quantifying bird and insect movements using operational … · 2014. 10. 31. · superfledermaus...
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Quantifying Bird and Insect Movements
using Operational Weather Radars
Adriaan Dokter1,2, Hidde Leijnse3, Felix Liechti4, Hans Beekhuis3,
Laurent Delobbe5, Pierre Tabary6, Iwan Holleman3
1Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
2University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics 3Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute
4Suisse Ornithological Institute 5Royal Meteorological Institute Belgium
6Météo France
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Bird migration on weather radar Example 17 October 2008
Redwing
Turdus iliacus
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reflectivity factor radial velocity
Bird migration on weather radar Example 17 October 2008
50 km
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reflectivity factor radial velocity
Bird migration on weather radar Example 17 October 2008
50 km
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Bird migration
Precipitation
= Wideumont radar
Spatially smooth
Spatially variable
Target identification
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1) Radial velocity analysis (VVP)
Automated processing
Precipitation
(cold front passage)
Bird migration:
Stddev threshold 2 m/s
Ground speed
Flight direction
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2) precipitation masking
Automated processing
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Weather radar reflectivity
)(2
1)(
2
2
4
5
RZm
mR
birdbirdR )(
500 m
R
V
Reflectivity (back-scatter cross-section/unit volume)
related to density bird and cross section bird:
wavelength (5.3 cm), m index of refraction water, Z the reflectivity factor in [mm6/m3]
Calculate from the reflectivity factor Z: V the radar cell volume
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Weather radar algorithm output
Heig
ht [k
m]
night
twilight
Bird density altitude profile
Height-integrated bird density
day
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Superfledermaus
Weatherradar
Wideumont
Weather radar validation
Dokter et al., J. R. Soc. Interface 8 54, 30, 2011
Comparison bird radar - weather radar (full migration season)
Weather radar
Bird radar
Songbird wingbeat pattern
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Forest type (LANDSAT data)
Stop-over areas (from radar reflectivity data)
Diehl & Larkin 2005
Gauthreaux & Belser 2005 Ruth et al. 2008
Aim 1) extracting spatial information
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Aim 2) Designing a similar operational
algorithm for insects
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Radar echos
in summer
25/26 jun 2009
Common Swift Apus apus
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Swift wing beat pattern Measured by KNMI weather radar
0 5 10
1 2 3
Time [s]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency [Hz]
Am
plit
ude
Echo s
trength
(ra
dar
cro
ss s
ection)
8 Hz: Swift wing beat frequency
Distance: 21.6 km, altitude: 2.1 km
Time [s]
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Insect & swift echoes
Dokter et al. 2013 Twilight ascents by common swifts, Apus apus, at dawn and dusk: acquisition of orientation cues?
Anim. Beh. 85, 545
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Target identification: Dual polarization radar Detect horizontally and vertically polarized radiation independently
Image NOAA
Reflectivity factor Correlation coefficient HV
Bird migration & precipitation simultaneously:
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Conclusions
• Weather radar can determine reliable bird density altitude profiles automatically – method is easily portable.
• A prototype insect profiling algorithm based on the bird profiling algorithm would be fairly easy to design (for situations without precipitation).
• Diurnal insect movements at mid-latitudes much more
pronounced in weather radar than nocturnal movements, and more easily distinguished from birds
• Cases with spatial overlap insects/birds remain problematic (with and without dual-pol).
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Thank you
29 Oct 2008: migration Netherlands → United Kingdom