psychology’s history and approaches unit i. psychology scientific study of behavior and mental...
TRANSCRIPT
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Psychology’s History and Approaches
Unit I
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Psychology
•Scientific study of behavior and mental processes• Behavior: any action/reaction of a
living thing that can be formally observed
• Mental processes: internal processes (ex: thinking, feeling, desiring) that can only be indirectly observed
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Psychology’s perspectives
Early Approaches
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Structuralism
• The analysis of the basic elements that make up the mind• Involved breaking consciousness down into
sensations and feelings• Utilized introspection – subjective
observation of one’s own experience
• Developed by William Wundt (c. 1879)
• Legacy: • Launched psychology as an independent science• Influenced field for remainder of 1800s
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•Criticisms:• Introspective method lacks
ability for replicable observations
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How would you describe the taste of this apple?
Can you use introspection to describe schizophrenia?
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Functionalism
• The study of the purpose (or function) mental processes serve in allowing people to adapt to their environment
• Developed by William James (c. 1890)• Inspired by Charles Darwin and his theory of
natural selection – features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than others to be passed on to future generations
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•James believed mental abilities evolved b/c they were adaptive (helped people solve problems)
•Functionalism became a dominant approach by 1920
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Structuralism vs. Functionalism
“Describe the emotion of fear.”
“How does fear enable humans to adapt to the environment?”
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Psychoanalytic
• Psychoanalytic theory –emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, belief, and behaviors
• Developed by Sigmund Freud (c. 1900) with Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
• Criticisms:• Required exploration of person’s early sexual
experiences/unconscious sexual desires• Emphasis was on limitations and problems rather
than possibilities and potentials• Ideas were difficult to test
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Gestalt
• Emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of its parts
• Developed by Max Wertheimer (c. 1924)
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Modern approaches to Psychology
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How can we learn about this pigeon?
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The Behavioral Perspective(1930s – 1950s)
•Psychologists should restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
•Developed by John Watson• Influenced by Pavlov's work with dogs• Watson influenced B.F. Skinner (c.
1938)
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“Skinner Box”“Teaching Machine”
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•Criticisms:• Ignored mental processes• Ignored evolutionary history of
organisms
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The Humanistic Perspective
•Emphasizes the whole person and the positive potential of human beings• People are free agents who have a need
to develop, grow and reach their full potential
•Influenced by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
•Peaked in 1960
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The Psychodymnamic Perspective
• Emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences but places less emphasis on sexual instincts
• Approach to therapy emphasizes repressed memories, free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference
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The Biological Perspective
•Studies the physical (body and brain) bases of human and animal behavior
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The Cognitive Perspective
• Scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning
• Early influences: Sir Frederic Bartlett (c. 1932) and Jean Piaget (1960)
• Aided by the advent of the computer
• Cognitive neuroscience linked cognitive process to brain activity
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The Sociocultural Perspective
• Focuses on how culture and social situations affect our behavior and thinking
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The Evolutionary Perspective
• Explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
• Criticisms:• Many traits probably evolved to serve
different functions than those they currently serve
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What is the evolutionary purpose of jealousy?
Is ability to drive the result of natural selection?
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So you want to major in psychology…
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Psychology vs. Psychiatry
• Psychologist (Ph.D, Psy.D)• Counseling psychologist - helps people
cope with life• Clinical psychologist - assess and treats
mental, emotional and behavioral disorders
• Psychiatrist (M.D.) - medical doctor who can prescribe drugs and treat physical causes of psychological disorders
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Other Fields
• biological – workings of the brain, nerves, body, sensations
• cognitive – higher level brain processes like language, thinking
• developmental – changing abilities from womb to tomb
• educational – influences on teaching and learning
• experimental – conducts research studies to further psychological knowledge base
• forensic- legal issues, criminal minds, insanity
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• human factors - ergonomics, workplace safety, human error, product design, human capability and human-computer interaction
• industrial-organizational – psychological principles in industry and business
• personality – studies how people differ from each other
• psychometric – measurement of human abilities, attitudes and traits
• social – studies how people influence each other and group behavior
• sports – applies psychology to sports and exercise, motivation, and social aspects of sports
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2004 Graduate Study in Psychology
Clinical48%
Clinical nueropsychology3%
Counseling7%
Health1%
School/Educational8%
Other applied sub-fields5%
Cognitive3%
Developmental5%
Experimental1%
Industrial/Organizational4%
Neuroscience/Physio-logical/Biological
3%
Social and personality4%
Other rearch subfields7%
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Where do U.S. psychologists work?
Managed care set-tings5% Other human
services10%
Hospitals16%
Private practice7%
School districts7%
Business, gov-ernment or other
settings17%
Colleges, universi-ties and other
academic settings38%
Sales