questioning the dogma of the central...

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Questioning the Dogma of the Central Dogma Introduc)on The flow of gene)c informa)on from DNA to RNA to protein is the commonly accepted dogma of molecular biology. Experimental results, however, are not always consistent with the central dogma. The goal of this project is to test the validity of several aspects of the central dogma, including bidirec)onal promoters, mul)ple start codons, and codon op)miza)on. Bidirec)onal Promoters Mul)ple Start Codons Codon Op)miza)on ATG [N]ATG N RFP sfGFP Objec&ve What happens if there are mul)ple start codons on a single mRNA strand? Which start codon is selected for the ini)a)on of protein synthesis? Rela)ve fluorescence Fluorescence of Threonine 6Repeat Codon Sequences Objec&ve How does codon bias affect protein transla)on rate? What is the op)mized codon for threonine? GFP mCherry AHL leader sequenc e 6 codon repeat sequence Objec&ve What direc)on does a promoter promote in? How biased is a promoter in each direc)on? How do palindromic promoters affect direc)onality? All fluorescence was measured using a TECANM1000 Fluorescence data was approximately normalized using the K constant calculated for bidirec)onal promoters The downstream start codon coding for sfGFP is preferred The downstream start codon was also recognized and translated at a lower rate RFP varia)ons correspond to level of codon op)miza)on ACG is the op)mized codon for threonine in DH10B E.coli Constant levels of GFP demonstrate that enough charged tRNA is available to con)nue protein synthesis in the cell Designed and implemented a gene)c circuit which tests codon op)miza)on, using threonine as an example All fluorescence was measured using TECANM1000 Promoter can promote in both direc)ons Palindromic promoters were not expected to have a bias, but were shown to promote primarily in one direc)on Designed and implemented a gene)c circuit to test direc)onality of promoters RFP GFP Method Circuit was generated using Gibson Assembly Promoters were ligated between reporters Promoter strength and direc)onality correspond to measured fluorescence Design Figure 1: GFP and RFP Fluorescence of different promoters Figure 2: Fluorescence of first Start Codon (RFP) and second Start Codon (sfGFP) Figure 3: Codon Bias in DH10B E. coli for Threonine. GFP is a constant background, while mCherry is the protein produced with the repeat codons. ACT ACC ACA ACG RFP GFP Results GFPRFP Normaliza&on Normaliza)on of RFP and GFP fluorescence was possible though a calculated constant K Direc)onality value was calculated using the normalized GFP/RFP ra)o Design ORF (+1) ORF (0) Circuit was generated using Gibson and PCR assembly Design allows for uninhibited protein transla)on through both ORFs Each start codon corresponds to a fluorescent protein in its reading frame Method Fluorescence of RFP and GFP Promoters 1 sfGFP RFP Results Design Method Circuit was generated using PCR assembly Repeated sequences were designed and inserted mCherry is the repeatsequence reporter GFP is the control reporter Fluorescence of RFP and GFP Start Codons Results Rela)ve fluorescence Rela)ve fluorescence Threonine codons Threonine 6Repeat Codons Sequence Threonine Codon ACT 5’ – GATCCACTACTACTACTACTACTA– 3’ Threonine Codon ACC 5' – GATCCACCACCACCACCACCACCA – 3’ Threonine Codon ACA 5' – GATCCACAACAACAACAACAACAA – 3’ Threonine Codon ACG 5' – GATCCACGACGACGACGACGACGA – 3’ Human Prac)ces Penn State iGEM visited a local high school and presented the background, design, data, and results from this year’s project. Students were taught the basic terminology and techniques of synthe)c biology. A publicly accessible anima&on created by a team member was uploaded to YouTube, in addi)on to each project descrip&on presenta&on shown to the students. Penn State iGEM members also par)cipated in a presenta&on and Q&A session with prospec&ve high school iGEM par&cipants during the Americas East Regional Jamboree Bba_J23102 Palindrome 1 Palindrome 2 Palindrome 3 Bba_J23114 RFP GFP

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Questioning the Dogma of the Central Dogma Introduc)on  

The  flow  of  gene)c  informa)on  from  DNA  to  RNA  to  protein  is  the  commonly  accepted  dogma  of  molecular  biology.  Experimental  results,  however,  are  not  always  consistent  with  the  central  dogma.  The  goal  of  this  project  is  to  test  the  validity  of  several  aspects  of  the  central  dogma,  including  bidirec)onal  promoters,  mul)ple  start  codons,  and  codon  op)miza)on.    

Bidirec)onal  Promoters   Mul)ple  Start  Codons   Codon  Op)miza)on  

ATG  [N]ATG   NRFP   sfGFP  

Objec&ve  •  What  happens  if  there  are  mul)ple  start  codons  on  a  single  mRNA  

strand?  •  Which  start  codon  is  selected  for  the  ini)a)on  of  protein  synthesis?  

Rela)ve  flu

orescence  

Fluorescence  of  Threonine  6-­‐Repeat  Codon  Sequences  

Objec&ve  • How  does  codon  bias  affect  protein  transla)on  rate?  • What  is  the  op)mized  codon  for  threonine?  

GFP  mCherry  

AHL  leader  sequence  

6  codon  repeat  sequence  

Objec&ve  • What  direc)on  does  a  promoter  promote  in?  •  How  biased  is  a  promoter  in  each  direc)on?  •  How  do  palindromic  promoters  affect  direc)onality?  

•  All  fluorescence  was  measured  using  a  TECANM1000  •  Fluorescence  data  was  approximately  normalized  using  

the  K  constant  calculated  for  bidirec)onal  promoters  •  The  downstream  start  codon  coding  for  sfGFP  is  

preferred    •  The  downstream  start  codon  was  also  recognized  and  

translated  at  a  lower  rate  

• RFP  varia)ons  correspond  to  level  of  codon  op)miza)on  • ACG  is  the  op)mized  codon  for  threonine  in  DH10B  E.coli  • Constant  levels  of  GFP  demonstrate  that  enough  charged  tRNA  is  available  to  con)nue  protein  synthesis  in  the  cell  • Designed  and  implemented  a  gene)c  circuit  which  tests  codon  op)miza)on,  using  threonine  as  an  example  

•  All  fluorescence  was  measured  using  TECANM1000  •  Promoter  can  promote  in  both  direc)ons  •  Palindromic  promoters  were  not  expected  to  have  a  bias,  but  

were  shown  to  promote  primarily  in  one  direc)on  •  Designed  and  implemented  a  gene)c  circuit  to  test  

direc)onality  of  promoters  

RFP   GFP  

Method  • Circuit  was  generated  using  Gibson  Assembly  • Promoters  were  ligated  between  reporters  • Promoter  strength  and  direc)onality  correspond  to  measured  fluorescence  

Design  

Figure  1:  GFP  and  RFP  Fluorescence  of  different  promoters    

Figure  2:  Fluorescence  of  first  Start  Codon  (RFP)  and  second  Start  Codon  (sfGFP)  

Figure  3:  Codon  Bias  in  DH10B  E.  coli  for  Threonine.  GFP  is  a  constant  background,  while    mCherry  is  the  protein  produced  with  the  repeat  codons.  

ACT   ACC   ACA   ACG  

RFP   GFP  

Results  

GFP-­‐RFP  Normaliza&on    

• Normaliza)on  of  RFP  and  GFP  fluorescence  was  possible  though  a    calculated  constant  K  • Direc)onality  value  was  calculated  using  the  normalized  GFP/RFP  ra)o  

Design   ORF  (+1)  

ORF  (0)  

• Circuit  was  generated  using  Gibson  and  PCR  assembly  • Design  allows  for  uninhibited  protein  transla)on  through  both  ORFs  • Each  start  codon  corresponds  to  a  fluorescent  protein  in  its  reading  frame  

Method  

Fluorescence  of  RFP  and  GFP  Promoters  

1  

sfGFP  RFP  

Results  

Design  

Method  

• Circuit  was  generated  using  PCR  assembly  • Repeated  sequences  were  designed  and  inserted  • mCherry  is  the  repeat-­‐sequence  reporter  • GFP  is  the  control  reporter  

Fluorescence  of  RFP  and  GFP  Start  Codons  

Results  

Rela)ve  flu

orescence  

Rela)ve  flu

orescence  

Threonine  codons  

Threonine  6-­‐Repeat  Codons   Sequence  Threonine  Codon  ACT   5’  –  GATCCACTACTACTACTACTACTA–  3’  

Threonine  Codon  ACC   5'  –  GATCCACCACCACCACCACCACCA  –  3’  

Threonine  Codon  ACA   5'  –  GATCCACAACAACAACAACAACAA  –  3’  

Threonine  Codon  ACG   5'  –  GATCCACGACGACGACGACGACGA  –  3’  

Human  Prac)ces  Penn  State  iGEM  visited  a  local  high  school  and  presented  the  background,  design,  data,  and  results  from  this  year’s  project.  Students  were  taught  the  basic  terminology  and  techniques  of  synthe)c  biology.    

A  publicly  accessible  anima&on  created  by  a  team  member  was  uploaded  to  YouTube,  in  addi)on  to  each  project  descrip&on  presenta&on  shown  to  the  students.  

Penn  State  iGEM  members  also  par)cipated  in  a  presenta&on  and  Q&A  session  with  prospec&ve  high  school  iGEM  par&cipants  during  the  Americas  East  Regional  Jamboree  

Bba_J23102  

Palindrome  1  

Palindrome  2  

Palindrome  3  

Bba_J23114  

RFP   GFP