pt unit 1 subunit 3. newton’s universal law of gravitation every object in the universe attracts...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PT UNIT 1 Subunit 3. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation Every Object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that (for two bodies)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551adaec5503466b6a8b58e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PT UNIT 1 Subunit 3
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• Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
• Every Object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that (for two bodies) is directly proportional to the mass of each body and that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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2
211-
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10 x 6.67G
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kg
mN
Gd
mmGFg
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NF
km
kgkgkg
mN
d
mmG
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10 x 98.1
)10 x 85.3(
10 x 7.3610 x 98.510 x 67.6F
F
10 x 6.67 G 10 x 85.3
10 x 7.36m 10 x 98.5
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• Two kinds of charges
• Positive and Negative
• Charges cause electrical force
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• Law of Charges: Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
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• the origin of electrical charge is the atom. All matter is made of atoms.
• In the center of the atom is a nucleus that contains positive charged protons.
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• The charge of a normal atom is zero.
• Charges can be transferred from one object to another by adding electrons.
• A neutral atom has a zero charge. Adding electrons to a neutral object makes a negative charge object. Taking away electrons from a neutral object makes a positive charged object.
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• Principle of conservation of charge: The net charge in an isolated system never changes.
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• Coulomb’s Law
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• Elementary Charge is the charge of one electron or one proton.
C
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10 x 1.60-Electron an of Charge
10 x 1.60proton a of Charge
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chargesbetween distance d
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10 x 1.7
10 x 1.710 x 1.910 x 6.67
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mGF
10 x 6.67G :10 x 3.5
10 x 1.7m :10 x 1.9
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10 x 2.8
10 x 5.3
10 x 0.910 x 0.910 x 0.9
10 x 5.3d :10 x 0.9
10 x 6.1q :10 x 6.1
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e 10 x 2.210 x 7.3
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toforce electrical of ratio The
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• A mass as potential if it is moved through a gravitational field.
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• A charge has potential if it is moved through an electric field. The field creates an electrical potential between A and B.
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• Electrical forces create a voltage difference whenever the positive and negative charge are separated.
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systems electricalin mover
prime theis difference Potential
difference potential
or potential electric V
Voltsin measured Is
VAB
V
dE
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• Voltage act like a force in an electrical system. It causes electrons to move.
• Electrons are negative charged particles found in the outer part of the atom.
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• Voltage is the forcelike quantity in electrical systems.
• Voltage is measured in volts.
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• A flow of charge is called a current.
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• Electric systems are made of (1)Voltage source) (2) conductors (3) Control elements (4) load
• Voltages source-Battery, electrical plug in, generator
• Conductors-wires
• Control element- switch
• Load-appliances, lights, etc
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• Electrical circuit is a closed path made by connecting voltage sources, control elements and loads.
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• Two types of electricity.
• Direct current (DC) is current that moves in one direction only.
• Alternating current (AC) is current that moves back and forth in the wire.
• Current is movement of electrons.
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• Dry cell batteries uses a paste material that contains the chemical that produces the voltage.
• Wet cell batteries use a liquid material that contains the chemical to produce the voltage.
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• Primary cells are those cells that cannot be recharged.
• Secondary cells are those cells that can be recharged.
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• The terminals of a battery are called electrodes.
• The positive electrode is called the Anode.
• The negative electrode is called the cathode.
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• Connecting voltage sources in series so they add together requires that the positive electrode from one source is connected to the negative electrode of the other source.
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• Main sources of AC are generators and electrical outlets.
• The rate at which the current is changing back and forth is its frequency (f)
• Units are cycles/sec = hertz
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• Voltage difference can be created by• (1) Chemical means –Chemical energy in dry or
wet cells separates the charges to form a positive pole and a negative pole.
• (2) Magnetic/Mechanical– A coil of wire moving in a magnetic field produces a force on electrical charges that separates the positive and negative charges.
• (3) Light- light energy that falls on certain materials causes the separation of electrons from their atoms.
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• Voltage is measured by using a volt meter, panel meter and a oscilloscope and a multimeter.
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