quality - sutlief - aapm

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Quality Improvement Steven Sutlief, PhD VA Puget Sound

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Page 1: Quality - Sutlief - AAPM

Quality Improvement

Steven Sutlief, PhDVA Puget Sound

Page 2: Quality - Sutlief - AAPM

Disclosures

• The presenter has no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Quality Improvement ‐ Objectives

•To describe the origins and development of quality in health care.

•To summarize recent efforts to standardize quality in health care.

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Quality Improvement - Outline• History of Quality Improvement Inside Health Care 

– Semmelweis and the Scientific Method– Codman and The Joint Commission– Donabedian’s Structure, Process, Outcomes Model

• Achieving Continuous Quality Improvement – National Committee for Quality Assurance– The Institute of Medicine’s Six Aims– ISO 9000– Malcolm Baldridge Award– Guidance from ACR/ASTRO and ACRO– Quality Concepts in Radiotherapy

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Page 5: Quality - Sutlief - AAPM

Quality Improvement - Outline• History of Quality Improvement Inside Health Care 

– Semmelweis and the Scientific Method– Codman and The Joint Commission– Donabedian’s Structure, Process, Outcomes Model

• Achieving Continuous Quality Improvement – National Committee for Quality Assurance– The Institute of Medicine’s Six Aims– ISO 9000– Malcolm Baldridge Award– Guidance from ACR/ASTRO and ACRO– Quality Concepts in Radiotherapy

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Milestones in QI for HealthcareYear Event1861 Ignaz Semmelweis publishes The etiology, concept, 

and prophylaxis of childbed fever1917 Ernest Codman publishes A Study in Hospital 

Efficiency1951 The Joint Commission formed (called JCAH at that 

time and then JCAHO)1966 Avedis Donabedian publishes Evaluating the quality 

of medical care1982 ISO 9000 standard developed, later applied to 

healthcare1987 Malcolm Baldridge Award initiated by U.S. Congress

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Semmelweis and the Scientific Method• Vienna General Hospital 1846• Observed maternal mortality rates much higher than at non‐teaching hospital.

• Used scientific method to correlate with clinicians coming from autopsy work. 

• Instituted handwashing.• Mortality rates dropped from 18% to about 2%.

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Codman and The Joint Commission

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• Massachusetts General Hospital 1910

• Proposed tracking every patient to see whether treatment was effective.

• Founded his own hospital in order to carry out follow‐up assessments.

• Helped found precursor to The Joint Commission.  

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Donabedian’s Outcomes Model

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• University of Michigan 1961‐2000

• Founder of the study of quality in health care.

• Coined the term “outcomes” to refer to patient follow‐up assessment.

• Modeled quality based on structure, process, and outcome.

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Care Process

Donabedian’s Outcomes Model

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• Structure: all factors affecting care delivery.

• Process: all actions making up healthcare.

• Outcome: all effects on patients or populations.

Antecedent Conditions

Structure

Care Process Outcome

Patient Safety Management

Adapted from Battles 2003. 

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Quality Improvement - Outline• History of Quality Improvement Inside Health Care 

– Semmelweis and the Scientific Method– Codman and The Joint Commission– Donabedian’s Structure, Process, Outcomes Model

• Achieving Continuous Quality Improvement – National Committee for Quality Assurance– The Institute of Medicine’s Six Aims– ISO 9000– Malcolm Baldridge Award– Guidance from ACR/ASTRO and ACRO– Quality Concepts in Radiotherapy

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National Committee for Quality Assurance

• Established as an independent organization in 1990.

• Accredits individual physicians, health plans, and medical groups.

• Shares national results on health care quality trends.

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NQSA Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS 2012)

• Appropriate antibiotic use.• Asthma.• Breast, cervical and colorectal cancers.

• Care for older adults.• Childhood and adolescent immunizations.

• Cholesterol management.• CoPD.• Diabetes.• High blood pressure.

• Hospital readmissions.• Medication management.• Mental illness.• Prenatal and postpartum care.

• Smoking.• Weight assessment.• Patient experience (CAHPS).

• Vaccinations for adults and older adults (CAHPS).

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The Institute of Medicine’s Six Aims

Healthcare should be • safe, • effective, • patient‐centered, • timely, • efficient, and • equitable.

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IOM Crossing the Quality Chasm Series

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ISO 9000 and ISO 9001

ISO 9000 and ISO 9001 are sets of standards for quality management systems to ensure products 

• meet customer expectations, 

• satisfy regulatory requirements, and 

• maintain continuous improvement.

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ISO 9000 and ISO 9001 cycle

“Continual improvement of the quality management system” is a 4‐node cycle:

• Management responsibility

• Resource management• Product realization• Measurement, analysis improvement

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Malcolm Baldridge Award

• The Malcolm BaldridgeNational Quality Improvement Act of 1987 established the BaldridgeNational Quality Program and its associated award. 

• As of 2009, 11 healthcare organizations have been named recipients of the award.

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Baldridge Quality Model

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Guidance from ACR/ASTRO and ACRO• Chart review• Physics QI program report review• New modality procedure and results review• Chart review in the event of an incident report, accident, or injury 

• Review unplanned interruptions, complications• Review outcome studies• Physician peer review• Quality of life audits

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Quality Improvement

Summary • Early efforts to improve quality in medicine

focused on statistical methods to reduce preventable harm, such as the spread of infection.

• In the twentieth century, the focus shifted to outcomes-based medicine.

• More recently, many of the tools and frameworks from the quality movement have been applied within health care.

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Discussion Question

• How successfully have efforts been to bring a wider range of hospital quality concepts into radiation therapy?