psychology class jan 22
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Communication in Health Care
Communication & Metacommunication Communication is about sharing
information
Metacommunication is about communicating something about the communication, itself. Examples:
A Study on Metacommunication Patch, et al (1997) Research Terminology
Independent Variable ________________________ Dependent Variable _________________________ Experimental condition _______________________ Control condition ____________________________
Psychology Terminology Door-in-the-face (DIFT) technique
A persuader tries to get compliance from others by making a large request, while knowing that the request will likely be rejected; so that the person will agree to a smaller request, since the smaller request seems very reasonable compared with the large one.
A Study on Metacommunication Participants: U.S. men and women (students and non-students) Procedures: Each participant was approached by a single requester when he
or she was alone. 4 Conditions:
MC/DITF DITF MC/Control Control moderate request
Results: Greater compliance in MC/DITF than DITF. Greater Compliance in MC/Control than Control.
Explanation: Metacommunication strategy is effective in facilitating compliance.
Limitation:
Questions about research terminology In the above study:
What are the independent variables? Which is the dependent variable? Which conditions are the experimental
conditions? In each condition, what is the dependent variable? What is/are the independent variable(s)?
Which is the control condition?
Verbal Communication Denotation & Connotation
Example: ______________________ English as a Second Language
Factors to consider: ______________________________ Slang and Jargon
Examples ______________________________
Nonverbal Communication Why is nonverbal communication important in healthcare? What are the functions of verbal and nonverbal communication?
Please give examples to illustrate the functions. In your view, what are the differences between verbal and
nonverbal communication? Can you give examples of nonverbal communication? In your view, are facial expressions universal? What are the kinds of messages that can be conveyed by
touch? Please provide examples.
Why are nonverbal communication important in healthcare?
Why and when do patients rely on nonverbal cues? ___________________________________
Why and when do HCPs rely on nonverbal cues? ____________________________________
What are the functions of verbal and nonverbal communication?
replace verbal communication Examples:
express feelings Examples:
regulate interaction Examples:
validate verbal messages Examples:
maintain self-image Examples:
maintain relationships Examples:
What are some of the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication?
Without words Less voluntary
Examples of Non-Verbal Communication Body Language (gestures, facial
expression, gaze) Proxemics (Distance) Touch Paralinguistics Physical and environmental factors
Body Language Facial Expressions
Six basic expressions1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________5. ______________6. ______________
Are they universal?
Are Facial Expressions universal? Ekaman & Friesen (1975)
Participants People who lived in isolated areas of New Guinea
Procedure Asked individuals to imagine different situations, I.e., you friend comes to visit
and you are happy, a dead animal laying in the hot sun for many days and it smelled bad.
Participants were asked to show how they would express their feelings. Results
Participants show similar facial expressions that North Americans might show in those situations
Conclusion _____________________________
Are Facial Expressions universal? Ekman (1973) Procedure
Individuals who lived in widely separate countries were shown facial expressions of strangers from other countries and asked to classify those emotions into these categories:_______________________________________
Results Participants classified the emotions accurately
Conclusion ________________________________________
Are Facial Expressions universal? Russell (1994)
Limitations to Ekman’s studies (1973, 1975)
__________________________________ __________________________________
Are Facial Expressions universal? Russell (1994)
Compare Western, non-western literate, and non-western isolated
Results: _______________________________________
happy Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust Anger
Western 96.4 87.5 80.5 77.5 82.6 81.2
Non-Western Literate
89.2 79.2 76.0 65.0 65.0 63.0
Non-Western Illiterate Isolated
92.0 36.0 52.0 46.0 29.0 56.0
Are Facial Expressions universal? Instinct versus socialization
Cross cultural research suggested substantial agreement in recognition of facial expression
Socialization also is an important factor; facial expressions are not totally universal; contextual differences do exist with respect to precise meanings.
Body Language
Gesture Can you think of some gestures that help to
regulate the flow of conversations?
Eye Contact Can you give examples of how eye contact carry
out the functions of nonverbal communication?
ProxemicsHall’s study on distance
Participants were from the Northeastern United States
1. Intimate 1.5 feet
2. Personal 1.5 and 2.5 feet (arm’s length)
3. Social 4 to 12 feet
4. Public 12-25 feet
How may this study be relevant to you as a dental hygienist? What is the physical distance you maintain with your clients?
What kinds of messages are expressed by touch?
Positive effect Playful (humor) Control Ritualistic Task related, functional
A Study on Touch Crusco & Wetzel (1984)
Procedure Ask a group of servers to greeted customers in 3 ways: a)
refrained from touching in any manner, b) touched briefly on the hand, c) touched them for a longer period on the shoulder.
Results Situation (b) and (c) significantly increased tipping over the no-
touch control condition. Conclusion
Being touched in an innocuous, non-threatening way seemed to generate positive rather than negative reactions among participants
Studies on Touch Aguilera (1967)
Procedures Experimental Group: patients received touch and
verbal communication Control Group: patients received only verbal
communication Results
Patients in the experimental groups had more verbal interaction and more rapport with the nurse
Studies on Touch Patterison (1973)
In counseling session, the therapist’s touch contact has been related to increased amount of self-exploration
What are the limitations of Aguilera and Patterison’s studies Not a double blind situation May not be generalized to other contexts
Touch in Health Care What are some of the factors that affect people’s
receptivity to touch? Gender Socio-cultural Factors Nature of the Relationship