PSYCHOLOGY“JUST ANDY” - BY INKED

Members :Rebecca Marie Tanduba 0322757The Wei Hong 0323743Joseph Soh 0323887Isaac Chew Jian Chuen 0322030

CONCEPTS•STEREOTYPING•CONFIRMATION BIAS•BIRGING•SOCIAL LOAFING•COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING

STEREOTYPINGIn social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality. However, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations and theories of stereotyping that provide their own expanded definition. Some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others.

CONFIRMATION BIASConfirmation bias is the brain’s tendency to look for information which supports your initial hunch and ignores everything else that contradicts it. Confirmation bias is a type of cognitive bias and represents an error of inductive inference toward confirmation of the hypothesis under study. Confirmation bias is a phenomenon wherein decision makers have been shown to actively seek out and assign more weight to evidence that confirms their hypothesis, and ignore or under weigh evidence that could disconfirm their hypothesis. Your brain is so judgemental.

BIRGINGYou feel fantastic when your favourite football team or tennis player has a great result. It’s as though you have triumphed personally.You wear your club’s shirt throughout the weekend, read all the newspaper and internet match reports, watch Match of the Day and initiate conversations about the game with both fellow and rival fans.This is known as ‘Basking in Reflected Glory’ (or BIRGing). It is the process through which we let the world know that we are associated with a successful club while experiencing a warm glow as we mentally revisit the experience.

SOCIAL LOAFING

In Social Psychology,Social loafing is the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group compared to when they work alone.Social loafing can be mainly explained by the “free-rider” theory and the resulting “sucker effect”. - “Free-rider” theory : An individual’s reduction in effort in order to avoid pulling the weight of a fellow group member.- “Sucker effect” : People feel that others in the group will leave them to do all the work while they take the credit.

COUNTERFACTUAL THINKINGCounterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. Counterfactual thinking is exactly as it states: "counter to the facts." These thoughts consist of the "What if?" and the "If I had only..." that occur when thinking of how things could have turned out differently. Counterfactual thoughts are things that could never possibly happen in reality, because they solely pertain to events that have occurred in the past.

USE THESE WHEN PRESENTING

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I LOVE SHANKAR

--BIRGing--Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) is a self-serving cognition whereby an individual associates themselves with known successful others such that the winner's success becomes the individual's own accomplishment. The affiliation of another’s success is enough to stimulate self glory. The individual does not need to be personally involved in the successful action. To BIRG, they must simply associate themselves with the success. Examples of BIRGing include anything from sharing a home state with a past or present famous person, to religious affiliations, to sports teams. For example, when a fan of a football team wears the team's jersey and boasts after a win, this fan is engaging in BIRGing. A parent with a bumper sticker reading "My child is an honor student" is basking in the reflected glory of their child. While many people have anecdotal accounts of BIRGing, social psychologists seek to find experimental investigations delving into BIRGing. Within social psychology, BIRGing is thought to enhance self-esteem and to be a component of self-management.

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ISAAC IS SO COOL

--Confirmation bias--It is a type of cognitive bias and a systematic error of inductive reasoning. People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively, or when they interpret it in a biased way. The effect is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization (when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence), belief perseverance (when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and illusory correlation (when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations).

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“LOL” – I GOT NOTHING TO SAY

-- Social Loafing—In social psychology, social loafing is the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. This is seen as one of the main reasons groups are sometimes less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals, but should be distinguished from the accidental coordination problems that groups sometimes experience. (Explain “free rider” theory on slide) (Explain “sucker effect” on slide)

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I AM SO TIRED--Counterfactual Thinkng--

Counterfactual thinking is thinking about a past that did not happen. This often happens in 'if only...' situations, where we wish something had or had not happened. This can be so powerful we can change our own memories, adjusting the facts and creating new memories. It can happen to cover up trauma or may be just excuses to avoid facing uncomfortable truths. It can also be to explain what is otherwise unexplainable.This effect is increased by: Replication: if we can easily reconstruct events as happened or as wished for. Closeness: if the unwanted event is close, such as just missing winning the lottery by one number or

just missing a taxi. Exception: if the event occurred because of a non-routine action that might well not have happened

('if only...'). Controllability: if something could have been done to avoid the event. Action: in the short term, we regret actions that cause problems more than inaction that might have

the same effect (although in the longer term, this effect is reversed).We can also do the reverse, thinking about bad things that did not happen, such as when we narrowly avoid being in an accident. Counterfactual thinking often happens around situations of perceived 'luck'.

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