quiz 3 -- review psych 1a – spring, 2011 switch to slide show view before starting
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Quiz 3 -- Review
Psych 1A – Spring, 2011
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Classical Conditioning
In Pavlov’s study using classical conditioning, the food dish was the ...?
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Conditioned response (CR)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Classical Conditioning
Extinction Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Learning
What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Learning
Extinction
When the CR reappears after extinction followed by a rest period, then what has occurred?
Classical ConditioningOne of the first psychologists to recognize the real-life implications of classical conditioning was . . .
B. F. Skinner
John B. Watson
William James
Edward Tolman
Operant ConditioningWhat is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is part of operant conditioning, but punishment is used in classical conditioning
Punishment involves presentation of an aversive con-sequence, but negative reinforcement involves removal of a positive consequence
Nothing. They are two terms for the same thing.
Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior, but punishment weakens it
Operant ConditioningWhich of the following is a primary reinforcer?
Gold Stars
Food
Money
Attention
Operant ConditioningWhich of the following is the most powerful schedule of reinforcement?
Variable ratio Fixed ratio
Fixed interval Variable interval
Operant ConditioningWhich is NOT true about BF Skinner ?
Won the Humanitarian of the Year Award in 1972.
Invented an Air-Crib for his daughter
Denied the existence of human consciousness
Insisted free will is an illusion
Learning Theory
Albert Bandura is well known for his study of?
Latent learning
Conditioned taste aversion
Observational learning
Punishment
Learning TheoryWhich is NOT a guideline for behavior modification?
Use intermittent reinforcement
Set realistic goals
Accentuate the positive
Reinforce small improvements
Social BehaviorIn the Stanford Prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly?
Peer pressure from the other guards
Social context
Prisoner’s actions
Instructions given to the guards
Social BehaviorWhat was the conclusion of the Robber's Cave experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif?
Prejudice is a learned behavior that can be overcome through cooperative activities
The boys were never able to get along and cooperate on tasks
Youth are easily influenced by experimenters
Working together eliminates prejudice
Social BehaviorWhich two are common reasons for a change of attitude?
Familiarity & ValidityConsistency & Validity
Familiarity & ReputationReliability & Validity
V a l i d i t y
Social BehaviorWhich is one of the most common, but least effective, techniques for trying to change someone’s attitude?
Playing devil’s advocate
Using famous people to present an argument
Using scare tactics
Repetition of an argument
Social Behavior
Which of the following is a sign of groupthink . . .?
Self-censorship
Illusion of anonymity
Illusion of vulnerability
Unbiased information seeking
Social BehaviorWhat is the most common explanation of bystander apathy?
Diffusion of responsibility
Acculturation Blaming the Victim
Entrapment
Social BehaviorWhich of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?
Producing selective perception
Exaggeration of differences within other groups
Exaggeration of differences between groups
Underestimation of differences within other groups
Social BehaviorWho conducted an experiment on conformity where people where asked to judge the length of lines?
Stanley Milgram
Solomon Asch
Phil ZimbardoMuzafer Sherif
Social BehaviorWhich of the following is NOT a reason that people conform to social pressure . . .?
Wanting to be liked
Identification with the group
Belief in critical thinking
Self-interest
Social BehaviorWhich of the following is NOT a type of function served by prejudice . . .?
Psychological
Economic
Cognitive
Social & Cultural
Thinking & Intelligence
A _______is a unit of meaning made up of concepts that express a unitary idea?
proposition cognitive schema
prototypeheuristic
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. ”
Social BehaviorJerome Kagan likens consciousness to the staff of a fire department because:
It is almost always “on the road” looking for the relevant information to be used to decipher unexpected situations
Most of the time it is making critical decisions about the events of the day
Most of the time it is quietly playing pinochle in the back room and it performs only when the alarm sounds
It is almost always alert and attentive, ready to respond to any type of emergency
Learning TheoryInformal reasoning involves:
A single correct answer
Deductive and inductive reasoning
Established methods for solving problems
Dialectical reasoning
Learning TheoryIn the _______ stages, people understand that some things can never be known with certainty and some judgments are more valid than others
Quasi-reflective
Pre-reflective
Semi-reflective
Reflective
Social Behavior_______ is the tendency for people to pay atten-tion only to evidence that supports their beliefs
Confirmation bias
The availability heuristic
Hindsight bias
Mental set
Thinking & IntelligenceWhich of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Componential intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Contextual intelligence
Experiential intelligence
Thinking & IntelligenceTacit knowledge involves practical, action-oriented strategies for achieving goals that are not usually formally taught. They are an aspect of:
Componential intelligence
Creative intelligence
Contextual intelligence
Experiential intelligence
Thinking & Intelligence_________ proposed the idea that there are multiple types of intelligence including such things as musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into ourselves and others.
David Wechsler Howard Gardner Daniel Goleman Robert Sternberg
Thinking & IntelligenceWhat is the knowledge or awareness of your own cognitive process (thinking about thinking?
Tacit knowledge
Cognitive schema
Theory of Mind
Metacognition
Thinking & Intelligence
A cognitive ethologist would agree with all of the following EXCEPT:Animal intelligence can be explained through principles of operant conditioning
Animal intelligence is demon-strated when animals can anticipate future events
Animals can make plans and can make choices, thus indi-cating intelligence
Animals must be capable of thought or they could not coor-dinate activities with comrades