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(24) Stairs Ramps 03/12/18
© GBE NGS ASWS Brian Murphy 2018 1
03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems
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Quote for the Day
• Stairway to heaven - Led Zeppelin
• Up the apples and pairs = CRS = Stairs
• Candles and Lamps = BRS = Ramps
• Crashes and Collides = BRS = Slides
• Presents and Gifts = BRS = Lifts
• Sloping Elevators = BRS = Escalators
• Snakes + Ladders = Slides + Stairs 03/12/18 2 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport
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Week 28 05.02.2018 Technology Champion
>40 years into 1 Hour won’t go • So I am providing links to other information if you want to know more
• Question Everything
• Don’t assume that I know everything
• Don’t assume I have cherry picked the best bits
• Don’t assume what your being told is the whole story
• Some will hide what they don’t want you to know
• Do your best with what you know
• When you know better
• Do better
Today’s Lecture
• Stairs
• Ramps + Slides
• Ladders
• Lifts Elevators
• Escalators
• Function + Performance
• Principles of Element Design
• Interior Design
(24) Stairs Ramps +Slides
Diagonal circulation
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Classification
• CI/SfB: Information Library, Manufacturer’s Literature, CAD layering, Drawing numbering – (24) Stairs Ramps
• Stepped ramps, Walkways, Ladders, Bridges, Passerells – (24.9) Parts, accessories etc. special to stairs, ramps,
vertical/diagonal circulation. • Balustrades, Handrails between floors/levels and at landings
– (34) Secondary elements to stairs, • includes balustrades, handrails, etc.
– (44) Finished to Stairs: floor, ceiling, nosings, etc • CAWS: Specification Work sections
– L30 Stairs Walkways (Bridges) Balustrades – L35 Utilitarian Stairs/Ladders, Fixed utilitarian Access
systems 03/12/18 11
(66) Transport Systems
Mechanical vertical and diagonal movement
Classification
• CI/SfB: Information Library, Manufacturer’s Literature, CAD layering, Drawing numbering – (66.1) Lifts, – (66.4) Escalators, – (66.5) Moving pavements
• CAWS: Specification Work Sections – X10 Lifts, – X11 Escalators, – X12 Vertical Platform Lifts, – X13 Powered Stair lifts, – X14 Fire Escape Chutes/slings, – X15 Moving Pavements 13 03/12/18
This Presentation on GBE:
• Find this file on GBE website at: • https://GreenBuildingEcyclopaedia.uk/?P=19526
• Find related image folders on Pinterest
• https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/l30-intelligent-staircase-design/
• https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/l30-ramps-slides/
• https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/x10-lifts-elevators/
• https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/x11-escalator/ 03/12/18 14
Performance Requirements
Principles of Element Design
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This only touches the surface The thing on the right is a Viewing platform with stairs 2/3 and rusty steel will damage your hands
Planning Portal website PDFs free
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BRAD M Access for all Don’t forget Approved Document A Structural design
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Consider children’s reach: 2 handrails? Internally illuminated handrails get hot Spiral stair winders minimum 75 mm going
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Open risers are dangerous Socks make them slippery Gap can break legs Upstands are required Fire resistant soffit to Maintain means of escape
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Internally illuminated handrails can get hot Cold cathode ray tube are cooler LED Light Emitting Diode Lighting strips are suitable too
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L30 Stairwells as Life Savers
• Means of escape stairs give – occupants a way out in emergencies – firefighters a way in to save them
• They need to be: – smoke free, – isolated by smoke free lobbies, from flats or offices
• Except top floor • with glazed door or screen to see and to trap smoke
– Within their own fire compartment isolated from the floors – Fire and smoke doors with frames, seals and their
ironmongery must be competent and maintained • They can be air pressurised to keep smoke out • They should never have gas pipes running up them
– Post-Grenfell discoveries in other tower blocks
Width as a life saver • Building Regulations Approved Document M/K
• Requires stair flights of a width to offer capacity for numbers of people on floor plates
– Top flight only serves top floor
– Bottom flight should serve all floors above
– But BR AD M/K only requires one floor of people on any flight at any one time
– Slugs of people from each floor travelling down passing each floor
– But people travel at different speeds, especially in an emergency
– Building Regulations requires no more than 16 steps in a flight
– But landings in a straight flight (invisible in a crowd) cause legs to collapse and pile ups to occur
– People climbing over each other raises them up the balustrade at higher risk
• ‘Stay-put policy’ then ‘Phased evacuation’ becomes important in competent high rise
– Canary Wharf towers have 10,000 occupants
– WTC Towers had 25,000 occupants and 5,000 visitors each 03/12/18 31
L30 Angle is everything Countries have different rules
• Rung ladders – On-site were seen as essential, but unsecured are H&S risk
• Step Ladders: used by the navy – Frowned on in buildings, need to be hands-free
• Carrying tools/materials very nearly impossible • Needs safety line attached, full body harness and connector to line • On-site stairs in scaffolding has become common practice now
• Avoid: 50-65 degrees, accident Prone • Alternative tread stairs:
– to only one room, not for general public use • Stairs: 30-35 degrees • Avoid: 8-20 degrees, accident prone • Stepped Ramp (invented by UK B Regs?) • Ramps: 1:12 max (UK B Regs AD M or K) • Level floor or pavement
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High rise
– Over 18 m is beyond the reach of extending ladders on fire trucks
– Beyond 19 floors is beyond standard breathing apparatus capacity
• Climbing 19 floors with a weight on your back gets fire fighters breathing harder
• Multiple cylinder breathing apparatus gives more time at the top and the top can be higher than 19 floors
– Grenfell had significantly less occupants and less floors than CWT or WTC
• But that fire was fuelled by combustible insulation – Non-fire resistant external envelope allowed fire to
pass outwards and inwards • Fire was inside then outside then inside at upper floors
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POED Stairs Ramps Balustrades Handrails
• 1.1 Categories of stairs and ramps • 1.2 Definitions • 2. Structural strength and stability • 2.1 Stairs and ramps • 3. Fire protection and means of
escape • 4. Dimensional requirements and
recommendations • 4.1 Headroom • 4.2 Landings • 4.3 Pitch • 4.4 Rise • 4.5 Treads • 4.6 Widths of flights • 4.7 Obstructions on flights • 4.8 Ramps and stepped ramps • 4.9 Handrails • 4.10 Balustrades
• 4.11 Dimensional co-ordination • 6. Sound insulation • 7. Lighting • 8. Ventilation • 9. Materials • 9.1 Timber • 9.2 Concrete • 9.3 Metals • 10. Finishes • 11. Durability and maintenance • 12. Stairways • 12.1 Straight flight stairways • 12.2 Dog-leg stairways • 12.3 Open well stairways • 14. Handrails and balustrades • 14.1 Safety and use • 14.2 Stability and fixing • 14.3 Material
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Stair/Ramp Actions
• Gravity: downward pull
• Wind: Motive force (suction), pressure buffeting, Destructive, Penetrative
• Rain: Moisture deposition, penetration
• Snow: Moisture deposition, loading, slush carried in, material degradation
• Moisture vapour: permeation, condensation,
• Sun: Temp variation, thermal movement, heat gains, Chemical decomposition
• Dirt and Dust: infiltration, deposition, surface pollution, surface erosion
• Chemicals: surface corrosion, disintegration, decomposition
• Sound: Noise nuisance, impact, rattle, creaking, vibration, noise transfer
• Attack: Manual, Ballistics, Bomb Blast
• Thermal: heat loss/retention, hot/cold to touch, condensation, frost, ice,
• Deposits: chewing gum, staining, adhesion, trip hazard, surface texture penetration
• Moisture: flood water, ground water rising, capillary attraction, moisture transfer 03/12/18 42
Stair/Ramp Reactions
• Gravity: Support
• Wind: rigidity, resilience, sealing, air tightness layers and detailing
• Rain: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Snow: deflection, impervious skin, absorption and drainage, sealing
• Sun: movement joints, shielding, invulnerable materials
• Dirt and Dust: repulsion, exclusion, shielding, cleaning
• Chemicals: invulnerable materials, exclusion,
• Sound: Insulation, absorption, acoustic mass, separation, isolation, vibration, noise
• Attack: toughness, lamination, edge restraint, edge protection
• Deposits: smooth impervious surface, flush impervious joints,
• Moisture: water resistant materials
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Principles of Element Design • Appearance
– Interior and exterior materials and finishes
• Structural strength and stability – Load-bearing
– Structural Geometry
– Wind resistance
• Weather – Rain, snow, wind, sun,
– dirt dust pollution
• Durability – Moisture resistance, frost,
mould
– Moisture Mass & Hygroscopicity
– Ozone and sunlight degradation
• Thermal Performance – Heat gain
– Condensation Avoidance
– Avoidance of Cold Bridges through external envelope
– Thermal Mass
• Movement – Structural , thermal, moisture,
Frost heave
– Chemical
– Vibration
– Deflection
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Principles of Element Design
• Acoustic Performance – Resistance, absorption
– Vibration, noise, impact
• Fire Performance – Fire Resistance
– Surface spread of flame
– Means of escape Class 1 & 0
• Security
• Inspection and maintenance – Inside & out
• Pest infestation – Termites,
– Termite Barriers
• Rising damp – Barriers
– Capillary Attraction
– Hygroscopic or Hydrophobic
– Frost action
• Health – Moisture Mass
– Low allergy materials
– Low VOC finishes
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Economic Design
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Tall buildings and Lift Cores Time and Space saving
• The taller the building the more lifts are needed to handle people at peak times
– Canary Wharf Towers (CWT) 10,000 staff and many visitors – World Trade Centre (WTC) 25,000 staff and 5,000 visitors each
• If all lifts can stop at many floors – many lifts are needed – more time is needed to make a lift journey
• If lifts have dedicated destinations (CWT) – ranges for floors – not stopping at others on route – Less lifts are needed
• If sky concourses are created (WTC) – where transfers to other lifts can occur – Then many more lifts can ride in the same lift shaft
• in low, mid or upper zones – At each concourse lifts have dedicated destinations (CWT style)
• Concourses can include coffee lounges and meeting rooms 03/12/18 47 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems
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Cores at perimeter not at core
• Escape stairs inside building volume have to be in a fire compartment (FR, thickness, NIA/GIA)
• Push the cores to the perimeter of floor plates and isolate them from office compartments, services risers and lifts
• Reduces compartment enclosure performance requirements: – Fire, acoustic
– Unoccupied spaces: lower thermal requirement?
– potentially reduces their costs
• Richard Rodgers and Rab Bennetts 03/12/18 49
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Servicing of buildings requires space
• Stairs, Lifts/Elevators, Services Risers, smoke vent shafts, Plant rooms, stores, WCs – MEP Engineers:
• “Architects never provide enough room” • Rationalise the floor plans into zones
– Serving and Served spaces – Service Cores and Rooms – Stack similar functions on top of each other
• British Library cores to Phases/Zones – 1 bay of core to 3-6 bays of space – Acknowledges phased development 52 03/12/18
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Stage 1A
Stage 1B
Phase 1
Phase 2
Stage 2A
Stage 2B
Phase 3
Stage 3A
Stage 3B
X10 X11 Energy Cost Saving
• Unless put to sleep manually: on 24/7 Hrs/days/week – London Kings Cross station platform escalators
• Lifts/Elevators/Escalators/Moving pavement – can be set to auto shut-down when not in use/low traffic
• Lifts stop closest to highest potential demand
• Lifts lights off, lift car controls off
• Landing lift call buttons remain on to reactivate
• Escalators slow/stop, lights-down/off
• Still asks ‘has he turned me on yet’ – ‘ready for action when he does’
– Stand-by red light function
– Never completely inactive, never zero demand 03/12/18 54 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems
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Environmental Design
Circulation Activity in walk-up buildings
• X10 Lifts & X11 Escalators v L30 Stairs
• Passive v Active Health & Wellbeing
• Electrical Energy v Calories (Weetabix)
• Carbon v Heat & Sweat(m)/Perspire(w)
• >20p a lift ride v Free Climb
• Hide Lifts & Display Stairs
• Avoid Escalators & Use stairs
• Stair up & Slides down 03/12/18 57 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems
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Bike Friendly Staircases
• Riders dismount
• Rider walks up or down stairs
• Ramp at skirting to guide bike wheels
• Rider holds handle bar and or saddle to control bike
• Real men (Australians?) ride bike down flight
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Stairwells for Passive Ventilation
• Stairwells through the building can permit heat to rise away from accommodation floor plates – With ventilation at the top, heat can escape in
summer
– Ventilation at the perimeter of bottom floor to replace it with cool air
• In winter rooms connected to the stair well – will be very difficult to heat and keep thermally
comfortable
– Consider doors screens curtains to the stair well
– Extremely good U value rooflights/vents essential 03/12/18 61
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Glazed Stairwells Overheat
• Overheating affects 20% of housing
• Walk up flats with glazed stair enclosures – Without opening vents at top and
replacement air vents at bottom
• Warm up in summer
• Heat corridors
• Overheat apartments or rooms 03/12/18 65 03/12/18 66
Stairwells As Acoustic Barriers
• External stairs – External conditions
• Enclosed without roof: – light and stair well
• Windows/vents/doors open into well
• Walls forms long pathway for urban street noise barrier
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Natural Vent/Acoustic Wells
• Urban areas with high traffic noise create problems for natural ventilation of buildings
• Wells within the building offer long air path difference acoustic performance and an opportunity for natural ventilation from rooms to the well
• The well may well include staircases
• Discourage them as smoking places
Light/Acoustic/Vent Well
Air path difference
Noise Source
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Social Design
Stairs/Ramps as Urban Landscape
• Hilly towns can be steep
• Once you enter the curtilage of the building then stairs and ramps must comply with the rules
• Accessibility is key
• Wheelchair access v Cycle access
• Ramps easier on the joints than stairs 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018
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L30 Visibility of stair surfaces
• In an accessible world – Must be compatible with visibility for all partially sighted visitors
• Contrasts (on a grey scale, can be coloured) – between stair and enclosing surfaces/balustrades – between treads and risers – between handrails and walls
• Light Reflectance Values (LRV) must contrast by 30 points (100 scale) – Small strips and circles are not enough – Partially sighted: Maps or Globes
• can detect continents and oceans • but not the detail of coast lines
• Take care with reflective surface finishes – They reflect the colour of another adjacent surface – 30 points may not be reflected
• Glass balustrades may permit vision of a contrasting LRV surface beyond – But it does not comply with this requirement
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L30 Bridge Transparency
• Bluewater Shopping and Leisure
• Pedestrian bridges with glass floors
• Modesty issue
• Fritting in more than one layer
• Fritting patterns offset – so view is at angle and not straight up
• So much fritting you can’t tell its glass – why bother with glass? 03/12/18 85
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L30 Stairs are disablers
• Enclosed or wide open spaces can be disabling to those susceptible
• Vertigo can disable users
• Same applies to staircases
• Too much view can paralyze those affected
• Glass or open balustrades can make some routes impassable
• For modesty reasons others will choose another route 03/12/18 87 03/12/18 88
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X10 Lifts are disablers
• Just like flying, lifts are no-go areas for some susceptible people
• They only need to stuck in a faulty lift for a short while for panic to set in
• Some choose to walk up but there is a limit to the number of floors
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Building Navigation
• Entrance Area: hub of the building
• Routes to building functions/rooms
• Route to rooms: readability legibility
• Room and stairs visibility – Plan your route with your eyes
• Stairs Ramps Routes Passarells v Signage – British Library Entrance Hall
• Stairs as Signage – Stair Soffits signs indicate Library departments 03/12/18 91
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L30 Stairs as a Stage/Auditorium
• Hollywood movies and SCD make a thing of the ‘entrance’ down to the room via the grand staircase, especially in a posh frock
• Romans combine stairs/seats in amphitheaters
• Many educational establishments and forward thinking commercial buildings have social/business gathering spaces with steps/seats
• Lectures talk up to their students
• Dictators shout down to their proletariat
• Vicars preach down to their congregation
• Court announcements made down to the press 03/12/18 94
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Stairs as Sculpture/Art
• Tate Britain – A stairway to heaven and back
• London 2012 – Viewing tower spiral stairs
– My opinion: Blot on the landscape
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L30 Stairs as Furniture N20
• Concentric furniture acting as balustrade to central spiral stairs
• Stairs becomes access to furniture
• Furniture may be shelving and book collection
• May become work space too
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L30 Space Saving Stairs
• Steep ladders
• Steep stairs
• Fold away stairs
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Stairs/Escalators as Fantasy
• MC Escher invented the multi-dimensional gravity defying stairs
• JKR imagineered the articulated stairs
• HP and colleagues had the advantage of many optional routes across the stair well
• Stairs can be replaced by fantasy escalators (on all the time?) – RR Lloyd Building London
– NF Willis Faber Dumas Ipswich 113 03/12/18 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport Systems
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L30 Stairs as Playground
• Stairs and Slides integrated – For kids and adult ‘inner kids’
– Progressive companies
• Stairs with concentric slides
• Snakes and Ladders – Climb stairs
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L30 Communication Accommodation Stairs
• Not as regulated as Means of Escape stairs
• They can be front of house, – Encourage stair use over lifts,
• Can be at the heart of business activity – Enable some of the most important impromptu interactions
that happen by chance
– Link different departments of the business
– Linking social/kitchenette/café/meet spaces
• Inter-visibility between floors advantageous – if not essential to the wellbeing of the business
• MCM’s Havas HQ LKX – same stair arranged differently at each floor of the well 03/12/18 121
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Structural Stair/Ramp Materials
• Timber – Softwood – Hardwood with newel posts – CLTP (Cross laminated Timber Panel) – Glulam (Glued laminated timber)
• Clay tile with gypsum and mortar – Tembrel Arch
• Metal – Ferrous: Steel Galvanized or painted, Austenitic stainless steel – Non-ferrous: Aluminium, Bronze, Brass
• Glass – Adhesives or interlayers bonding glasses – Metals with grommets and washers separating metal and glass
• Concrete – Insitu – Precast plank
• Plastics – Composite – Resins bonded aggregate as steps ramps and balustrade
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Structural Geometry
• Helix Spiral stringer/balustrade
• Spanning between floors/landings
• Treads cantilevered from stringer
• Balustrades cantilevered from Treads
• Structural Engineers struggle with calculations
• Manufacturers have done it all before 03/12/18 128 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018 (24) Stairs ramps (66) Transport
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X10 Lifts out of bounds in a fire
• If lifts are turned off or fail-safe in a fire you could be trapped in the line of fire or smoke – ‘fail-safe’ does not seem to apply
– Never use lifts in a fire
• Fire fighting lifts are dedicated lifts – isolated from normal ‘fire-off’ functions
– They need to be more robust internal finishes
• Most people die of smoke rather than fire, – with a few exceptions:
– Summerland burning plastics droplets
– Grenfell combustible plastic insulation then combustible interiors and home contents
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X10 Future of Lifts • Linear Induction Motors
– Fastest when unoccupied, fast arrival – Call “lift” and it will be at the floor you are on before you reach the lift door
• Moves as fast as the occupant likes to accelerate, travel and decelerate
• Can be pre-programmed to know your preferences and recognise your voice
– Call “Room name” or “floor number”
• Can be pre-programmed to know if you are permitted access to floors, rooms;
– or will let you know if the room is already occupied
• Becomes feasible in Advance Technology House – Enables multiple storey house with 1 or 2 person lift (not 8P wheelchair) – (9 storey house UNESCO competition entry Avery Dawson Murphy)
• Winch and door on façade for bulky objects (Amsterdam style) 03/12/18 135 03/12/18 © GBE NGS ASWS 2018
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X10 Jargon Buster
• Elevator Pitch
• Your CV or Pitch to a prospect/Potential customer
• Communicated during the time it takes to travel by lift/elevator to your floor or reception
• Its got to be punchy and succinct
• What makes you different
• Plain English not Architectural Philosophical
• Practice makes perfect
• Start developing yours now 138 03/12/18
© GBE 2018 • Brian Murphy BSc Dip Arch (Hons+Dist)
– Technician and Architect by Training – Specification Writer by Choice – Environmentalist by Actions
• Greening up my act since 1999 • Founded National Green Specification 2001 • Launched www.greenspec.co.uk 2003 • Created: GBE at https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk 2015 • E [email protected] • Twitter: http://twitter.com/brianspecman • Twitter: @GBEGreenBuild • Scribd: BrianSpecMan • LinkedIn: BrianSpecMan • Facebook: BrianSpecMan Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/brianspecman • Google+: BrianSpecMan • BrianSpecMan CAPEM • NGS National Green Specification • Slide Share: • Pinterest: Brian Murphy • GBE Green Building Encyclopaedia • CAP’EM: GreenSpec & NGS http://www.capem.eu No longer • CAP’EM Compass http://www.capemcompass.eu No longer • LSBU London South Bank University Faculty and Course website page Brian Murphy 144 03/12/18