Submitted By:

Sugandha Kapoor

Shruti Tandon

Himani Sharma

INTRODUCTION TO PARETO

DIAGRAM A pareto diagram is a bar graph that represents frequency which is

arranged with longest bar on the left of the graph and the shortest to

the right. It arranges the causes according to their significance. The

most significant is on the right and the least significant on the right.

Pareto diagram can be used when:-

We want to analyze the frequency of problems or causes in a process.

There are many problems or causes and we want to focus on the

most significant one.

We have to analyze broad causes by looking at their specific

components.

We want to communicate our data in an easy and the shortest way.

We want to depict the results so that it can be understood better.

WHAT ARE POTHOLES?

Potholes are a deep natural underground cave formed by the

erosion of rock, especially by the action of water, wind, winter,

summer ,etc.

SYMPTOMS OF THE POTHOLES

RAIN WATER: Rainwater sinks through cracks in old or weakened asphalt. The water is soaked up by the mixture of rock, gravel, and sand that supports the road.

PRESSURE FROM VEHICLES: Vehicles passing over the road force water through the soggy roadbed and that causes eroding of parts of roads.

ASPHALT: Asphalt sinks into the eroded portions of the roadbed and eventually cracks under the continued impact of vehicle tires. Thin asphalt surfacing (from 25 to 50 mm thick) causes the formation of potholes. If thick surfacing is used then potholes cannot form on roads

SNOW: Potholes occur when snow and ice melt .Then the water seeps beneath the sand and causes the wear and tear of the roads. As the temperature decreases at night the water freezes underneath the road and becomes ice, forcing the pavement to rise.

PRESSURE DURING THE MAKING: When roads are constructed at that time many heavy vehicle pass over it before the roads become fully ready to be used that is the reason for the potholes.

ASPHALT SURFACING: Thin asphalt surfacing (from 25 to 50 mm thick) causes the formation of potholes. If thick surfacing is used then potholes cannot form on roads.

TRAFFIC LOADING: Heavy traffic loading results in excessive road deflections that causes the potholes. Repeated high deflections and passes of overloaded trucks can damage the roads.

POOR REPAIRS: It should not be repaired by the material obtained from roadside. Only appropriate materials should be used for pothole filling even when done as a temporary measure.

OTHER CAUSES:

•Falling rocks in cuttings

•Poor road design over certain sub grades

•Diesel (or other chemical) spillage

•Animal hooves in hot weather

PARETO DIAGRAM:

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

repair snow asphalt rain asphaltsurfacing

traffic other causes making presure

Series1

SYMPTOMS THAT ACCOUNT FOR 80%

OF THE CAUSES AND PROBLEM

DEFINITION

The Symptoms that account for 80% of problem are:-

Snow And Rain

Asphalt

Poor Repair

1.SNOW AND RAIN:

Snow or rain seeps into cracks in the pavement and into the soil

below, causing erosion of support as a hole forms under the

pavement. The rain runs around the stones and washes away the soil,

that gathers more rain and makes the hole bigger.

Water seeps into the tiny cracks whether it is snow or rain and when the water freezes due to less temperature then the thermal expansion of water leads to crack in roads. It is not caused by the salt but the ice melting and freezing again. Ice takes more space than water, so when the ice melts it seeps into all the cracks and holes in the pavement.

ASPHALT: Asphalt originate in two ways. They are caused either by:

cracking of the asphalt that allows water to seep , or

by the penetration of water to a less permeable interface within the asphalt layer, resulting in stripping of the asphalt.

The cracking of asphalt surfacing is typically the result of poor support. It should be noted that the underlying material exposed in the pothole is frequently old and dry asphalt, which is more susceptible to raveling than the newer asphalt at the surface. If this type of pothole is not sealed or repaired quickly, the surface area enlarges and the underlying asphalt is washed away.

POOR REPAIRS: Poor repairs is also one of the main cause of potholes and if the potholes are not treated and if the proper maintenance is not done on time ,this will lead to a big problem.

Repairs are of two types:

Permanent repair : In this a rectangular area is cut around the potholes . The hole is painted with liquid bituminous binder. The hole is then filled with a hot bitumen-bound material.

Temporary repair: It is a short term repair for potholes. It uses a material to be used in cold weather ,to fill a hole until a permanent repair can take place.

The majority of reported potholes will receive a temporary repair as this allows us to quickly ensure the road is safe and remains open but mostly it happens that these temporary repairs never get a permanent repair. Thus leading to potholes.

WHAT WE LEARNT?

Bus Stands/Stops must be under the control of Road Board. These

must be well designed, well constructed, well maintained.

Ill planning of roads is to be stopped immediately.

To yield better quality of construction, indigenous modern

construction equipments should be used.

Active information system is to be developed that any activity on

road may be communicated to the authority concern within no time.

There must be a well defined 'Road Side Parking Act.

There must be an effective 'ROADS & ROAD USERS ACT‘.

During time of rain and winter special precautions must be taken.

Appropriate material should be used such that the roads don't die

within a short span of time.