditioned response (CR): a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus.

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2. Classical Conditioning - This kind of learning gets its name from the fact that

it is the kind of learning originally studied in the classical experiments of

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).

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We learn to associate two stimuli

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Pavlov introduced the concept of conditioning and established many of its basic principles. He was the first to conduct systematic studies of conditioned responses.

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John B. Watson viewed psychology as

objective science generally agreed-upon

consensus today recommended study of

behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted

by all schools of thought today 19

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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

developed behavioral technology

3. Operant Conditioning

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B.F Skinner Box Experiment

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4. Operant Conditioning – Operant conditioning is also called

“Instrumental conditioning.” It is a kind of learning , in which an animal or

human performs some behavior, and the following consequences, increase or decrease the chances that they will repeat to perform the same behavior

or response. And this response is called Operant Response.

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OPERANT REPONSE - is a response that can be modified

by its consequence and is a meaningful unit doing behavior that can be measured easily.

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REINFORCEMENT – means a consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

PUNISHMENT – is a consequence that occurs after a behavior and decreases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

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OPERANT CONDITIONING IS GOOD FOR CHILD REARING, SHAPING BEHAVIORS .

EX: A YOUNG BOY HAD TEMPER TANTRUMS DURING BEDTIME TO GET ENOUGH ATTENTION FROM PARENTS….

EX: ALONE IN A CRIB, A BABY MAY KICK AND TWIST AND COO SPONTANEOUSLY. THIS BEHAVIOR WILL BE REPEATED WHEN THIS IS FOLLOWED BY PARENTAL ATTENTION.

EX: DOG WILL PICK UP THE BALL MORE OFTEN IF THIS ACTION IS FOLLOWED BY PETTING OR A FOOD REWARD.

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5. Cognitive learning – cognitive learning involves perception and knowledge necessary in order to learn with understanding. It is also known as ‘Insight learning.’ 27

Insight – is a mental process marked by the sudden and expected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “ah-ah experience.”

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Kohler Experiment:

Kohler constructed a variety of problems for thechimps, each of which involved obtaining foodthat was not directly accessible.In the simplest task, food was put on the other

side of a barrier.Dogs and cats in previous experiments had faced the barrier in order to reach the food,

ratherthan moving away from the goal to circumventthe barrier. The chimps, however, presented

withAn apparently analogous situation, set offimmediately on the circuitous route to the food.

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Alfred Bandura’s Experiments Bobo doll we look and

we learn

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Prosocial Behaviorpositive, constructive, helpful behavior

opposite of antisocial behavior

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This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV

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