q.e.d. systems. an rfid primer by: craig k. harmon mississippi valley state university 19 november...
TRANSCRIPT
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An RFID Primer An RFID Primer by: Craig K. Harmonby: Craig K. Harmon
Mississippi Valley State UniversityMississippi Valley State University
19 November 200219 November 2002
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Craig K. Harmon • President • Q.E.D. SystemsCraig K. Harmon • President • Q.E.D. SystemsVisit our web sites: Visit our web sites: http://www.qed.orghttp://www.qed.org and and http://www.autoid.orghttp://www.autoid.org
Standards Development and Data Collection Education, Consulting, & Systems Design
Past 2-Term Chairman U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 2 “Data Structure” Chair, ANSI NCITS T6 (Radio Frequency Identification) - ANSI NCITS 256:’99, ‘01, ‘03 Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 “RFID” Chair, ANSI MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable Containers Chair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) & ISO TC 122/WG 7 (Product Packaging) Chair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 (RFID - Air Interface - ISO 18000) JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R) JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International Air Transport Association (IATA) JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers / RFID) Liaison Officer to JTC 1/SC 31 Project Editor, ISO 18185 (Freight Containers - eSeals) Project Leader, ISO 23389 (Freight Containers - Smart Containers) Chairman & Project Editor, ANSI MH10.8.2 (Data Application Identifiers) U.S. Expert IEC TC 91 (Packaging of Electronic Components) Charter member, AIDC 100 Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 Project Editor, American Trucking Association (ATA) ADE Work Group AIAG Bar Code, Applications, 2D, Tire, Returnables, and RFID Committees Project Editor, EIA Shipping Label, Product, Product Package, & Component Marking Advisor, U.S. Department of Defense Migration to Commercial Standards U.S. Delegate, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Author, Reading Between The Lines Author, Lines of Communication — Bar Code & Data Collection Technology for the
90s
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What is RFID?What is RFID?
• RFID is an ADC technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item
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What Constitutes an RFID System?What Constitutes an RFID System?
• One or more RF tags
• Two or more antennas
• One or more interrogators
• One or more host computers
• Appropriate software
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Insert
Antenna Reader
Firmware
Customer’sMIS
Host
ApplicationSoftware API
TCP/IP
Power
~
Asset
Asset/Tag
RFID System ComponentsRFID System Components(block diagram)(block diagram)
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RESPONSES
COMMANDS
Tag Physical Memory
APPLICATIONRESPONSES
APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG
APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command /
ResponseUnit
PHYSICALINTERROGATOR
DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR
ISO/IEC 15961 ISO/IEC 18000
Encoder
Logical Memory
AIR
INTERFACE
ISO/IEC 15962 ISO/IEC 15962 Annexes
Logical Memory
Map
Note: The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver. All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in
the Logical Memory Map
Decoder
Tag Driver
andMapping
Rules
Ap
plication
Program
Interface
Ap
plication
Program
Interface
DEVICECOMMANDS
DEVICERESPONSES
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RFID OperationRFID OperationSequence of Communication• Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands• Reader and tag communicate via RF signal• Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request from
the host application)• Carrier signal sent out through the antennas• Carrier signal hits tag(s)• Tag receives and modifies carrier signal
– “sends back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as “field disturbance device”)
• Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader
• Reader decodes the data– Results returned to the host application
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RFID OperationsRFID Operations
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What is RFID? -- The TagsWhat is RFID? -- The Tags
• Tags can be read-only or read-write
• Tag memory can be factory or field programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
• Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times
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• Tag ID Only
• Programmable Database Pointer
• Mission Critical Information
• Portable Database
• Read Only (Factory Programmed)
• WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
• Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
• Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)
RFID System BasicsRFID System Basics
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• Tags can be attached to almost anything:– pallets or cases of product– vehicles– company assets or personnel– items such as apparel,
luggage, laundry– people, livestock, or pets– high value electronics such
as computers, TVs, camcorders
What is RFID? -- The TagsWhat is RFID? -- The Tags
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Are All Tags The Same?Are All Tags The Same?
Basic Types:Active
• Tag transmits radio signal• Battery powered memory, radio &
circuitry• High Read Range (300 feet)
Passive• Tag reflects radio signal from reader• Reader powered• Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)
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• Variations:– Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +)• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM• Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
– Arbitration (Anti-collision)• Ability to read/write one or
many tags at a time– Frequency
• 125KHz - 5.8 GHz– Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes – Price ($0.50 to $250)
Are All Tags The Same?Are All Tags The Same?
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RFID System BasicsRFID System Basics
• How far?
• How fast?
• How many?
• How much?
• Attached to and surround by what?
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What is RFID? -- The ReadersWhat is RFID? -- The Readers
• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as– Entrance/exit– Point of sale– Warehouse
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered, hand-held, or wireless
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Advantages• Uses normal CMOS processing —
basic and ubiquitous • Relative freedom from
regulatory limitations• Well suited for applications
requiring reading small amounts of data at slow speeds and minimal distances
• Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood, aluminum)
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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Disadvantages:• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
(iron, steel)• Handles only small amounts of data• Slow read speeds• Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies• Minimal Range
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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Disadvantages:• Tag construction:
is thicker (than 13.56 MHz) is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz) more complex
(requires more turns of the induction coil)
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous
• Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data and minimal distances
• Penetrates water/tissue well
• Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil); lower costs to build
• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than higher MHz systems)
• Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)
• Popular Smart Card frequency
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Disadvantages• Government regulated frequency
(U.S. versus Europe)• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
(unless very thick)• Large Antennas (compared to higher
frequencies)• Larger tag size than higher frequencies• Tag construction: requires more than one
surface to complete a circuit• Reading Range of ≈ 0.7 m
13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
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RFID Primer…FrequenciesRFID Primer…Frequencies
Electromagnetic Field
Coupling: UHF
>300 MHz <3 (<1) GHz
(862-928 MHz ANSI MH10.8.4, ISO 18185, B-11 & GTAG)
(433.92 MHz ISO 18185)1000 MHz
Cell Phone
RFID:Toll Roads
DataTerminal
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>300 MHz <1GHz>300 MHz <1GHz Advantages• Effective around metals • Best available frequency for
distances of >1m• Tag size smaller than 13.56 MHz • Smaller antennas• Range: licensed to 20-40' with
reasonable sized tag (stamp to eraser size)
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for conductive, "lossy" materials)
• High data rate; Large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna directionality)
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Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate water/tissue
• Regulatory issues (differences in frequency, channels, power, and duty cycle)
• Regulatory issues in Europe (similar band 869 MHz requires frequency agile chip)
>300 MHz <1GHz>300 MHz <1GHz
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RFID Primer…FrequenciesRFID Primer…Frequencies
Electromagnetic
Field Coupling:
2.45 GHz
RFID: Item Management
MicrowaveEAS
2.45 GHz
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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
Advantages• Tag size smaller than inductive or UHF (1"x 1/4") • Range: greater range than
inductive w/o battery• More bandwidth than UHF
(more frequencies to hop)• Smaller antennas than
UHF or inductive• High data rate
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Advantages
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for conductive, "lossy" materials)
• Can store large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna directionality)
• Effective around metals with tuning/design adaptations
2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
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Disadvantages• More susceptible to electronic noise than
UHF• Shared spectrum with other technologies--
microwave ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.
• Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor" tactics like FHSS
• Competitive requirement: single chip--highly technical; limited number of vendors
• Regulatory approvals still "in process"
2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
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RFID Primer…FrequencyRFID Primer…Frequency
>5.8 GHz (European Road
Telematics Frequency)
Advantages:• Less congested band/less interferenceDisadvantages: • Not available in U.S. or many other
countries (5.9 now in FCC review)• Must orient antennas carefully• Range limited (due to scaling
issues/wavelengths)• Chip difficult to build• Expensive
RFID:European Tolls
300 GHz
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Spectrum RegulationSpectrum Regulation
• The radio frequency (RF) spectrum is a scarce and shared resource, used nationally and internationally, and subject to a wide range of regulatory oversight. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission is a key regulatory body that allocates spectrum use and resolves spectrum conflicts. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations which plays the same role internationally.
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Regulations - ITURegulations - ITU
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Regulatory DifferencesRegulatory Differences
• Usage of channel– Primary service– Secondary service
• Cannot interfere with primary service• Cannot claim protection of interference from primary
service• Can claim protection of interference from other
secondary users
– Industrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) Bands • Narrowband or Spread Spectrum• Power level• Duty cycle
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Spectrum RegulationSpectrum Regulation
• Not all portions of the spectrum are subject to licensing and regulation. Some portions are unlicensed. The Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands available for unlicensed use are:
130± 5 kHz
6.78± .015 MHz
13.56±.007 MHz
27.12±.163 MHz
40.68±.02 MHz
915±13 MHz
2450±50 MHz
5800±75 MHz
24.125±0.125 GHz
61.25±0.25 GHz
122.5±.5 GHz
245±1 GHz
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)ApplicationsApplications
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Portal ApplicationsPortal Applications
Bill of LadingMaterial Tracking
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Portal ApplicationsPortal Applications
Limited number items at forklift speeds8’ X 10’ doorwaysElectronic receipt & dispatchWrong destination alertElectronic markingPallet/container item tracking
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Conveyor / Assembly LineConveyor / Assembly Line
Read / Write OperationsHigher Accuracy than Bar Code
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Conveyor / Assembly LineConveyor / Assembly Line
Up to 450 fpm60+ items per containerInexpensive tunnelsLonger tunnel more itemsElectronic receiptSortingElectronic marking
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Hand Held Application CategoriesHand Held Application Categories
Wireless Batch
Fixed Station
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Application ExamplesApplication Examples
Wireless / Batch
Inventory Management Material HandlingBy Destination
Material HandlingInspecting / Maintaining
Material HandlingAggregate / De-aggregate
Where is it? What is it?What is inside the box?
Where is it going? Where has it been?Should it be here?
What have I assembled or disassembled?How many do I have? Do I have enough?
Has this been repaired?Is this under warrantee?Has this been inspected?Is this complete? What is the asset’s status or state?
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Shipping ValidationShipping Validation
Tote/Box/Unit Level Inventory
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Intelligent LabelsIntelligent Labels
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The HazMat LabelThe HazMat LabelSHIP TO: SHIP FROM:
COMMANDING OFFICER
DDSP
SUSQUEHANNA, PA 15230
CHEMICAL SUPPLIER
CHEMICAL COMPANY
INSTITUTE, WV 23456
TCN:
NSN:
CAGE:
MSDS #:
GTIN:
HCC:
AHRIST DATA:
AWHGEAA$0F00090XX
5310011987585
AWHGE 00098756100013
CHEM WT:
ABCDE 10000A1
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HazMat Smart LabelHazMat Smart Label
Low power > long range 1024 bit memory Read/write/lock on 8 bits Advanced protocol
Efficient multi-id Lock data permanently
12 ms/8 byte read 25ms/byte write Group select Broadcast write 40 tags/second Anti-collision
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)StandardsStandards
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
IEEE INCITS
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Standards OrganizationsStandards Organizations
International TelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) (United Nations)
TC 104Freight Containers
TC 8Ships & Marine Tech
SC 31Automatic Data Capture
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1(JTC 1)
ITU-T (fka CCITT)Telecommunications
ITU-R (fka CCIR & IFBR)Radio-frequency Issues
ITU-D (fka BDT)Telecommunications Development
ECMAComité Européen Normalisation(CEN)
Comité Européen NormalisationElectrotechnique (CENELEC)
Comité Européen Postal &Telegraph (CEPT)
TC 122Packaging
International
Regional
NationalStandards Australia
(SAA)AFNOR
Deutches Institutfur Normung (DIN) JISCANSIBritish Standards
Institution (BSI)
AIMMHI UCC EIA
Industry
Other
CompTIA ATA EIA AIA HIBCC AIAG UCC Other
WG 1 - Symbology
WG 2 - Data Content
WG 3 - Conformance
WG 4 - RFID
United Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)
T6 B10
SC 17IC Cards
VDA
ODETTE
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Data Content (DIs, AIs, Syntax) Conformance (Print Quality, Test Specifications) Application Standards (Ship Label, Product Package)
Types of StandardsTypes of Standards
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Movement Vehicle(truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 5ISO TC 204 (None)AIAG B-15
Container(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 4ISO TC 104 (None)
Unit Load“Pallet”
Unit Load“Pallet”
Layer 3ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANSI MH10.8.1AIAG B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6
TransportUnit
TransportUnit
TransportUnit
TransportUnit
Layer 2ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANSI MH10.8.1AIAG B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6/EAN Genl Spec
Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg
Layer 1ISO TC 122/WG 7 (22742) ANSI MH10.8.6AIAG B-4 (TBD)EIA 621/624 & IEC TC 91 UCC 1 /EAN Genl Spec
Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item
Layer 0ISO TC 122 (TBD)ANSI MH10.8.7AIAG B-4EIA SP-3497UCC 1 /EAN Genl Spec
The Layers of Logistic Units The Layers of Logistic Units (Optically Readable Media)(Optically Readable Media)
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Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item
Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg
TransportUnit
TransportUnit
TransportUnit
TransportUnit
Unit Load“Pallet”
Unit Load“Pallet”
Container(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Movement Vehicle(truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 5ISO TC 104 (ISO 14816)ISO TC 204IATA ISO TC 8AAR
Layer 4 (UHF)ISO TC 104 (ISO 10374)ISO TC 104 (ISO 18185)ISO TC 104 (ISO 23389)ISO TC 104 (ISO 14816)ISO TC 122/104 JWG
Layer 3 (UHF)ISO TC 122/104 JWG ANSI MH10.8.4AIAG (TBD)EIA (TBD)EAN.UCC GTAG
Layer 2 (UHF)ISO TC 122/104 JWG ANSI MH10.8.8AIAG (TBD)TCIF (TBD)
Layer 1ISO TC 122/104 JWG
Layer 0 ISO TC 122/104 JWG AIAG B-11
The Layers of Logistic Units The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)(Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)
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International StandardsOrganization (ISO)
International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)
ISO/IEC Joint TechnicalCommittee 1 (JTC 1) - IT
ISO/IEC JTC 1Subcommittee 31
WG 1Data Carrier
SecretariatUniform Code Council (UCC)
Technical Committee (TC)122 (Packaging)
WG 4(Transport Labels)
National Body (NB)Technical Advisory Groups (TAG)
U.S. TAG AdministratorMHI
Shipping Labels
Product Package Marking
Dimensions & Layout
Symbology Recommendations (Linear & 2D)
Print Quality Level
Label Materials
License Plate Recommendations
Database / EDI Issues
WG 2Data Structure
WG 3Conformance
ConvenerS. Ackley (US)
ConvenerE. Boonet (BE)
ConvenerC. Swindin (UK)
Code 39
ITF
MaxiCode
Data Matrix
EAN/U.P.C.
Code 128
PDF417
DAI
Data Syntax
Symbology Identifiers
Linear Print Quality
2D Print Quality
Printing Specs
Test Specs BC Printers
Test Specs BC Readers
Test Specs BC Verifiers
WG 4RF Tags
ConvenerH. Barthel
License Plate
Supply Chain Applicationsof RFID
Air Interface
Unique RF Tag ID
Defs. Logical Mem Map
ASN.1 Commands
Application Profiles
QR Code
WG 7(Package Labels)
RFID Performance
RFID Conformance
Technical Committee (TC) 104 (Freight Containers)
RFID Focused ISO Standards RFID Focused ISO Standards
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AIAG B-11 Tire TagAIAG B-11 Tire Tag
ANSI INCITS 256 (T6) and ISO/IEC 18000, Part 4 & Part 6 compliant 902 - 928 MHz for U.S. / 869 MHz for Europe 2450 MHz for Japan
Molded into tire, applied with adhesive, or label 1024 bits ISO 15418/MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers Successfully demonstrated in the U.S. & the E.U.
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ISO 18185 & IMOISO 18185 & IMO
• The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is a United Nations Treaty organization.
• Maritime Safety Commission (MSC) MSC 75/17/32 (12 April 2002)“With all of the above in mind, the United States proposes that new regulations for container security be added to Chapter XI of SOLAS as follows (It should be noted that two options are provided for seals, one for a mechanical seal and another for an electronic seal, depending upon whether or not the ISO 18185 standard for electronic seals is adopted in time for the IMO conference in December 2002.):
Option One for electronic sealsThe shipper shall ensure that before a loaded container is offered for shipment on board a ship, the container is sealed with an electronic seal* that records the seal’s unique identification number, the container number to which it is affixed and the status of the seal.
Reference is made to ISO Standard 18185, Freight Containers - Radio Frequency Communication Protocol for Electronic Seal.
Option Two for mechanical seals The shipper shall ensure that before a loaded container is offered for shipment on board a ship, the container is sealed with a mechanical high security seal* that is uniquely numbered.
Reference is made to American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) Standard F832, Classification for Security Seals, Level D. NOTE: The United States is not aware of an ISO mechanical seal standard. If one does exist, it should be referenced here, in lieu of the ASTM standard.”
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Bolt Seal Security Tag• Electronically secures ocean
containers, air cargo ULD containers, trailers,
• Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal, generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage
• Re-usable tag• Reduces manual inspections• Minimizes theft, loss and tampering
Sealing and anti-tamper capabilitySealing and anti-tamper capability
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ISO 23389 (ISO TC 104)ISO 23389 (ISO TC 104)
Smart Container(Supply Chain meets Security)
• ISO 23389 - Freight Containers - Read-Write Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
• Project Approved 18 January 2002
• CD Status by the first quarter of 2003
• Sensor interface (shock/vibration, temperature, light)
• Seal communication
• External communication
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MIT AutoID CenterMIT AutoID Centerhttp://www.autoidcenter.org/http://www.autoidcenter.org/
Officially began 1 October 1999 Initially funded by Uniform Code Council, The Gillette
Company and Procter and Gamble Software components
Object Naming Service (ONS) Savant Physical Markup Language (PML)
Air interface protocols 860 - 930 MHz 13.56 MHz
Supply chain impact studies Field trials
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ePC - How it worksePC - How it works
Transmitting ePC Codes
Creating ePC Codes
Graphics supplied from MIT AutoID Center
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Object Naming Systems (ONS)Object Naming Systems (ONS)
Graphics supplied from MIT AutoID Center
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The 5¢ TagThe 5¢ Tag
• Predicated on Alien model• Fluidic Self Assembly (FSA)• Cost of any RF tag is the
bonding of the Antenna• Does not consider newer
techniques (e.g., antenna in silicon)
• Does not address I.P.• While the 500 billionth tag may
cost $.05, what will the 1,000th tag cost
• Where is 5¢ cost effective• $1 and $2 and $50 tags are
cost effective today
Graphics supplied from MIT AutoID Center
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Instant Checkout…A Dream Come True??Instant Checkout…A Dream Come True??
“Chip to remove shopping blues”—Post-Courier, January 1994
“Tiny microchip identifies groceries in seconds.”
—Chicago Tribune
“Checkout in one minute”
—The Times, London
“Scanning range of four yards”
—NY Times
“1.5¢ electronic bar code announced”
—San Francisco Chronicle
Lads, Dads, & GranddadsLads, Dads, & Granddads
??????
Thank You!Thank You!