Questionnaires &Questionnaires &OpinionnairesOpinionnaires

AdvantagesAdvantages

Large volume of data gathered in a very Large volume of data gathered in a very short time. short time.

Ease of administrationEase of administration

Consistent responseConsistent response

Low costLow cost

QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Validity (Validity (did each respondent understand in same did each respondent understand in same

way)way)

No controlNo control Poor return ratePoor return rate Slow returnsSlow returns Cannot always know who completesCannot always know who completes

Types of QuestionsTypes of Questions

DemographicDemographic

OpinionOpinion

KnowledgeKnowledge

Self-appraisalSelf-appraisal

Demographic QuestionsDemographic Questions InformationInformation ( (categorize/ groupcategorize/ group))

Age, gender, income, education, marital Age, gender, income, education, marital status, occupation, experience, handicapsstatus, occupation, experience, handicaps

UseUse Identify composition of groupIdentify composition of group Compare characteristics with othersCompare characteristics with others Comparisons within groupComparisons within group

Opinion questionsOpinion questions

ConfidentialityConfidentiality

UseUse Identify feelings about a given subjectIdentify feelings about a given subject Reflect what respondent thinks is ‘true’Reflect what respondent thinks is ‘true’

Knowledge QuestionsKnowledge Questions

UseUse

How much individual knowsHow much individual knows How well can implementHow well can implement

Self-appraisalSelf-appraisal

Psychological & PhysicalPsychological & Physical Self esteemSelf esteem

How feelHow feel

What feel can doWhat feel can do

ConfidenceConfidence

AppearanceAppearance

UnclutteredUncluttered Easy to read (Easy to read (font sizefont size)) Easy to answer (Easy to answer (good instructionsgood instructions)) Grouping by types of questionGrouping by types of question Divided by sectionsDivided by sections

Question formatQuestion formatUnstructured vs StructuredUnstructured vs Structured

UnstructuredUnstructured – open-ended or free-response – open-ended or free-response AdvantagesAdvantages – –

• not sure what to expect situationsnot sure what to expect situations• little prompting (suggest)little prompting (suggest)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages – –• VarietyVariety• CompletenessCompleteness• UnwieldyUnwieldy• Time to completeTime to complete• Need good communication skillsNeed good communication skills• Smaller volume of material acquired given limited timeSmaller volume of material acquired given limited time

QuestionQuestion format format StructuredStructured

Quickly identified response alternativesQuickly identified response alternatives No elaborationNo elaboration All get sameAll get same Consistency (response focused)Consistency (response focused) Easy to administerEasy to administer Responses coded (1 -5, etc.)Responses coded (1 -5, etc.)

Writing QuestionsWriting Questions Use simple language, one thought Use simple language, one thought Build in personal appealBuild in personal appeal Culture / bias freeCulture / bias free InterestingInteresting Avoid discrimination (him/ her)Avoid discrimination (him/ her) Instructions and questions short & clearInstructions and questions short & clear Ask only relevant necessaryAsk only relevant necessary Group (keep response flow)Group (keep response flow) Avoid negative statementsAvoid negative statements Do not ‘crowd’ too much on pageDo not ‘crowd’ too much on page Readability (target population?)Readability (target population?)

Response OptionsResponse Options Fact questions (most) have limited range Fact questions (most) have limited range Similarly demographic questionsSimilarly demographic questionsExamplesExamples Age 18 – 24, 25 - 30 Age 18 – 24, 25 - 30 Which of the following best describes youWhich of the following best describes you

The recreation offerings are meeting the needs The recreation offerings are meeting the needs of the publicof the public

The staff member wasThe staff member was

Select your favorite recreation activitySelect your favorite recreation activity

Functional AssessmentFunctional AssessmentThe ability to respond to the physical demands of daily livingThe ability to respond to the physical demands of daily living

with vigor and without undue fatigue, and still have enoughwith vigor and without undue fatigue, and still have enough

reserve energy to engage in leisurely pursuitsreserve energy to engage in leisurely pursuits

FA is the primary objective of many exercise andFA is the primary objective of many exercise and

rehabilitation programs for middle-aged and older adults.rehabilitation programs for middle-aged and older adults.

Self Report Self Report (appraisal)(appraisal) Physical Activity Physical Activity

Twenty-eight in 1997 Medicine and Twenty-eight in 1997 Medicine and Scinec in Sport & Exercise.Scinec in Sport & Exercise.

Most have been developed for research Most have been developed for research purposes.purposes.

For screening and motivational tool:For screening and motivational tool: Healthy Physical activity Participation Q Healthy Physical activity Participation Q

Self efficacySelf efficacyA key factor for exercise adherenceA key factor for exercise adherenceSituation specific:Situation specific: Physical Activity Self-efficacy Scale Physical Activity Self-efficacy Scale Adherence Efficacy ScaleAdherence Efficacy Scale Barriers to Exercise ScaleBarriers to Exercise Scale

Disease self-management:Disease self-management: Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale – Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale – diet, glucose,diet, glucose,

Confidence Physical capabilitiesConfidence Physical capabilities – – Falls Efficacy Scale, Falls Efficacy Scale, Activity Specific Balance ConfidenceActivity Specific Balance Confidence

Health Status & Physical Well-BeingHealth Status & Physical Well-Being

Exercise can make people feel betterExercise can make people feel better More relaxed, increased energy, enhance More relaxed, increased energy, enhance

quality of life, well beingquality of life, well being

Subjective Exercise Experience ScaleSubjective Exercise Experience Scale Exercise-induced Feeling InventoryExercise-induced Feeling Inventory Vitality Plus Scale – Vitality Plus Scale – various components of various components of

feeling goodfeeling good