public defense: heterogeneous silicon photonic devices and...
TRANSCRIPT
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PUBLIC DEFENSE:HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONIC
DEVICES AND SUBSYSTEMS
FOR MICROWAVE PHOTONICS
Kasper Van Gasse
Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. Gunther Roelkens, Prof. Dr. Ir. Johan Bauwelinck
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• Internet data traffic is increasing every
year
• Popularity of streaming
(YouTube and Netflix) keeps pushing
demand for bandwidth and data
• All this data needs to be physically
transported
• Massive development of datacenters and
optical fiber networks
• Google, Facebook, Amazon, ...
CONTEXT AND MOTIVATION
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CONTEXT AND MOTIVATION: DATA TRAFFIC IS BECOMING MOBILE
• Internet traffic is moving from
computers to smartphones
• By 2022 half of all internet
traffic through mobile phones
• Need for constant development
mobile network
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MOBILE RADIO ACCESS NETWORK OF TODAY – 4G
The internet
Central office
Kilometers of optical fiber
Turning optical into electrical signals
Optical communication
Wireless communication
Optical transmitter and receiver
• Current networks offer speeds up to 100s Mbps
• New technologies needed to handle demand for bandwidth and
number of connected devices
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MOBILE RADIO ACCESS NETWORK OF TOMORROW – 5G
Optical communication
Wireless communication
• Next generation targets 10 Gbps for end users
• 100-fold increase in number of connected devices
• New technologies and applications needed to realize 5G
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONIC
DEVICES AND SUBSYSTEMS
FOR MICROWAVE PHOTONICS
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONIC
DEVICES AND SUBSYSTEMS
FOR MICROWAVE PHOTONICS
Technology
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONIC
DEVICES AND SUBSYSTEMS
FOR MICROWAVE PHOTONICS
Optical systems used for the transmission or processing of microwave and wireless signals
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONIC
DEVICES AND SUBSYSTEMS
FOR MICROWAVE PHOTONICS
Radio-over-fiber links for 5G
Communication satellites for 5G
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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• Both radio waves and light are electromagnetic waves
• Wave of the electric field E (and magnetic field B)
• Propagates at the speed of light 0.3 m/ns (in vacuum)
• Oscillation frequency f and wavelength λ such that:
• 𝑓 ∙λ = 0.3 m/ns
• Radiowaves and light = electromagentic waves with
different frequency:
• Light = 500 THz = 100000x5 GHz
• Microwaves = 5 GHz
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
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SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
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14CONFIDENTIAL
LIGHT CAN BE GUIDED - WAVEGUIDES
• Light can be guided in glass
cylinders
• Basic principle behind optical fiber
• Light can be guided over 15 km
before losing 50 % of intensity in
modern optical fiber
• Development of low-loss
optical fiber was a major scientific
and technological breakthrough
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber transceivers experiment
• Heterogenuous silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Heterogenuous silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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SILICON ELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – “CHIPS”Silicon ingot is made into wafers
Integrated circuit fabrication plant: Intel, IBM, TSMC...
Cut wafer into chips
Put chip into package
Integrated circuits are fabricated on silicon wafers
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OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT?
Optical fiber Human hair
Diameter = 8 𝜇m
Diameter = 125 𝜇m Diameter = 100 𝜇m
Waveguides for light can be the size of micrometers
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SILICON PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – PICS
Silicon (0.00022 mm)
Silicon (0.75 mm)
Silicon oxide (0.002 mm)
• Integrated optical or photonic circuits can be realized
using silicon-on-insulator wafers
• Using 220 nm thick silicon optical waveguide layer
• Silicon has much higher refractive index than SiO2
• Silicon electronics fabrication compatible
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SILICON PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – PICS
Start with silicon-on-insulator wafer
Use etching and photolithography methods designed for electronics
Circuit that can guide light
Using silicon fabrication technologies enables low-cost and high-volume manufacturing
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SILICON PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – PIC EXAMPLES
SiO2
Si220 nm
450 nm
Si
SiO2
Long spiral waveguide Ring waveguide
0.05 mm
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONICS: III-V-ON-SILICON
How to integrate lasers on silicon PICs?
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONICS: IMEC PLATFORM
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NOT ONLY IN THE LAB - COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS ARE AVAIABLE
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Heterogenuous silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Heterogenuous silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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LIMITS OF 4G• Many devices and users have to share same
frequencies
• Iimited number of antenna sites because a lot
of signal processing is needed on site.
• Finite amount of spectrum limits bandwidth
and number of connected devices GSM: 900-1800 MHz4G: 1000-3000 MHz
Bluetooth: 2400 MHz
Wi-Fi: 2400-5000 MHz
Central office transmits optical digital data
Has to be converted to wireless on site
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STRATEGIES ENABLING 5G• Use new frequencies:
• New bands at low frequencies: 3.5-5 GHz
• Open up high frequency bands: 20-30 GHz
• Use large number of small low-cost remote antennas
• Use radio-over-fiber connections
• Low-cost and mass deployable transmitters
and receivers needed
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RADIO-OVER-FIBER LINK
Laser
Modulator
Optical amplifier
Photodiode and antenna
wireless signal
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TECHNOLGIES ENABLING 5G: RADIO-OVER-FIBER
Central office transmits optical radio data
No signal processing at antenna
• Directly modulate wireless signal on optical carrier
• Centralized antenna management
• Remote antenna units without signal processing
• Use silicon photonic devices to enable low-cost and
scalable deployment
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SILICON PHOTONIC RADIO-OVER-FIBER LINKS: THIS WORK
• Demonstrate radio-over-fiber link using existing
heterogeneous silicon photonic devices
• Integrate optical amplification on-chip
• Improve links by developing microwave photonic
subsystem that performs an electronic functionality in
the optical domain
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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SILICON PHOTONIC ROF DEMONSTRATION: TRANSMITTER
Dr. Amin Abbasi Prof. Geert Morthier
• High speed directly modulated laser was
developed in Photonics Research Group
• Analogue bandwidth beyond 30 GHz
demonstrated making it suitable for 5G carrier
frequencies
• Directly modulated lasers allows low-cost low-
complexity architecture
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SILICON PHOTONIC ROF DEMONSTRATION: RECEIVER
Dr. HongtaoChen
Prof. Gunther Roelkens
Jochem Verbist
• High performance silicon photonic receiver
developed in our group
• Waveguide-coupled germanium photodiode and
CMOS transimpedance amplfiier co-integrated on
single PCB
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20 GHz carrier link (5G)16 Gbit/s (16-QAM) transported over 5 km of fiber
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SILICON PHOTONIC RADIO-OVER-FIBER LINK FOR 5G
Central office
20 GHz carrier2 Netflix episodes per second
This experiment shows that silicon photonics is a promising technology to realize low-cost scalable radio-over-fiber links.
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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• Integrated optical amplifier with high
output power is needed for an efficient and
scalable radio-over-fiber link
• No silicon photonic optical amplifier was
available with more than 50 mW output
power
• We designed a III-V-on-silicon optical
amplifier specifically to achieve high output
power
• Design using passive silicon waveguide
underneath active material
• Silicon single mode input and output
waveguide allow full integration in all
silicon photonic PICs
SILICON PHOTONIC SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
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• We demonstrated amplifiers that can
achieve output powers exceeding 50 mW
• Even at high output power the gain
exceeds 10 dB
• Small-signal gain up to 27 dB (G = 500)
• Can enable radio-over-fiber links with
fully integrated optical amplification
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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S
ARCHITECTURE RADIO-OVER-FIBER LINK 28 GHZ
Data on 1.5 GHz IF carrier
Electro-optic modulator
LO 26.5 GHz
Laser
Optical fiber(several km)
Photodiode
Amplifier
• Can we improve efficiency of link by
performing microwave mixing in optical
domain?
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Up-converter transmitter PIC
ARCHITECTURE RADIO-OVER-FIBER LINK 28 GHZ
Data on 1.5 GHz IF carrier
Laser
Optical fiber(several km)
Photodiode
Amplifier
S
LO 26.5 GHz
• Implementing microwave frequency mixing with
LiNbO3 MZMs in optical domain is well-known
technique
• Using high-speed Ge EAMs allows to implement both
microwave mixing and transmission on PIC
• Eliminates need for high bandwith mixer and amplifier
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HETEROGENEOUS SILICON PHOTONICS: IMEC PLATFORM
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EAM-BASED UP-CONVERTER TRANSMITTER
0.4 mm
• We designed and fabricated a microwave photonic up-converter transmitter
using two EAMs in a MZI structure
• Germanium EAMs have analogue bandwidth beyond 67 GHz allowing high-frequency (5G)
carrier operation
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1.3 Gbit/s on a 28 GHz carrier 218 MBd (64-QAM)rms EVM 5.4 %
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EAM-BASED UP-CONVERTER TRANSMITTER
Central office
28 GHz carrier1 Netflix episode per 8 seconds
Silicon photonics is a promising technology for 5G networks
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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COMMUNICATION SATELLITES IN 5G NETWORKS
• Communication satellites can play
important role in 5G networks:
• Provide connectivity in remote
locations
• Internet connection on planes
• Communication channel in
emergency situations
• SpaceX wants to develop broadband
satellite network (Starlink)
• European Space Agency pushes for
satellite network
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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COMMUNICATION SATELLITES
Communication satellite
30 GHz channel from Earth to satellite
15 GHz channel from satellite to Earth
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• High number of channels have to be
frequency converted in parallel
• Each channel requires high performance
electronic clock
• Push for photonic payloads in
communication satellites from industry
and European Space Agency
• Using optical fiber and components can
dramatically reduce weight, cost and
sensitivity to electromagnetic interference
COMMUNICATION SATELLITES
Communication satellite
30 GHz channels from Earth to satellite
15 GHz channels from satellite to Earth
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ELECTRO-PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER (EPFC) • Use silicon microwave photonic PIC to
achieve frequency conversion
• Use optical clock
• Can be distributed using lightweight
optical fiber
• Can be integrated on the same chip
• Pulsed lasers can operate as extremely
precise optical clocks
• We developed both an Electro-Photonic
Frequency Converter circuit and integrated
pulsed laser
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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PULSED (MODE-LOCKED) LASERS
• Pulsed lasers have seen dramatic
development in the past decades
• Pulsed lasers have been key to
research leading to several Nobel
prizes
• Very high performance pulsed
lasers commercially available
(tabletop)
• Development high-performance
integrated pulsed lasers ongoing
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III-V-ON-SILICON PULSED (MODE-LOCKED) LASER
• We developed an on-chip pulsed
laser using III-V-on-silicon
technology
• Very compact (< 1 mm2)
• Semiconductor based mode-
locked lasers have seen great
development in the last decades
• Combining III-V gain material with
low-loss silicon waveguide
enables beyond
state-of-the-art performance
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Demonstration beyond state of the
art III-V-on-silicon (passively mode-
locked) pulsed laser:
• 10 nm optical bandwidth
• 1400 optical modes
• Record on-chip repetition rate
• RF linewidth < 1 kHz
• Optical linewidth < 400 kHz
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber demonstration
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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ELECTRO-PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER
Dr. Zhechao Wang
Prof. Gunther Roelkens
Prof. Erwin Bente
Dr. SylwesterLatkowski
Dr. Valentina Moskalenko
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ELECTRO-PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER (EPFC)
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ELECTRO PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER - PIC
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ELECTRO PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER - PIC
0.7 mm
• We designed, fabricated and
characterized a fully integrated
III-V-on-silicon electro-photonic
frequency converter PIC
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ELECTRO PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER - ASSEMBLY
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ELECTRO PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER - PIC
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ELECTRO PHOTONIC FREQUENCY CONVERTER - PIC• Individual photonic devices were
demonstrated to be functional
• Wire-bonding of PIC to PCB was
challenging due to short high-speed wire-
bonds
• Demonstration of fully operational
assembly needs further development
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OVERVIEW
• Electromagnetic waves and waveguides
• Integrated silicon photonics technology
• Radio-over-fiber for 5G networks
• Silicon photonic radio-over-fiber transceivers experiment
• Silicon photonic optical amplifier
• Silicon photonic EAM-based mixer-transmitter
• Communication satellites in 5G radio networks
• Communications satellites
• Pulsed lasers
• Electro-Photonic Frequency Converter
• Summary and conclusion
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SUMMARY
Demonstrated III-V-on-silicon pulsed laser for optical sub-sampling
III-V-on-silicon SOA for high-power photonic analogue links
The development of III-V-on-silicon photonic sampler for commnication satelites
Demonstrated silicon photonic radio-over-fiber link
Demonstrated EAM-based up-converter-transmitter
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Using heterogeneous silicon
photonic technology we were able
to create devices with beyond
state-of-the-art performance.
CONCLUSION
Using state-of-the-art heterogeneous silicon
photonic devices we were able to
demonstrate several novel subsystems.
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Thank you for your attention.Are there any questions?