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Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversity Jos Barlow Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University INPE, agosto 2009

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Page 1: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversity

Jos BarlowLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University

INPE,agosto 2009

Page 2: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1975

Rio Teles Pires

Page 3: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1984

Page 4: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1990

Page 5: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1996

Page 6: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

2004

Page 7: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia
Page 8: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

My research aims to answer two questions about TF biodiversity

1) What are the consequences of deforestation and land-use change?

2) What are the consequences of degradation within the remaining forests?

Page 9: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1) What are the biodiversity consequences of deforestation?

Page 10: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Intensification DegradationRegeneration

Page 11: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Predictions based on forest loss are inadequate for biodiversity

“Thirty-five primate species lose 60–100% of their Amazonian range….”.

Soares-Filho et al. 2006 Nature

Mico spp. Callicebus spp. Ateles spp.

Most abundant in degraded and secondary forests Absent from degraded forests

2050: Business as usual

Page 12: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

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Page 13: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1) Lack of consistency in conclusions: e.g. Birds & SFs

Study Location Ages sampled

Change in richness

Community overlap

Blake & Loiselle 2001 Costa Rica 4-13; 25-35 Increase High

Johns 1991 Brazil 1-2 Increase Low

Borges 2004 Brazil 4-35 No change High

Sodhi et al. 2005a Sulawesi 40 No change High

Schulze et al 2004 Sulawesi Young No change High

Lawton et al. 1998 Cameroon >40 No change -

Andrade & Rubio-Torgler 1994

Colombia 1-17 No change High

Raman et al. 1998/Raman 2001

India 1, 5, 10, 25 and 100

Decrease High

Bowman et al 1990 PNG 0-25+ Decrease High

Terborgh & Weske 1969 Peru Young Decrease -

Barlow et al. in press Brazil 13-19 Decrease Low

Page 14: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

2) Many studies have flawed methodologies; e.g. Of 11 studies on birds in SFs

• Lack of spatial replication– 4 had no within treatment replication; 7 had less

than 3 replicates

• Edge effects– Nine of 11 studies on birds in SFs were in plots

“adjacent” to primary forest

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Page 15: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

3) Lack of seasonal replication: Butterflies

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Page 16: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

4) Lack of congruency between taxa (which taxa to believe???)

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“No-one group serves as a good indicator taxon for changes...of other groups”

Lawton et al. 1998, Nature

Page 17: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

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Page 18: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Jari – a unique Amazonian landscape• >1M ha of primary forest

• 53,000ha of Eucalyptus plantations on 5-7 yr rotations

• 50,000ha of fallow lands (secondary forests)

Page 19: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia
Page 20: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Field sampling

Page 21: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Outline of results

1. Response types: Species richness

2. Response types: Community structure

3. Examine congruence using different

response metrics

4. Which taxa are outliers?

5. Assess the unique conservation value of

primary forest

Page 22: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1) Response types:Species richness

• Hypothesis: Faunal richness would reflect richness in vegetation

Tree genera

0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000

50

100

150

200

250

Page 23: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

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Page 27: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

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Page 28: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

2) Response types: Species composition

Taxonomic group Community structure comparison

PF-SF PF-EUC SF-EUC

Trees and Lianas 0.99** 1.0** 1.0**

Birds 1.0** 1.0** 0.98**

Fruit-feeding butterflies 0.88** 1.0** 0.96**

Leaf-litter amphibians 0.26* 0.51** 0.88**

Large mammals 0.80** 1.0** 0.96**

Bats 0.77** 0.49** 0.45**

Lizards 0.56** 1.0** 0.83**

Dung beetles 0.67** 0.60** 0.48*

Epigeic arachnids 0.39* 0.83** 0.53*

Grasshoppers 0.64** 0.94** 0.31*

Scavenger flies 0.40* 0.79** 0.42*

Fruit flies 0.46* 0.79** 0.06

Small mammals 0.25* 0.43** 0.03

Orchid bees 0.31* 0.35* -0.02

Moths 0.51** 0.95** 0.52**

Page 29: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

3) Congruency between taxa with different response metrics

Based on pairwise correlations of 15 taxa across 15 sites (105 possible pairwise correlations),

• Community structure (CS)

• Community composition (CC)

• Observed richness (OR)

• Estimated richness (ER)

• Abundance (AB)

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Page 30: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

4) Are some taxa outliers? MDS ordination based on response similarity

Composition

MDS Axis 1

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

MD

S a

xis

2

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

AM

OBAR

CF

DBLM

SM

FF

GH

BA

MO

BI

LZ

BU

TL

Small Mammals

Low sample representation

Orchid Bees

Highly vagile & feed on

ephemeral resources

Amphibians – Unique resource reqirements?

BatsHighly

vagile & feed on

ephemeral resources

Taxa with similar

responses

Page 31: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

%of species unique to primary forest

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Orchid beesLarge mammalsScavenger flies

Fruit fliesEpigeic arachnids

GrasshoppersFruit-feeding butterflies

BatsMoths

Dung beetlesSmall mammals

LizardsLeaf-litter amphibians

BirdsTrees and Lianas

Barlow et al. 2007 PNAS

5. Conservation value of primary forests

Page 32: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Conclusions – Quantifying the biodiversity value of forests

• Assesments of habitat quality should focus on species composition rather than richness

• Secondary forests and plantations both have some complementary conservation value

• BUT: 25% of species were only ever recorded in primary forest

• AND: These figures are likely to be conservative…– 50% of species were unique to primary forest when

singletons were excluded from the analysis– the difficulties of sampling the full range of diversity found

within primary habitats

Page 33: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

2) What are the consequences of forest degradation for biodiversity?

Page 34: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Forest wildfires: 20M ha burned during the 1997-1998 ENSO event

Page 35: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Increasing threat? Interact with ongoing threats to the Amazon

Page 36: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Positive feedback: low-intensity fires lead to recurrent fires

Page 37: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Very high tree mortality following fire in central Amazonia (Tapajos-Arapiuns)

Mean char height

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

No.

of l

ivin

g tre

es

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Unburnt

Once-burnt

Twice-burnt

Barlow and Peres 2004 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.

Page 38: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Similarity between

BF2-BF2

UF-UF

BF-BF

UF-BF

BF-BF2

UF-BF2

Mea

n (+

/-SD

) M-H

inde

x0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Short-term effects of fires on understorey avifauna

Barlow et al. 2002Biological Conservation

Loss of understorey specialists in once-burned forest

Complete species turnover following recurrent fiires

Barlow and Peres 2004Ecological Applications

Page 39: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Recurrent fires affect ecosystem functioning (litter decomposition)

Silveira, Barlow et al. 2009 Journal of Tropical Ecology

Page 40: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Recurrent fires lead to a cascade in species composition and possible ecosystem phase-shift

Barlow and Peres 2008 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.

Bombacaceae: Bombax sp.

Cecropiaceae: Cecropia spp.

Boraginaceae: Cordia sp.

UF BF1 BF2 BF3

Burseraceae: Protium and Tetragastris Spp.

Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda copaia

Forest treatment

Fabaceae: Sclerolobium spp.

Sapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others

Page 41: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Work in progress…

Page 42: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

RESEX Tapajos-Arapiuns, Pará

Querencia, Mato Grosso

RESEX Chico Mendes, Acre

Ilha de Maracá, Roraima

Page 43: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

2) Quantify the temporal basis of biodiversity responses

Time after most recent burn event

Cha

nge

from

und

istu

rbed

Prim

ary

fore

st

Understorey fires

Recurrent fires

Page 44: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

3) Link biodiversity responses with spatial mapping of forest degradation

0% ������ ��������������������% �

����

C. Souza and M. Cochrane

Page 45: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Conclusions

• The consequences of land-use change and degradation for tropical forest biodiversity are complex, and can be highly context dependent

• Landscape processes such as deforestation and degradation are highly linked, and we need to take a whole landscape approach to understand their effects on biodiversity

• A better understanding of the spatial and temporal consequences (extrapolating local processes through RS) could help develop effective management strategies

Page 46: Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work in progress… 1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia

Obrigado!