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TRANSCRIPT
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Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environmenr 1
Civil Society Partnership: Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment (CDP-E)
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Mr. Ian Grange
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999 w.maieri ~ ias?eywsu~wn ~ d m f ~ n u n s d p 731 70
www.m.mahidol.ac.th, E-mail: [email protected]
Zajw"4 w9n. 2ZunanlsZuw" huauGwi' 500 aiu ig,nsin~ 2546
I S B N : 974-05-0189-3
2 TliaiIand Country Development Pamenflip for the Environment
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 4
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1
The Process and Methodology 9
............................................................................................................................... Introduction 9
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 9
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 10
Stage 1 . An analysis of the existing state and capacity of the environment ............ 11
Stage 2 . Consultation with all environmental stakeholders to identify and
prioritize the key areas to target for sustai~rable development ...................... 11
Stage 3 . Fomulati~ig a work program with benchmarks ............................................ 12
.................................................. Stage 4 . Implementation and monitoring the program 12
Stage 5 . Review and update of the program ................................................................ 13
Chapter 2
Interviews with Leading Environmental Thinkers 14
List of the Leading Environmental Thinkers Interviewed ............................................... 15
..................................................... Summary of the Key Points from All the Interviews 15
................................................................................................................. Present Problems 16
Reasons for the Problems ................................................................................................... 16.
....................................................................................................... Mitigation of Problems 17
....................................................................................................................... Future Trends 19
............................................................................ The Leaders Roles in Problem Solving 20
................................................................................................ The Roles of Civil Society 20
Chapter 3
Results of the First Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Current and Future Approaches to
Environmental Management in Thailand' 21
................................................................................................... Cooperation / Partnership 22
......................................................................................................... Governmental Section 23
...................................................................................................... Knowledge / Perception 23
................................................................................................................. Public Disclosure 24
Thailand Country Development Partmcrship for rhe Env~ronrnenr 3
................................................................................................................................... Media 24
.......................................................................................................................... Funding 25
Keg Issues Identified for lmmediate Attenlion ...................................................................... 25
Chapter 4
Results of the Second Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Key Environmental Problems in
Thailand: A Civil Society Perspective' 26
The Present Environmental Situation .................................................................................. 26
Causes .................................................................................................................................... 27
Mitigation ............................................................................................................................. 27
Policy and Management Approach .................................................................................... 27
Issue Based Managerrlent Approach .................................................................................. 28
Chapter 5
Key Proposals and Analysis and Policy Issues: The Policy Development Matrix Table 30
........................................................................................................... Knowledge Building 31
Communication and Public Awareness ............................................................................. 32
............................................ Fundamental Shift in Thinking / Attitude Towards Nature 32
Public Participation and Strengthening Communities ...................................................... 32
Decentralization and Local Decision Making .............................................................. 33
Role of Civil Society .......................................................................................................... 33
Role of International Funding Agencies (World Bank ..................................................... 34
The Policy Development Matrix Table ............................................................................ 35
............................................................................................................................... Appendix 1 39
List of Participants at the One-day Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Current and
Future Approaches to Environmental Management in Thailand'
Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................... 40
List of Participants in Two-day Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Key Environmental
Problems in Thailand: A Civil Society Perspective'
Appendix 3 ............................................................................................................................... 41
Thai Civil Society Organizations (CSO) and World Bank (WB) Partnerships
Appendix 4 ............................................................................................................................... 42
Bangkok Post Report 6 April 2002
4 Thailand Country Development Parinership for the Environment
Acknowledgements
We would first of all like to acknowledge the tremerldous input that we have received
horn the many civil society groups, NGOs and other people organizations, the media,
academics and leading thinkers. Their feedback has been an invaluable source of
information that has made such a project as this possible. In addition, we would also like
to thank Dr P. Illangovan, Senior Environmental Spccialist with the World Bank and Dr
Nat Pinnoi, Project Economist with the World Bank for their support and comments.
Finally, we would like to thank Ms Suriyaporn Aniwan for her diligence and hard work at
each stage of the project.
Thc Faculty or Environment and Resource Studies,
Mahidol University, Thailand
Thailand Country UeveIopment Pa~mership for the Environmenr 5
Executive Summary
The objective of the present report was to assess the perspectives of civil society and
community groups in terms of environmental and natural resource management in
Thailand. Specific aspects related to this were the assessment of the main environmental
issues; the management decision making process; and peoples' awareness of environmental
issues.
A number of consultations were made with representatives and groups from Thai civil
society. The first stage was lo interview twelve of the leading environmental thinkers in
Thailand to get their views and opinions on the current factors affecting the environment
in Thalland at present, and how these factors may change in the future. The second stage
was to have a one-day consultation workshop with representatives from conservation
groups, the media, Lhe senate, donor agencies and research institutes to assess current
forms of cooperation and partnership, the level and type of Governmental involvement, the
use of knowledge, the roles of media and donor agencies. The third stage was to have a
two-day consultation workshop with civil society groups, NGO's, media groups and donor
agencies in order to assess the present and future management approaches to issue-based
problems and their solutions. The final stage was to syrllhesize all these ideas into a
usable form consisting of a policy development matrix table.
The current situation of environmental and natural resource management in Thailand .were
seen from many different levels and perspectives throughout the investigation. In general,
people tended to see the problems from the immediate level focussing on direct associations
with their lives and less attention was given to the macro-perspective of the problems.
The following key areas were identified in the present investigation:
Lack of appropriate environmental education that incorporates aspects of local
peoples' knowledge / wisdom.
Lack of knowledge, either from inadequate research or from inaccessibility of
existing knowledge due to inadequate database systems or inappropriate formats.
The existing approach to assessing and solving environmental problems is
fragmented with lack of coordination between concerned agencies and lack of
consultation with local people.
6 Thailand Country DercIopmw~L Patnetship for the Environment
The decision-making processes and environment management implementation
are not transparent and are monopolized by influential people such as
politicians and business people, excluding others such as members of local
communities.
Lack of good leadership amongst civil society groups, together with inadequate
organization and networking, between groups.
These main issues were then discussed in the context of two main approaches that were
identified as being: 1) a policy and management approach including aspects of the State,
networking and communications, the learning process, environmental knowledge
development and management organization at the provincial level were discussed; and, 2)
an issue based management approach in which solid waste, water resources and pollution,
air pollution in big cities and forest resources were used to form the basis of discussion.
The approaches taken to mitigate the environmental problems were then proposed and
these fell within the following categories:
Knowledge building: Knowledge needs to be obtained in an interdisciplinary
forum including local knowledge as well as modem approaches. The information
needs to be reliable and as true as possible and also needs to be accessible for
all.
Communication and public awareness: There needs to be frequent environmental
awareness campaigns with these being reinforced by good environmental
reporting in the media. Civil society groups and networking need to be
developed further.
Fundamental shift in thinking / attitude towards nature: people need to change
their attitudes towards the enviro~mlent which considers the whole system
rather than the individual.
Public participation and strengthening communities: Civil society groups need
to havc training in participatory methods. Selection and training of good leaders
as well as better distribution of power between all involved is necessary.
Decentralization and local decision making: Communities need to have more
involvement in the decisions that affect their lives and there needs to be more
transparency in the decision making processes.
7li-hailand Lbuniry Developmcr~r Partnership for the Environment 7
Role of civil society: Civil society groups should include a wide spectrum of
stakeholders and more cooperative mechanisms need to be developed between
these groups and others such as Govemment and business.
Role of international funding agencies (World Bank): The World Bank should
work more in cooperation with local people who have a high level of project
ownership. Funding should be supplied to local projects as directly as
possible, probably at the provincial level, preferably not through the Statc.
Finally, the ideas that were discussed were brought together into a format that could be
incorporated into the Policy Development Matrix with appropriate benchmarks. The Matrix
represents a preliminary framework outlining: (a) reform priorities; (b) implementation
benchmarks; and (c) capacity building. The reform priority areas were: (1) environmental
education; (2) enhancing institutional efficiency; (3) strengthening decentralization &
participation, and; (4) sustainable investment in environmental protection and conservation.
For each of these priority areas, key objectives from each of the consultation processes
were identified and incorporated into the Matrix Framework and are described as follows:
( I ) Environmental Education:
increased environmental education through schools / universities;
to merge local knowledge / wisdom with conventional natural, physical and
social sciences to improve environmental management;
greater environmental awareness through the media;
support for an 'Environmental Journalist Group';
database of information that is transparent and accessible to all;
to achieve a fundamental shift in thinking towards nature.
(2) Enhancing Institutional Efficiency:
The mechanisms of management regarding the sharing of information about
the environment and environmental issues between communities, institutes and
government agencies.
Enhancement of Govemment departments efficiency / functioning.
(3) Strengthening Decentralization and Participation:
more equality in the decision-making processes. Greater inclusion of
community in this process.
8 Thaiiand Coo~llry Development P'armen-hip for the Environment
to increase community networking / community empowerment.
greater role of civil society in fundraising.
(4) Sustainable Investment in Environmental Protection and Conservation.
to deliver a 'package' of funding attached to a training / education discussion
forum with a high proportion of civil society / community involvement.
establishment of mechanisms that allow institutes / organizations, such as the
World Bank, to deliver funds in a more direct way to civil society / community
groups, reducing the bureaucratic process.
that funds be supplied to projects on the basis of a complete, independent
assessment of those projects for their impact on the environment and
livelihoods.
to determine the role of international funding agencies.
The Matrix will form the basis of an overall and explicit plan in which the environmental
issues can be discussed and priorities, programs and benchmarks formulated. In addition,
the CDP-E's principle of 'common stewardship' will allow agencies and partners responsible
for each activity to identify any gaps or areas of overlap. Therefore the CDP-E can be
used as a tool to manage and monitor the implementation of each activity.
Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environinent 9
Chapter 1 The Process and Methodology
Introduction
In line with the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers of the World Bank and IMF, the present
report describes the objectives and the process that has taken place in Thailand as it has
developed the Country Development Partnership for the Environment (CDP-E).
Objectives
The objectives of involving civil society in the CDP-E process are to:
I . Integrate different perspectives for environmental management priorities in
Thailand into CDP-E by drawing on local knowledge and expertise;
2. Ensure that the concerns of the poor and vulnerable who are most affected by
environmental and resource degradation are reflected in CDP-E;
3. Improve the quality of decision making in environmental management, and
increase the programs transparency and accountability by encouraging citizen
involvement as equal partners;
4. Promote public awareness of environmental issues.
Civil society consultation is an ongoing process to ensure continuous participation at all
stages of decision making including planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The purpose of the CDP-E is to draw upon the government's environmental protection
and natural resources conservation policies as well as voices from key civil society and
community groups to formulate actions that will lead to tangible results.
10 Thailand Country Developmenr Partnership for the Environment
The CDP-E is prepared with the govemment and other stakeholders including academia,
people organizations, media, and donor organizations in a participatory way to benefit the
country's needs, and ensure effective resource allocation. Participation helps to improve
the quality, effectiveness, and sustainability of the program; and strengthen ownership and
co~nmitment of govemment and other stakeholders.
The CDP-E integrates the objectives of relevant existing national and international
environmental policies and programs' to formulate a holistic approach to natural resource
and environmental management.
In addition, the CDP-E includes input from a significant cross-section of society to ensure
realistic and sustainable goals are set. The main participants in the CDP-E will be relevant
government agencies, civil society organkzations, the private sector, and international agencies.
Methodology
1. An analysis of the existing state and capacity of the environment
2. Consultation with all environmental stakeholders, with special emphasis on civil
society groups, to identify and prioritize the key areas to target for sustainable
development
3. Formulating a work program with benchmarks
4. Implementation and monitoring the program
5. Review and update of the program
A brief summary of each of the stages is given below. Only stages 1-3 are described in
the present report. Stages 4-5 will be implemented later.
1) The 1997 Thailand Constitution: s 56 and s 290. 2) Governmental Policy: Natural Reso~lrces and Environmental Policy, (Drlivered
to the National Assembly 26 February 2001). 3) Nmth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2002-2006). 4) The 20-year
Policy and Perspective Plan for Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality. 5 ) The Enhancement and Coraelvslion
of the Environment Quality Act 1992. 6) Agenda 21 and The Millenium Development Gnals. 7) Strategies and action plans prepared
by international agencies
Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment 1 I
Stage 1. An ,analysis of the existing state and capacity of the environment
The state of the environment following thirty years of high economic growth prior to the
economic crisis of 1997, and subsequently, has been severely impacted and fundamental
resources such as clean air, water and land depleted. The 1997 crisis revealed the
previous period of economic growth was unsustainable. Furthermore as a result of the
crisis, environmental issues such as water quality, air pollution and sanitation have
received less government and societal support.
Stage 2. Consultation with all environmental stakeholders to identify
and prioritize the key areas to target for sustainable
development
a) In order to achieve a broad base perspective on the current state of the Thai
environment, professional interviews were carried out with leading thinkers in
contemporary Thailand. Key questions were asked that would enable a synthesis
of which dircction to pursue in subsequent workshops to be held that would
further focus the project's aims. In all, twclve of the leading thinkers on the
environment were interviewed.
b) A one-day consultation workshop entitled 'Key Environmental Problems in
Thailand: A Civil Society Perspective' was held on 8 March 2002 at the Miracle
Grand Hotel, Bangkok. The concepts of the CDP-E and the scope of the issues
were discussed. Some input from the initial interviews of key thinkers were
used and 2 main components were focussed upon as follows: problems of
environrncntal and natural resource management in Thailand, and; the role of
civil society. The participants, numbcring eighteen in all were from a wide
variety of Civil Society Organizations (please see Appendix 1 for the list of
participants).
c) A two-day consultation workshop was held entitled 'Current and Future
Approaches to Environmental Management in Thailand' which focussed on key
issues that had been identified through processes a) and b). The objective of
this workshop was to: assess these issues in terms of how they are currently
being dealt with; who is responsible for this; discuss the best ways to solve the
12 7hailand Country Developrnenr Panershrp for the Environment
problems related to the issues; and identify the roles that stakeholder groups
(civil society, World Bank, etc.) can play in this process.
The participants in this workshop were from a wide spectrum of society with
representatives from NGOs, academia, civic groups, and the media. The NGOs included
groups that campaign on issues of conservation, agriculture, industry, energy, consumers,
develop~nent and women and youth groups. Media groups were represented by national
newspapers, television, and community radio. Twenty-four participants attended the
workshop.
Participants split into discussion groups and were encouraged to critically analyze the
issues that had been identified as well as to include their own experiences.
The results of the discussions were presented to the wider group and further analysis and
synthesis was made, bringing together ideas into a format that could be incorporated into
the Policy Development Matrix with appropriate benchmarks (please see Appendix 2 for
the list of participants).
Stage 3. Formulating a work program with benchmarks
A fra~r~ework laid out by the World Bank was used as a model in which to approach the
synthesis and implementation of the CDP-E as follows:
A Policy Development Matrix represents a preliminary framework outlining: (a)
reform priorities; (b) implementation benchmarks; and (c) capacity building.
At the end of the process, the Matrix was revised, to include activity elements
under each proposed reform priority and to reflect the perspectives of civil
society.
In addition to the Matrix, 'issue based' reform priorities were identified and
strategic activities under each issue were also specified.
Stage 4. Implementation and monitoring the program
The three strategies listed above provide a broad framework and structure within which
there are many key specific environnier~~al and cross-cutting issues that need to be
addressed.
Thailaod Counny Dcveloprnent Partnership for the Environment 1 3
The development matrix will form the basis of an overall and explicit plan in which the
environmental issues can be discussed and priorities, programs and benchmarks formula~ted.
In line with the CDP-E's principle of 'common stewardship' the matrix will allow agencies
and partners responsible for each activity and identify any gaps or areas of overlap.
Therefore the CDP-E can be used as a tool to manage and monitor the implementation of
each activity.
Stage 5. Review and update of the program
Every six months a review will be hosted by a different partner to ensure a common
stewardship approach. A six-monthly review would aim to:-
Measure the success of the initiatives against implementation benchmarks.
Identify problem areas and develop solutions.
Obtain partner feedback and adjust the CDP-E as required.
14 Thailand Countq Dev*lopment Partnership for the Environmmi
Chapter 2 Interviews with Leading Environmental Thinkers
Interviews were carried out with leading environmental thinkers in contemporary Thailand
(listed below). The interviewees gave their response to key questions and their answers
gave an idea of the current problems with the Thai environment. In addition, their
opinions were sought as to what possible solutions may he available in tackling such
problems. Finally, they were asked to give their thoughts on the future directions or
approaches to environmental problems and management strategies in Thailand. The
interviews and ideas have been synthesized into nine main area? and are presented in
summary form below.
Many of the interviewees tended to expand upon the given questions into areas not
specifically in line with the objectives of the present report. Such additional infonrlation
was however valuable and aspects of these extra comments were also included in the
research findings below.
The key questions asked were:
Thailand Country Dcveloprnenl Parmer.ship for the Envi~on,.nenr 15
1. What are the most serious / critical factors affecting the environment in Thailandl?
2. What are the present internal / external factors affecting the environment in
Thailand?
2.1. What are the major factors (priority factors) at present?
2.2. What are the major factors likely to be in the future?
3. How can the environmental problems that you have identified be solved?
3.1. What role can you and others play in approaching a solution?
3.2. How can you and others influence mechanisms for solving the problems you
have identified?
3.3. What is the potential role of civil society?
List of the Leading Environmental Thinkers Interviewed
1. Khun Suluck Sivaraksa
2. Professor Niti Eawsriwong
3. Professor Saneh Chammarik
4. Dr Juree Vijitwatakarn
5. Dr Surapon Sudara
6. Khunying Chodchoi Soponpanich
7. Dr Mingsan Khaosaard
8. Dr Somsak Sukwong
9. Khun Sanitsuda Eakachai
10. Dr Chayan Wantanaputi
1 1. Professor Ammar Siamwallah
12. Khun Anand Panyaratchun
Social Thinker
Academic
Human Rights Commission
NIDA
Sueb Nakasatien Foundation
Senator
Chiang Mai University
RECOFT
Media
Chiang Mai University
TDRI
TEI
Summary of the Key Points from All the Interviews The main points that wcrc raised by the interviewees were identified and categorized as
far as possible into the main areas of the Thai environment and the approachcs that
Government and Society take in aspects of environmental and natural resource management.
The comments given below may have been made by one or more of the interviewees.
The numbers in parenthesis indicate which of the interviewees made the comments with
this corresponding with the numbered name list given above.
16 Thailand Counrry Dcvclopn~nzl Parmership for the Environment
Present Problems
There is an imbalance in nature. It is becoming less sustainable. (1, 2, 8)
Environ~riental policy makers consider environmental problems in fragmented
ways. Most have little knowledge of ecology and the problerns are not
considered in a holistic way. (3, 5, 7)
The practitioners who follow the environmental management policy are often
biased, corrupt or have some self-interest. (4)
Pollution management criteria cannot control the problem. (6)
Environmcntal management problems do not include or follow local traditions
in communities especially in resource sharing, allocation and accessibility.
Moreover, outside factors also affect the management procedure. (10)
The lack of understanding about poverty and rights in resource accessibility
cause conflicts between local people, politicians and businessmen, particularly
for water resources in Thai society. Often mistakes are made when applying
solutions to environmcntal problerns. (3, 4, 9, l I. 12)
Social conflicts. (5 , 11)
Political and economic systems cannot be separated and these result in the
capitalist having more political power. (3)
Local people have no chance to balance power with other groups. (3)
There are different opinions amongst academics from different disciplines, for
example; physical scientists often agree that technology can cure environmental
and resource management problems without giving importance to human factors.
On the other hand, social scientists tend to place more emphasis on the 'people
factor' saying that it is possible for people to live alongside nature in a benign
way whilst making a living from the available natural resources. (1, 10)
Reasons for the Problems
The demands for resources, especially water, increase following the populatio~~
growth and the different opinions of the stakeholders. (11)
Local people have no rights and no support to look after their own resources
and to access other resources because the State and influential, usually wealthy,
people want to monopolize the resource and its management. (8, 9, 12)
Thailand Counrry Development Partnership for the Environment 17
Power distribution is inappropriate at the moment because the quality and
quantity of key people who are able to lead grassroots movements, NGOs and
communities are inadequate. Morcover the power distribution is connected
only with the giving of money and is not related to the making of sound
decisions as regards resource distribution and management. (2, 7, 12)
Bccause the civil society sector is not strong enough, when the State tries lo
encourage their strength this results in negative feedback, for example, the '1
Million Baht Village Fund Scheme' apparently weakened comrnunitics. (4, 9)
The people responsible for solving problems, including people from the State,
often have an incorrect understanding and inadequate or no knowledge of
environmental management often resulting in damaging effects. These same
people also give more importance to economics of the situation without
considering the social impacts. (3, 4, 5 , 7)
The middle classes and the media do not understand the causes of the problems.
They think local people are thc main cause of violence which stops
developtfment. (3, 9)
The State and the power holders have no confidence in local peoples' opinions
or they look down upon local belief and so they do not give local people the
opportunity to assess their performance. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12)
Administration structures of environmental and resource managcrnent by the
State is fragmented and this causes conflicts of interest and blurred policy. (9)
The State relaxes regulations and as a partial consequence of this, the people
responsible for polluting have reduced awareness in maintaining the
environtfment. (6)
Problem solving sometimes have few options and no one wants to study local
wisdom. Most of the time the manager chooses technology only to solve the
problem. (2, 10)
The informal education system and people participation in resource management
is not included in the curriculum. In addition, the information and databases
about resource management that are available through the State curricula is
difficult to understand by outsiders or lay people. (8)
1 8 Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment
Mitigation of Problems
The use of Thai traditional knowledge and technology will help to solve the
natural imbalance that is occurring. We should provide options for the
problem solving process, for example by breaking down the problem into
component projects with each project being harmonized with ecological niches
and the needs of people in communitics in each of the areas. (1, 2, 8)
Problem solving must be based upon the ability of people to use their
environment and resources in a sustainable way. This does not however, mean
that resources are out of bounds. (4, 8)
Provide more power to the Department of Pollution Control in terms of
controlling polluters and punishing offenders. (6)
Provide rights to the people in resource management by supporting their
activities and creating new laws and regulations. (9, 11)
To make environmental awareness campaigns aimed at both local pcople and
the business sector. (4, 6)
Use regulations to reinforce social pressure in terms of the environment and
resources. (6)
The State, academics, NGOs and civil society have to work together and
respect each other. This combined group has to encourage and support local
wisdom in resourcc management that is academically accepted and responds to
the needs of local people. If anyone wants to bring western knowledge to
solve the problem, he/she must be aware of the ways and functioning of local
communities. (1, 2, 3, 5 , 8, 10. 12)
The media has to adapt and change thcir approach to making news concerning
thc civil society sector. In addition, the media needs to understand the 'big
picture' of the problem before investigating specific issues. This will help the
media to present the news correctly. At the same time, they should present to
the general public good examples of environmental and resource management
that have been carried out by the local people. (8, 9)
The making of an EIA report has to be transparent and understandable. The
author or authors have to be unbiased and they should not be employed or
otherwise associated with the owner of the project. ( 5 , 11)
Thailand Country Development Partnersl~ip for the Env;ronment 19
The person who will mediate between the State and the people must be
respected by society as a whole and they need to begin mediation for
development projects at an early stage of the process. (4)
To change the educational system in order to place more emphasis on the
importance of local wisdom and to encourage the actual implementation of
such information into the curricula. (1, 9)
The funding agency has to monitor and prevent environmental impacts of all
development projects. (10)
The research fund has to have a clear policy in supporting efficient researchers
in order to create useful research. (10)
The capitalist system should be corrected in order to close economic loopholes.
(1)
Future Trends
The future direction of environmental and natural resources management is a main focus
of this present report. The interviewees were asked for their ideas and opinions as to
what they thought would happen in the next few years in terms of the environment and
natural resources in Thailand.
The main issues were identified as follows:
Environmental probleins and conflicts of interest will increase and the level of
violence will increase. If political factors and the Parliament system are not
more democratic and the process of people participation in resource
management are not allowed, then conflicts will increase. (7, 9, 11, 12)
There is no environmental management policy for tourism resulting in
detrimental environmental impacts. (6)
The capitalist system will create more or greater problems or difficulties; and
the system will result in conflicts between local people and project developers.
(10)
20 Thailand Cornmy Developme~lr Partnership for the Environment
The Leaders Roles in Problem Solving
The roles of the leader are many: to educate people to develop a new body of
knowledge; to find new strategies for environmental and resources management;
to participate with local people in projects; to inform people of their basic
rights; and, to find ways in which to strengthen communities. (1, 2, 3, 4. 5 , 7,
8, 10)
Leaders need to apply research outcomes into policy by transferring the
knowledge through the media and academic meetings. They want the middle
class to understand the problem correctly. (10)
Initiate training programs for local people in environment and culture. (7)
To continually make environmental awareness campaigns aimed at local people,
business sector and other sectors. (6)
Leaders should stimulate the media to understand the whole picture of the
problems and present news to the middle classes correctly. (8, 9)
To generate new researchers who are able to integrate conventional science
with traditional knowledge with this 'new generation' of scientist being able to
fully understand the process of people participation. (8)
The Roles of Civil Society
The civil society sector has to work together in environmental management,
especially in project transparency and accountability. Civil society has a role
to play in networking and promotion, for example better cooperation and
common understanding between it and the media would clarify many 01 the
problems of the State and private sector. (4, 6, 8, 11, 12)
There is a need for civil society to actively seek out local leaders who are
able to lead communities and to enable better environmental management. (6)
The civil society sector needs its own media in order to provide knowledge
and reliable information because the current mainstream media channels are
presently under State and business control. (2, 9)
Civil society needs to promote themselves in terms of the successes they have
had in environmental and resource management. This will allow the general
public to know of their activities and to show their potential as well as
stimulate the learning process of the community networks. (8)
Thailand Country Developme~lr Partnership for the Environmenl 21
Chapter 3 Results of the First Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Current and Future Approaches to Environmental Management in Thailand'
The concepts of the CDP-E and the scope of the issues were discussed. Some input from
the initial interviews of key thinkers were used and two main coniporlents were focussed
upon as follows: problems of environmental and natural resource management in Thailand;
and, the role of civil society.
There was an informal approach to the facilitation of the workshop creating a relaxed
environment in which participants were encouraged to speak freely allowing for open and
frank discussion. Management problems were the initial focus of discussions followed by
issue based problen~s, all within the context of environmental and natural resource
management and the role of civil society.
The participants attending the first consultative workshop (please see Appendix 1 for the
list of participants) suggested the following ideas, proposals and points for discussion:
22 Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment
Cooperation / Partnership
In ordcr to promote a multidisciplinary approach with the different perspectives
of various stakeholders, there should be more cooperation from sectors that are
concerned with the environment, either directly or indirectly. These include
the funding and industrial sectors. Presently, the industrial or business sectors
have an increascd awareness uf environment problems and sometimes attempt
to solve such problems. An example is the 'Green Supply Chain' which
stipulates that any of the products it supplies should not in any way harm the
environment, either in production or use. This then leads to the question of
how to set up a supporting mechanism for this and in what form this should
be in order that all can be included.
'Fragmentation management' or 'section management' leads to poor
environmental management by the multitude of concerned agencies. Lack of
political will to resolve these problems, only compounds such matters. This
also leads to an atmosphere of mistrust between agencies: governmental
agencies vs. NGOs; governmental agencies vs. people; people vs. people,
NGOs vs. people. The question is, how can we foster greater 'trust' and
'equity' within our society?
The identification of a "Key Person" from the community, who is trustworthy
and dependable and can act as a focal point through which to coordinate
action between groups. At present there is a lack of these 'key people' or
'change agents'. Wc therefore need funding and training opportunities to
identify and train these key people. Existing models of this include projects
funded by the Social Investment Fund (SIF). That is how to increase the
independent perspective within the community and reduce dependence on
government in terms of environmental managemcnt.
There is much value to be gained from analyzing environmental problems from
the sociological and anthropological perspective. The sociologist should play a
more important role in creating environmental solutions.
Thailand Country Der,elopment Partnership for the Eiivironrnenr 23
How can we produce a support organization, at the provincial level, that is
able to assist the community in terms of 'knowlcdgc management' and in the
administration and coordination? How can we increase networking between
NGOs that are actively working in communities, to work cooperatively and in
a sustainable way?
There should bc civic forums that enable the needs of the people to be
recognized amongst the support groups from outside.
The provision of professional process facilitators who are able to improve the
administration of civil society groups and networks.
Governmental Section
Monopoly politics and corruption have become familiar and acceptable within
Thai culture. How can we make a transparent and accountable system that
can be assessed independently?
The "Polluter Pays Principal" legislation must be widened and enforced. How
call we develop a mechanism of environmental awareness? Although there is
much discussion on this matter, the awarcncss mechanism has not been
apparent, especially in terms of contributions from people e.g. payment for
water treatment, a consumer tax etc. More support for increased environmental
awareness campaigns may be one way forward.
Knowledge / Perception
Current knowledge and environmental information arc inadequate and/or
inaccessible. How can we produce a specialized environment organizati~on that
is able to gather and analyze information and disseminate to the end user or
encourage existing organizations to do this work. Examples of these include
the District Administrative Organizations, National Statistical Office (NSO) and
the Office of Agricultural Economics as well as Universities.
24 Thailand Counhy Development Parrnnship for the Environment
Educational and governmental institutes should play more important roles in
the community in terms of knowledge management, starting from primary level
to higher education
Public Disclosure
Information must be seen as being one of the most inlportant elements in
solving cnvironmental problems. Therefore we need to ensure that people can
get access to this information. This might be seen as being one of the basic
requirements for good governance.
Media
Community radio has the potential to be one of the most effective tools for
communication between communities that reflect the needs of the grassroots
community and as a way to publicize these needs to the wider community.
Communication issues related to the environment are often complex and they
frequently receive small amounts of attention from the media. The mcdia
tends still to focus on political issues or other general interest news items
whilst cnvironmental news tends to be reported as a separate item often out of
context. How can we give more prominence to the integration of
environmental news and how can we produce an organization that supports
better quality news reporting?
There should be more pressure exerted from the community on the news
editors to report better quality news.
Media should play more of an investigative role.
How can we encourage and strengthen thc reporting of environmental news in
ways that can be used to support environmental journalists and existing groups
to fulfill their best potential? One such method might be to fund the media or
reduce tax payments for producing environmentally related audio-visual
programs. Another method may be to place greater emphasis on public radio
as a media of reporting.
mailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment 25
Funding
When considering aspects of environmental management as being self-sustaining,
how can we increase the idea of independent, perpetual fund raising within
communities? Funding, should preferably be from a domestic source. This
could be limited to a 'Government Endowment Fund'. In addition, the fund
management, whether supported by an 'assistant information organization' or - not should be conducted directly by the community or civil society groups.
Another funding organization is COD1 or Community Organizations
Development Institute, which supports the community that proposes their own
self-thinking development plan.
Key Issues Identified for Immediate Attention
Towards the end of the workshop participants were asked for their input in identifying key
issues that require addressing. These issue-based problems were identified as follows:
Water management, waste and hazardous waste management
Forest conservation and forest as a natural resources asset.
Population growth rate, especially the ratio of the population numbcr and the
natural resource base.
26 mailand Country Development Parinemhip for the Environment
Chapter 4 Results of the Second Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Key Environmental Problems in Thailand: A Civil Society Perspective'
Participants were asked to consider what they thought were the main problems of
environmental and natural resource management in Thailand, together with thc main
causes of these problems. They then suggested and discussed management approaches as
ways to mitigate such cnvironmental problems. Please see Appendix 2 for the list of
participants.
The Present Environmental Situation
1. All resource systems are deteriorating: ecological systems are losing bio-diversity,
soil fertility is declining, water pollution is increasing, forest are being depleted,
drought and flooding are occurring more frequently etc.
2. Resource accessibility causes conflict of human interests, for instance, conflict of
water demand in the lower northern region and between farmers from the lowland
and hill-tribe people.
3. Rural migration to urban areas caused by the shortage of land can also lead to
increases in solid waste.
4. Mega-development projects of the State and trans-national corporations such as
dam construction, potash mining, incineration plants are damaging communities
and the environment.
Thailand Counhy Development Partnership for rhe Environment 27
Causes
State policy:
Encouraging development projects;
Weak management mechanisms and weak law enforcement;
Monopoly of power and control of resources / community rights;
The ideology of capitalism, emphasizing profit making and ignoring local
wisdom.
Consumerism (influence of politics, business, internationalization):
Resource utilization in development pr-ojects;
Tourism / trade;
Plantation / use of chemicals;
Culture, ways of life, human behavior, changing ways of thinking (ideology):
Reducing quality of human resources;
Lack of awareness;
Weak civil society:
No participatory planning of environmental organizations resulting in repetition
of the same work;
No working links and continuity of the state and local comrnunilies;
No information / database systems;
Local people feel helpless and without hope.
Mitigation
There are two approaches:
Policy and Management Approach
Stakeholders who mitigate environmental problems comprise local people organizations,
government organizations, private enterprises, NGOs, and funding organizations.
Participants in the workshop suggested that:
The State:
The statc should change ways of thinking and work with people, starting from
the grassroots, by working with communities sharing skills and knowledge.
28 Thailand Country Developmenl Pamenhip for the Environmenl
Networking: All stakeholders work together:
In developing their common vision or environmental plan;
To make new rules under the new constitution;
To use social networking in environmental monitoring;
Encouraging the learning process:
Process development of conflict resolution;
Training community leaders to be more efficient;
To encourage regular meetings between stakeholders such as women's
organizations, youth groups, disadvantaged groups etc.
Environmental knowledge development:
The setting up of an institution of knowledge management for the environment;
Raising knowledge level;
Program development for the enhancement of local community awareness;
Increase community communication systems:
The media and civil society organizations should provide knowledge to
communities in aspects of current affairs and the environment.
To develop the new generation:
To provide the new generation with concepts of conservation.
Review of local knowledge and culture:
Related to management of resources and development.
Management organization at the provincial level
The hope would be that this would be the coordinating organization between
stakeholder networks and supported by the 'Provincial Fund'.
Issue Based Management Approach
Solid waste:
To reduce the volume of packaging;
To separate wastes for recycling;
To decentralize managenlent units to the communities;
To encourage people to study on programs of solid waste management.
Water resources and pollution:
Encourage local people and civil society organizations in any river basin areas
to make up a watershed management plan;
To have regular meetings every 2 -3 months;
Thailand Counoy Development Patnel-ship for the Environment 29
To restructure water management systems through civil society partnership:
To establish local groups to monitor water pollution along waterways.
Air pollution in big cities:
Civil society should participate in investigations of old cars and their
emissions;
Increase vehicle tax in order to decrease the number of cars;
Increase efficiency of public transportatiori systems.
Forest resources:
To set up a working committee to survey forest dwelling communities. The
committee should comprise of stakeholder groups who have direct interests in
the forest resource.
Civil society sector has to understand the 'Community Forest Act' because this
is related to all stakeholder groups.
To include greater participation of the Tambon Administrative Organization
(TAO) and local communities in budget allocation and management.
30 Tl~ailmd Country Develcpenr ParmetsI~ip for the Environment
Chapter 5 Key Proposals and Analysis and Policy Issues: The Policy Development Matrix Table
A synthesis of the solutions to the environmental problems was made from each of the
consultations as described in Chapters 3 to 5 with the key environmental thinkers and the
community organizations. The following categories were established:
1. Knowledge building
2. Communication and public awareness
3. F~~ndamental shift in thinking 1 attitude towards nature
4. Public participation and strengthening communities
5. Decentralization and local decision making
5.1. Tambon Administrative Organization (TAO) or local administrative
authorities
5.2. Peoples' forum and support mechanisms
6. Role of civil society
6.1. People sector at the provincial level
6.2. Set up "Provincial" funding / local lenders
7. Role of intcmational funding agencies.
Thailand Country Development Partnership fol the Environment 3 1
Some of the main points that were made regarding the synthesis of the solutions to the
environmental problems are now presented:
Knowledge Building
Knowledge should consist of a correct understanding or awareness of the real
s~tuation. A possible pathway or mcchanism for this to occur might be the
reform of the education system combining together local knowledge with
knowledge from overseas. Some of the factors related to this were as hllows:
a) Interrelationships between components in ecological systems.
b) Understanding poverty in relation to the environment and not from the stand
point of monetary values. Emphasis should be placed on self-sufficiency
and on the use of social indicators.
c) Increased knowledge should enable better natural resource and environmental
conservation and management.
d) Impacts of development projects under a capitalist and consumer society
need to be examined and assessed.
e) Peoples' rights should be a major consideration in relation to resource acces
sibility.
Academic institutions and researchers have to create knowledge by combining
local knowledge / wisdom with science in order to manage the local
environment. Academia needs to work alongside the local people at the
provincial level and one way to enable this to happen would be to have a
database of reliable information that can be accessible to all parties that would
in turn enhance learning amongst all groups.
There is a need to build up a 'new generation' of researchers to use more
appropriate research approaches enabling better understanding and research that
will yield the true reasons for problems and enable practical solutions to be
implemented. For such a course of action to take place there needs to be
financial support from a funding agency.
The creation of the process for identification of knowledge and local wisdom
in Asia across boundaries (please see Appendix 3 for more details).
32 Thailand County Development Partnership for the Environment
Communication and Public Awareness
Local people, including civil society groups, together with the business sector
should campaign about the environment continuously in order to raise peoplcs'
awareness. Local people should have thcir own media to transmit and
cxchange ideas.
Journalists should report news in an unbiased and independent way and the
media has to reflect the needs of the grassroots. Radio has been suggested as
being one of the best forms of media for this.
If environmental news is to be reported upon, then it is better to give
examples that have already been successful and that will inspire and stimulate
interest to othcrs.
Creation of linkages and mobilization of political policies in political
mechanisms in Asia to institute policy changes that go bcyond national
interest, loyalty and boundaries (please see Appendix 3 for more details).
Fundamental Shift in Thinking 1 Attitude Towards Nature
Many of the interviewees described the need for people to make fundamental
changes in the way they think and in their attitudes towards their immediate
e~lvironment and the wider natural world. There should be a move from
placing emphasis on self-promotion with monetary objectives towards having
greater consideration for the society and natural wvrld as a whole.
Public Participation and Strengthening Communities
There should be a process of selecting good leaders or 'key people' with
appropriate training to create professionalism. These people will then be well
placed, in positions of management, withln the civil society network and will
enable the movement as a whole to move forward.
People and communities need to be strengthened in their abilities to plan and
implement sustainable resource management strategies. Community
networking, emphasizing participatory approaches in working together would
help in strengthening communities.
Civil society has to work togethcr with researchers and government officers to
achieve results.
People have to work together to investigate / monitor transparency as well as
to balance power between all parties.
Thailand Country DeveIopmenf Partnership for the Environment 33
Decentralization and Local Decision Making
Administration rcsponsibilities for financial transfers and human resomce
management should be distributed more evcnly from the central administration
to the local administration.
Local people need to know what their local rights are in terms of natural
resource and cnvironrnental management. These rights may need some
revision and new laws created to enact them.
.a Frequent complaints are directed at the management of the Government with
one main problem being that it is fragmented in its structure and there are
many conflicts of interest between the different organizations with unclear /
blurred policy. The local community therefore feel alienated from the decision
making process and may feel that their best option is to help each other,
independent of Government.
To create new or proper mechanisms to support all parties including ci,vil
society. These mechariisnis should include fund raising from sources to
facilitate them. Successful implementation of such mechanisms would require
training courses and exploration of strategies such as the 'Polluter Pays
Principle' and new tax systems.
The government should be encouraged to spend the budget more efficiently in
both preventing environmental problems and solvirig them.
Creation of civil society movements across boundaries (please see Appendix 3
for more details).
Role of Civil Society
The civil society sector should be seen as being more diverse than consisting
of NGO groups only. There are a number of different groups and organizations
that take part in environmental management including community organizations,
philanthropic organizations and government agencies. There is a need to
include a wider base of groups under the general heading of civil society.
It is important to develop mechanisms to enable civil society groups to be able
to work with other groups such as government. Emphasis should be placed on
partnership development.
Civil society needs to be a player in the establishment of provincial funds.
Instead of decentralization as such, there needs to be ways to incorporate civil
34 Thailand Country Development Partnershy for orhe Environment
society into the process. Provincial funds would be a tool that allows for the
empowerment of local organizations.
Role of International Funding Agencies (World Bank)
The World Bank should encourage human resource development through
personnel training and education programs, not only just supplying funds.
When the World Bank wants to supply funds, this should be organized at the
provincial level in order to encourage local and civil society organizations.
Thcse funds should also be conditional on the supply of funds which are raised
locally.
It would bc bctter if the World Bank not only supplied funds through the
state, but also through other channels, including communities and civil society
groups.
The World Bank should provide correct information to people.
0 The World Bank should not work independently, it should work together with
local people, investigating problems and setting up support mechanisms.
The World Bank support should not causc any damage to the environment and
to the livelihoods of the community.
The key proposals given in this chapter were synthesized into a framework outlining
reform priorities, implementation benchmarks and capacity building with this reflecting the
perspectives of the civil society sector. The Policy Development Matrix Table is a
preliminary framework in which the synthesized key proposals already described, can bc
incorporated and presented in a usable way. The proposed reform priority areas of the
Policy Matrix Framework are as follows:
1. Environmental Education.
2. Enhancing Institutional Efficiency.
3. Strengthening Decentralization 8t Participation.
4. Sustainable Investment in Environmental Protection and Conservation.
The Policy Development Matrix Table
I Thai Environment Program / Implementation Benchmarks 1 Capacity Building and Projects
1 Environmental Education I
1 ) The number of schools / universities that have I such materials to be developcd. 1 environmental education on their curricula. Policy changes at the Ministry of Education level.
The development of environmental education materials to be incorporated into the curricula. 1 Links between appropriate inst~tutcs Government agencies to be established to allow md i
I
Objectives:
Increased environmental education through schools / universities etc.
The Ministry of Education and Ministry of University Affairs to set the policy to incorporate environmental education into school and university curricula.
Technical assistance in participatory approaches of research. Introductory workshops between civil society / community groups and academia. Proactive approach via research teams to obtain
To merge local knowledge / wisdom with
conventional natural, physical and social sciences to
improve environmental management.
information from community groups.
Incrcasc in the number of joint environmental projects between university or research organizations and civil society / communities. Increase in the number of 'new generation' researchers.
( Greater environmental awareness through the media. . ) Increase in the number of environmentally related 1 Technical assistance and exchange workshops for I I news stories. Incrcase in the number of community media people.
newsDaDers. newsletters &lor radio stations.
Support of an 'Environmental Journalist Group' Support mechanisms of an 'Environmental Journalist Group' from the different forrr~s of media.
Activities of 'EJG': sharing of information. linkages to academia and community groups, international linkages.
Technical assistance for the establishment of a database information network.
Database of in for ma ti or^ that is transparent and accessible to al!
To achieve a fundamental shift in thinking towards The number of civil society groups. media, nature. I schools, universities etc that are promoting these
approaches to ways of thinking.
Establishment of a local national and international database of accessible information for all, designed for local, national and international use.
The shift in thinking is likely to follow on from the incorporation of the points described above.
-- - -
Thailand Country Developrnenr Partnership for [he Envh-onrment 35
Thailand Counrry Development Parn~ership for the Environn~enr 36
I Thai Environment Program 1 Implementation Bench~narkr I Capacity Building and Projects
Enhancing Institutional Efficiency
Y The mechanisms of management regarding the sharing of information about the environment RL environmental issues between communities, inst~tutes and government agencies etc.
Policy changes that encourage multidisciplinary research and the transparency in obtaining data. Number of linkages formed between these groups. The number of joint projects which include a diverse range of stakeholdcr groups (mullidisciplinary approach) and the quality of partnership& within these joint projects (e.g. transparent decision making and financial control proccsscs).
a The number of database information sites, e.g. libraries, internet, 'travelling workshops' ctc. are more in number and accessible to people (the numbers of people gaining access can be used as a benchmark indication). Establishment of mechanisms to support database information sites.
a More transparency in types of research work 1 being conducted and transparency in deciding the
relevance of such works. Technical assistance in capacity building and empowerment. Establishment of freely available information databases and associated mechanisms. This could possibly be coordinated by one or a few specialized organizations.
I Enhancement of Government departments efficiency / Increased transparency in decision making functioning. process.
Reduction in departmental duplication of work / functions. 43echanisms incorporated to monitor transparency in decision-making processea.
Technical assistance for good governance.
- - - - - - 1 Thai Environment Program - - - ~ 1 Implementation Benchmarks 1 Capacity Building and Proiects I
I More equality in decision-making processes. Greater inclusion of community in this process.
To increase community networking / community empowerment.
Greater role of civil society in fundraising.
Greater numbers of community people on panels, Support in methods of selecting key people committees etc. within communities from both government and
Exchange workshops between civil servants and civil society groups to share experiences.
Increased transparency in decision-making process and functions.
civil society. Leadership training workshops organized by public and private organizations. !
Number of linkages developed / information sharing / improvement in cooperation. Implementation of self balancing mechanisms in
- ~
communities. [ Exchange workshops between civil society groups /
Training in participatory approaches. Leadership training workshops. Exchange workshops principally for civil society
power relationships.
Independent, perpetual fundraising within
to share experiences.
Technical assistance in fund management.
Organization' or the community or civil society 1 1
Funding from domestic sources such as a 'Government Endowment Fund'. Fund management by 'Assistant Information
groups. Funds from international sources.
Tliailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment 37
to share experiences.
Thailand Country Development Partneml~ip for the Environment 38
, Objectives: I 1 1
Thai Environment Program
Sustainable Investment in Environmental Protection and Conservation
Implementation Benchmarks
To deliver a 'package' of funding attached to a training / education discussion forum with a high proportion of civil society / community involvement.
Establishment of mechanisms that allow institutes / organizations, such as the World Bank, to deliver funds in a more direct way to civil society / community groups, reducing the bureaucratic process.
Technical assistance in participatory forms of training.
Capacity Building and Projects
Number of projects that have characteristics of integration and civil society / community ownership.
Number of projects receiving funds more directly i.e. through less chamcls, from funding agencies. Proportion of total funds allocated that are distributed using the new mechanisms.
That rui~ds be supplied to projects on the basis of a complete, independent assessment of those projects for their impact on the environment and livelihoods.
Technical assistance in the establishment of mechanisms within institutional structures for reallocation of funds. Training of civil society / community groups in fund management.
correct standards of environmental and social impact assessment.
Before projects are implemented, an environmental and social impact assessment be carried out.
b The number of projccts being implerriented that have independent assessments prior to starting.
To determine the role of international funding agencies.
Number of joint projects with communities / civil society and funding agencies. Quality of funded projects as determined using
1 the monitoring mechanism. High degrec of civil society / community input
, into how funds are used and allocated.
Human resource development training.
Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Envil-onment 39
Appendix 1
List of Participants at the One-day Consultation Workshop Entitled
'Current and Future Approaches to Environmental Management in
Thailand'
(8 March 2002 at the Miracle Grand Hotel, Bangkok).
Khun Rataya Chantien
Khun Kitti Singhapat
Dr Pranee Pu~itumasinchai
Khun Sayamon Kraiyoonwong
Dr Nirun Pitakwachara
Khun Solida Salwara
Khun Bundith Kraivijit
Khun Samanun Pongsawang
Khun Wasan Techawongtham
Kliun Weeraboon Wisartsakul
Khun Kanokwan Rubporndee
Dr Tawinwadee Bureekul
Khun Kamonthip Dolpittayathorntrai
Dr Nat Pinnoi
Khun Pamornrat Tansanguanwong
Mr John Morton
Ms Emily Manchee
Khun Sirinun Maitrawattana
Sueb Nakasatien Foundation
ITV
Environmental Engineers Association of
Thailand
Project for Ecological Recovery
Senator
Friends of Asian Elephants
Friends of Asian Elephants
Friends of Asian Elephants
Bangkok Post
Social Investment Fund
Thai Environmental and Community
Development Association
King Prajadhipok's Institute
OEPP (Observer)
World Bank
World Bank
World Bank
World Bank
World Bank
40 Thailand Country Developmenf Partnership for orhe Environment
Appendix 2
List of Participants in Two-day Consultation Workshop Entitled 'Key
Environmental Problems in Thailand: A Civil Society Perspective'
(2-3 April 2002 at the Royal Gems Resort, Nakornpathom).
Dr Parichart Siwarak
Khun Sek Tuangphet
Khun Anusom Sainapha
Khun Kraingsak Phusrishom
Dr Preecha Oui-trakul
Khun Prasop Chan In-Ngam
Khun Sutthipong Wasusopaphol
Dr Bongkhot Napapong
Khun Lamai Manakarn
Khun Suradej Dejkhumwong
Ajahn Tuang Auntachai
Khun Yongphan Phandongyang
Khun Phanipa Sotthiphan
Khun Jirika Nutalai
Khun Srisuwan Janya
Khun Chorthip Chaiyachan
Dr Eujit Virojtrairatt
Khun Anchalee Khongkrut
Khun Surat In-Thongpan
Khun Apichart ThongYhu
Khun Anake Nagabutara
Khun Piya Puangsanilee
Khun Nongphan Chancharoen
Academic
Civil Society Organization: Chonburi
Civil Society Organization: Chonburi
Civil Society Organization: Khon Kaen
Civil Society Organization: Nakhon Ratchasima
Civil Society Organization: Nakhon Pathom
Civil Society Organization: Nan
Civil Society Organization: Pattani
Civil Society Organization: Pattani
Civil Society Organization: Pichit
Civil Society Organization: Roi Et
Civil Society Organization: Roi Et
Civil Society Organization: Songklha
Community Organizations Development Institute
Foundation for Anti Air Pollution and
Environmental Protection
Foundation for Women
Academic
Media: Bangkok Post
Media: ITV
Sawasdee Foundation
Social Investment Fund
Social lnvestment Fund
Thailand Environment Institute
Tlxdand Country Developmelr Partnenhip for the Enviro~lmenr 41
Appendix 3
Thai Civil Society Organizations (CSO) and World Bank (WB) Partnerships
ti-ateglc ~ i s k Forces c - p * 'Achmcr
How can we create an independent autonomous institute under the Constitution?
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA) are two
approaches that are already implemented, and there is potential to establish these within
an independent body.
Social management in environment issues: Experience can be utilized from conflict
management in order to obtan a consensus, changing the situation from confrontation
to cooperation.
Organization of the 'dynamic triangle': knowledge (K), social movement (SM), and
political engagement (Pol). Each has to organize into this dynamic triangular structure
and in the future, they need to begin to understand global issues that effect us all.
Linkages can be formed between this triangle and GLOCAL (global & local). The
linkages and associated systems can enable the use and accessibility of existing
knowledge that can bring groups together which in turn can lead to partnerships with
donor organizations such as the World Balk.
In terms of the regional area of the Kiver Mekhong Basin, three major linkages can
be considered:
The need for the WB or other WB institutes to facilitate the development of the civil
society networks.
Training amongst innovators / facilitators / leaders of civil society groups.
Extension and promotion of CSO leaders through workshops and other similar means.
Establishment of social networks related to natural resources management in the whole
of the Mekhong Basin area.
Organic law: It is quite difficult to talk to government alone without the WB or other
international body. How can we include civil society on environmental law issues?
4.2 Thailand C o o n w Development Parmership for the Environment
Appendix 4
Bangkok Post Report 6 April 2002
ENVIRONMENT Call to prevent misuse of funds Independent agency sought to handle it
Anchalee Kongrut A World Bank representative and local environmentalists have urged the science ministry to let the Environment Fund be independently managed to prevent the fund from being misused in unproductive projects.
They pointed out that 90% of the four-billion-baht fund had been spent in building garbage and waste-water treatment facilities, many of which were left unused, and the investment which was supposed to be loans was never returned to the fund.
If the fund became an independent agency, it would be in a better position to invest in activities more beneficial 10 the public and the environment, they said.
P Illangovan, the World Bank's senior environmental specialisl, told the Bangkok Post that the bank has tried to persuade the Science, Technology and Environment Ministry LO let the Environment Fund and a division dealing with environmental impact assessment studies be run independently.
The World Bank made the recommendation to the ministry as part of its programme to assist thc ministry in reslructuring its organisation.
Suthee Yuenyong, an environmental lawyer, said the ministry had consistently rejected suggestions that the Environment Fund help support pollution victims either in their medical treatment or their legal redress.
Staffers of the fund in the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning disagreed with the suggestion, saying the fund should be limited to projects that protect the environment and manage natural resources.
"If the fund is used to support pollution victims, there will not be enough money to go around because there will be countless cases to help," said one of the ollicials who suggested that a separate fund be created specifically to help pollution victims.
A high-ranking official said he supported the idea of an independent Environment Fund in principle.
However, Apichai Chavacharernpun, deputy secretary-general of the office, said there were a number of obstacles to overcome before the proposal could be realised.
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Development Partnership for the Environment (CDP-E)
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Ms.Emily Manchee
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ENVIRONMENT Call to prevent misuse of funds Independent agency sought to handle it
Anchalee Kongrut A World Bank representative and local environmentalists have urged the science ministry to let the Environment Fund be independently managed to prevent the fund from being misused in unproductive projects.
They pointed out that 90% of the four-billion-baht fund had been spent in building garbage and waste-water treatment facilities, many of which were left unused, and the investment which was supposed to be loans was never returned to the fund.
If the fund became an independent agency, it would be in a better position to invest in activities more beneficial to the public and the environment, they said.
P Illangovan, the World Bank's senior environmental specialist, told the Bangkok Post that the bank has tried to persuade the Science, Technology and Environrrlent Ministry to let the Environment Fund and a division dealing with environmental impact asscssment studies be run independently.
The World Bank made the recommendation to the ministry as part of its programme to assist the ministry in restructuring its organisation.
Suthee Yuenyong, an environmental lawyer, said the ministry had consistently rejected suggestions that the Environment Fund help support pollution victims either in their medical treatment or their legal redress.
Staffers of the fund in the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning disagreed with the suggestion, saying the fund should be limited to projects that protect the environment and manage natural resources.
"If the fund is used to support pollutioll victims, there will not be enough money to go around because there will be countless cases to help," said one of the officials who suggested that a separate fund be created specifically to help pollution victims.
A high-ranking official said he supported the idea of an independent Environment Fund in principle.
However, Apichai Chavacharernpun, deputy secretary-general of the office, said there were a number of obstacles to overcome before the proposal could be realised.
