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Royal Forest Department

An Overview of Rubberwood Utilization and Marketing in Thailand- Problems and Constraints

I^I^International Tropical Timber Organization

by

WITaj ChunwarinNational Consultant

for

Executing Agency

Forest Research Office, Royal Forest DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture & Cooperatives

Governnient of Thailand

Department of Industrial PromotionDepartment of Export Promotion

Rubber Research InstituteOffice of Rubber Replanting Aid Fund

Thai Furniture Industry AssociationThai Parawood Association

Sponsored by '

International Tropical Timber Organization ( I T T O )[PPD 1198 Re^, 2. (1) Rubbenvood Utilization and Marketing in Thailand]

with the Assistance of

2000

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TABLEOF'CONTENTS

Rubber Plantations ..........................................................

Rubberwoodsu I andHarvestin

Rubberwood Utilization and Industrial ProcessinCurrentuses of rubberwood. .........................................

Sawmilling. .............------....""""""""""""""""""""'Preservative treatment. ............................--------------...."""""""""""'

..............................................................................

Wood-based panels. .........................................................................armture """""""'

Flooring and other building components. ...................................Other products. .......................------.........""""""""""""""""""""Market for Rubberwood. .IV.

V.

Sinnm

Im act of Rubberwood on Count Benefit. ............,..........................

......................................................

on Problems and Constraints. ......................................

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I. Rubber Plantations

Rubber tree has been introduced to the southernpart of Thailand since1900 and to theeastern part eiglit years afterward. So far, the area of rubber plantations in Thailand hasincreased to 1.96 million hectares. About 87.5% of rubber plantations are in the south, 12.3%in the east, and only 0.2% in the northeast. The main objective of planting and managing therubber trees is for latex production. This objective is still maintained by recommending highlatex yielding clones forthe minualreplanting programs of the government's agencies.

Ownership structure is amongst one of the key factorslimiting the economic availabilityof rubberwood. The smallholdings (plantations with area less than 8.0 ha) account for 93% or1.82 million hectares of the total planted area.

Last year the goverrrrnent of Thailand has setthe policy to limitthe total area of rubberplantation in the country not more than 1.92 million hectares in order to controlthe annualproduction and price of rubber. There is no policy to plantthe rubber trees for wood or woodand latex production. The concept of planting and management of rubber plantation for woodor both latex and wood production should be considered and initiated. Tree breeding(selection of best seedlings or clones for wood production through systematic experiments),silvicultural practices and proper maintenance of plantations are all factors that couldsignificantly increase the future potential of rubberwood production.

AN OVERVIEWOFRl. IBBERWOODl. ITILIZATION

ANDMARKETINGINTHAILAND

2. Rubberwood Supply and Harvesting

The harvesting age of rubber trees is usually between 25 to 30 years for latex production,after which the rubber trees will be felled and the land replanted. Rubberwood is available as

a raw material for the rubberwood industry through the felling of over-mature rubber trees.

Felling and replanting takes place on a fairly regular basis. The Office of Rubber ReplantingAid Fund(ORRAF) has subsidized for the replanting of the over-mature rubber plantationssince 1962. From 1987 to 1997, the subsidized rubber rep, Ianting area averaged 40,000

hectares each year. Replanting schemes of rubber plantations by small holders seem to bestrongly influenced by the price of latex. When the price of latex is high, felling of trees isfrequently delayed. The reversed is witriesses during unfavorable times - accelerated felling isdone to benefitftom selling logs and subsidies granted by the government.

The exact area offGIIing and replanting of rubber plantations seem to be difficulttoestimate. Assuming that ifbranches and stems smaller than 15 cm. diameter are excluded, theestimated average yield will be about 180 in Ina. This estimate indicated an availability ofrubberwood logs to be about 7.2 millionm armually.

The availability of rubberwood logs is of great concern to industtialists. Therefore the

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FFD 1198 Rev. 2 co

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projected availability of rubberwood logs should be known with certainty beforehand. Indoing so, the rate of rubber planting (including replanting) should be compiled every yearfrom 1975 onwards. By this way data on age distrlbution of rubber plantations will beacquired

The current economic availability of rubberwood was estimated at about 80% of thephysical rubberwood production potential in Thailand. The factors limiting possible industrialuse are ownership structure, infrastructure, and distance to the mills. Most of rubberplantation's owners is smallholders. There were some problems concerning the extraction ofrubber trees from one owner through the other estates because of lacking the road. Theseproblems could be solved by cooperation within smallholder groups, by providing technicalassistance and financial support to replanting, and trying to find out the best ways to utilizerubberwood. Inadequate infrastructure caused some shortage of rubberwood logs for sawmillsduring five to six months of rainy season, especially in the south. The consensus from plenarymeeting in Rayong indicated that there should be road network in the rubber plantations areato facilitate the transportation of latex and rubberwood logs.

The shornvood system is the most prevalent harvesting method for rubberwood logs.The log length depends on the end uses of the logs, for example veneer logs are of 120 cmand 240 cm. long, sawlogs are of 90 cm. up, and fuelwood are about I meter. Chainsaws andtrucks are the typical logging equipment. Chainsaws are used for felling, and bucking ofrubber trees.

After harvesting rubberwood logs are typically loaded manually on the truck. Mechadzedlog loading techniques can be done by self-loading cargo trucks equipped with I-2 tonhydraulic loader. This kind of equipment increases loading efficiency and reduces truck turn-around time to almost on-third compared to that needed for manual loading.

Two kinds of getting rubberwood logs to the sawmill, one is to buy rubber trees fromplantations owners, another one is to buy rubberwood logs from middlemen at the mill site.Rubberwood logs are nonnally sold by weight such as per ton. It is difficult to convert tovolume (in'), because there is no density mean offteshly cuttree trunk (wood and bark).

At present, there is no specification for any rubberwood logs use classes. Most of thelogs are used for sawntimber. The smaller diameter logs (less than 12 cm. in diameter) areused for particleboard and medium density fiberboard production and fuelwood. The largerdiameter logs (30 cm. up in diameter) are used for veneer production. The prices of logs varyaccording to size and quality of the logs.

3. Rubberwood Utilization and Industrial Processing

3.1 Current uses of rubberwood

Rubberwood logs has been used as fuelwood and charcoal for household and local

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Industries from past to present. During the past twenty years rubberwood has beenincreasingly accepted locally and internationally as a valuable species due to its properties andavailability. Rubberwood is converted to sawntimber which is used to manufacture furniture ,furniture components, parquet floorings, finger joint laminated floorings, kitchen utensils,mouldings, toys, picture frame, and tool handles. Rubberwood finger joint glue lamination hashigh strength enough to make building components such as stair, window and doorftame

Rubberwood logs can be peeled to veneer, and from veneer can be processed intoWood-basedplywood and laminated bent wood products for making furniture components

panel such as particleboard, wood cement board and medium density fiberboard can usesmaller diameter logs as well as sawmilling residues

3.2 Sawmilling

Rubberwood logs of I to 1.3 meterslength are transported to a sawniillfor conversionto sawntimber. Bandsaws are the most prevalent saws for cutting rubberwood logs in thesawmill. These saws are hand-fed band resaws with wheel diameters of 75 to 105 cm. andwheelwidth between 10 to 17.5 cm. There are 3-4 sawsin each line of sawing. The firstsaw

of the line is used for breaking down the logsthe other are used for resawing and edging. Twosawing patterns are found in the rubberwood sawmills. One method is to saw the logs Intohalves. Each half in turn is then ripped and edged into boards. This method is coriumonlyfound in the East. The second method which is used mostly in the South, is to break down one

side of the log and then turn 90 degrees. A second edging is done and the remaining log issized into flitches and ripped into boards, It was found that the lumber recovery rate variedfrom 29 to 40%.

3

3.3 Preservative treatment

Rubberwood is one of the most susceptible species to fungi and insects due to highstarch content(Soyo)in wood, thus having low natural durability. Therefore the sawntimber hasto be treated with preservatives before kiln drying. Wood staining fungi and powder postbeetles are among the most attacking agencies of rubberwood. The blue stain fungicause abluish discoloration in rubberwood, and powder post beetles can attack rubberwood in bothgreen and dry conditions.

The most prevalent preservative used with freshly sawn rubberwood is boroncompound. It is used primarily against insects and is also highly effective against a widerange of wood-destroying flingi, but not effective against wood staining fungi. The mostimportant properties of boron compound are colorless, low cost, relatively sae anenvironmentally acceptable, and quite easy to use with dip-diffusion and vacuum-pressuretreatments of green rubberwood. Boron compound consists of boric acid and borax prepareas a 46:54 mixture fonn disodium octaborate tetraliydrate. Two percents boron compound

because the treated sawnsolution can be used alone in the vacuum-pressure treatment,

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PPD 1198 Rev. 2 (1)

4

rubberwood will be stacked and putinto the kiln for drying in a short time. Therefore the bluestain can not infect the boron treated rubberwood. But in dip-diffusion treatment the treatedrubberwood has to stack in wet condition for a long time. Ifthe preservative solution is notincorporated with any antisapstain chemicals, the risk of sapstain infection is high. For manyyears sodium pentachlorophenate (NapCP) has been the preferred anti-sapstain chemical. ButNapCP is balmed in several countries including Thailand due to the presence of minuteamounts of highly toxic dioxins during manufacture and handling, and its impact on theenvironment. The newer anti-sapstain chemicals that can be substituted for NapCP includeazaconazole and propiconazole, carbendazin, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, funnecyclox, theISOthiazolones and 3 - 10do propanylbutly carbamate (IPBC).

The vacuum-pressure treatment is suitable forthe large plant, which can invest forthe higli cost equipment. For the smaller plant, the dip-diffusion treatment can be used withthe same effective result, but it takes longer treated time, and higher concentration solution.

3.4 Drying\

Treated rubberwood sawntimberhasto be dried to a proper moisture content. Air

drying takes much longer time than kiln drying, and can notreduce moisture content of woodto the required level. Therefore most sawmills used different sizes of compartment kilns todry rubberwood sawntimberto a moisture content of between 8 to 12%.

Drying schedules have been developed forthe drying of rubberwood. By using theseschedules, I and 2 inches thick green rubberwood can be dried in about 6 and 12 daysrespectively to a moisture content of about 10%.

The required properties of kiln dried rubberwood sawntimberinclude less dryingdefects such as warping and splitting, light colour, and free of stresses. These properties arerequired for end used products such as furniture, and flooring.

3.5 Wood-based panels

Rubberwood provides a majorraw material for wood-based panels, particularlyparticle board and medium density fiber board (MDF).

Veneer cutting from rubberwood logsislinxitedby the smalldiameter, short lengths,and log abnonnalities. Because of these limitations, special machines have to be designed forveneer cutting from rubberwood logsin order to getmore recovery rate. Dry veneers with 6 to10 percent M. C. can be used for making plywood. Rubberwood veneers are not suitable formaking thin plywood panels, because of the buckling problems of the panels. Rubberwoodplywood panels are suitable for palcaging crates, decorative panels, container bottoms,concrete shutting panels, and hanture components. Besides plywood panels, rubberwoodveneers can be used in manufaciming of laminated veneer lumber (LVL), laminated bentwood, laminated prefinishedparquet, blockboard, and flush door.

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Smallsized logs, including tnnks and. btanches, as well as residues from sawmills

orplywood mills can be used in particleboard manufacturing.

Rubberwood particleboard panels are of high quality. Particleboard is usuallyproduced in thickness from 9 to 28 Trim, with densities between 600 kg'in'. and 760 kg/in'. InThailand, there are about 12 particleboard plants with total production about 800,000 in' peryear. Certain amounts of these panels are overlayed with melamine and PVC for furniture,kitchen and display cabinets, shelving systems and doors. They are also used in constructionsuch as flooring, ceilings and interior walls.

At present, there are fourlines of MDF manufactures that used rubberwood as araw material. MDF competes successfully with particleboard, because MDF has more

unifonn structure and its machined edges can be finished without edge banding. Thicknessesof:lv^inF panels range from 2.5 to 32 rum with density around 750 kg/in'. The standard MDF(8 to 32 rum thick)is mainly used in furniture industry as particleboard. The thin board MDF(2.5 nun. Up to 12 nun thick) has the same markets as plywood, hardboard and thinparticleboard.

Rubberwood has proved to be one of suitable species for furniture making. Becauseof its light colour, it can be stained to match with the colour of popular species such asmallogariy, cherry, walnut and oak. Rubberwood furniture is the main end used of therubberwood sawntimber. Rubberwood furniture comprises about 609'0 of all furniture made

from wood or wood-based panels. Two types of rubberwood furniture are preassemble andprefinished type, and knock-down type. Most of rubberwood fulliture produced for exportmarkets includes dining sets, chairs, wagons, shelfs, desks, telephone cabinets etc.

Most of the rubberwood furniture factories for export usually have their own

sawmill, impregnation plant, kilns, as well as serial production having dedicated machininglines. Different parts of furniture are produced from treated kiln-dried sawntimbers. Theseparts are assembled and finished before packing for export.

3.6 Furniture

5

3.7 Flooring and other building components

The manufacture of mosaic parquet used to be popularflooring aboutten yearsago. This product can be produced from sawmill waste and off-cuts from fullituremanufacturing plants. Factory-finished rubberwood sandwich parquet, and finger jointlaminated flooring have become more important in ternis of export volume.

Rubberwood of short lengths can be fingeijoints cut at both ends and gluedtogether to fomilonger pieces. These pieces of fingerjointed rubberwood can be laminatedwith glue to fonn larger members for using as flooring, steps, railings and balustrade forstairs, door and window components, joinery items, table tops, chains and beams for houseconstruction and others,

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3.8 Other products

A wide variety of household utensils are currently manufactured using rubberwood.Popular items that are exported .include salad bowls, chopping blocks, cheese boards, meatboards, knife blocks, trays, pepper and salt shakers, toys, picture frames, tool handles anddecorative items.

4. Marketsfor Rubberwood

Rubberwood sawntimberis currently produced for both the domestic and overseasmarkets. In 1994 to 1997, volume of rubberwood sawntimber exported was quite steadyaveraged about 28 thousand cubic meters. But in 1998, exported volume increased more thandouble to72 thousand cubic meters. It is expected to be more in 1999and 2000. There are noavailable statistics to indicate the actual consumption of rubberwood sawntimber in thecountry. The main overseas markets were Japan, Hongkong, China and Vietnam.

Thailand's total wooden furniture export in 1997 amounted to 14,393.3 million Baht.with increasing rate of 17.4% from 1996. In 1998, the export values of wooden furniture grewup 23.4% to 17,766. I million Ballt partly due to the devaluation of Baht in 1997. Rubberwoodfurniture had 60% share of the total export of wooden furniture in 1998. The major exportmarkets of wooden furniture in 1998 included Japan (43.3%), USA (36.2%) and EU (10.8%).About 80% of rubberwood furniture is manufactured for export market.

Manyitems of rubberwoodhousehold utensils, toys, picture frames, parquetfloorings,and decorative products are the main exported goods. Wooden picture frame's export valuesin 1998 increased by 43.9% to 4,079.7 million Ballt from 1997. Wooden utensils, particularly,tableware and kitchenware made a dramatic growth of 29.1% in 1998 to 3,732.8 million Ballt.

Wooden building component also increased by 16.3% to 1,391 million Baht during the firstfive months of 1999. A wooden decorative item was showing great promise in export

markets. In 1998, the export values of these items were 779.7 million Baht. The major exportmarkets of wooden utensils in 1998 wereUSA (43.9%), EU (29.7%) and Japan (14.3%).

5.1mpact of Rubberwood om Country Benefit

Rubber trees are renewable resources. The cutting and replanting of rubber plantations

are manage on a sustainable basis. Therefore rubberwood will remain an ideal timber for thelongtenn development of the timber industry in Thailand. Rubber plantations of 1.96 millionhectares yield 2 million tons of rubber and 7.22 million in, of rubberwood logs for sawmillsand other wood-using industries each year.

The smallholders who own rubber plantations lessthan 8.0 ha, consist of 1.5 millionfamilies. The employment of both smallholders and estates including casual labour andemployed labour can be estimated not less than 2 million workers' Number of workers inrubberwood harvesting, transportation and processing (primary and secondary conversion of

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allrubberwood products) are estimated toemploy about 200 thousand workers' The income ofthese people is notless than 84,000 million Ballt.

Besides, a source of thennal energy for local industries and households in rubber treesplanting areas, rubberwood has provided wood supply to substitute a large number ofcommonly used species such asteak, rosewood, and afzelia forthe hanture and wood-basedpanelindustries since the govenrrnent's cancellation of the natural forest concessions.Rubberwood also has potential as sustainable resources for wood using industries in the longrim. Rubberwood plays an important role in conservation of natural tropical forests. If allthepotential growth of rubberwood could be utilized, this would further contribute to relievingpressure on exploitation of natural forest, and deforestation problems. Management of rubbertree plantation is a good example of sustainable utilization of renewable resources. Being apenmanent forest cover, rubber tree plantation can protect soil and water catchment area. hisalso suitable for agroforestry systems which have ecological and economic advantagescompared to monoculture. In conclusion, rubber tree plantation has often a clearly positive

impact on the environment.

Rubber trees contribute ample share of nation's revenue. This revenue comes from theexport of rubber and rubberwood-based products. Thailand exports about 1.7 million tons ofrubber, and rubberwood-based productstotally by 25,000 million Ballt.

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FFD 1198 Rev. 2 co

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I. The total area of rubber plantation limited to 1.92 million hectares is sufficient forsupplying of the rubberwood for industries ifassuming that the rubber plantations areeven-aged, and the rotation age is 25 years'

The smallholders of rubber plantataion are in the majority. There should be policy tostrengthen the smallholders' organizations in ternis of non-goverrrrnental organizationsor smalllholder cooperative for their own benefit and for cooperation on felling andtransportation of rubberwood

For the future potential of rubberwood availability and quality, rubber tree breedingshould be initiated, developed and promoted.

During the rainy season, rubberwood log supply is not usually available due to thedifficulty in transportation because there is no road or logging track especially in thesouth where roading is less than the east. There should be road network in the rubberplantation area. Other ways to get logs during the rainy season are by using tractorlogging or cables logging which need more investment.

Lacking of data for estimating the availability of rubberwood sawlogs and fuelwood inthe future. These data are plantation area, age distribution, density of tree in plantation,mean girth development model, individual tree volume function, growing stock,rotation period, and function of sawlog proportion. The reliable availability ofrubberwood in any specific area is of great concern to industrialists who plan to investin the manufactoring of rubberwood-based products.

The length of rubberwood sawlogs is typically I to 1.3 meters while in Malaysia it isbetween 1.55 in (5ft. ) and 1.85 in (6ft. ). The limit on the length of the logs is the resultof the mode of transportation and the extraction practice. The reason for short lengthsis to facilitate manual loading of the logs on to the trucks. The longer lengths areexpected to yield better grade-sawntimber. Longer sawntimber can be sold at a higherprice.

2

SUMMARYONPROBLEMSANDCONNTRAINTS

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. The most important in sawing is to maintain saws at working efficiency. To do thisjob, the sawmill need to have experienced saw doctors who have been trained tomaintain saws properly.

Although rubberwood possesses excellent properties that account for its increasingpopularity in furniture making, it also has constraints and technological problems.

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FFD 1198 Rev. 2 (1)

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These constraints and problems include the susceptibility to the attack of sapstainfungi and insect, the proneness to brownish discolouration upon kiln drying, theoccurrence of woolly surfaces when planing, moulding and shaping, and colourvariation and shade in timber coming from different trees. In consequence freshlysawn rubberwood has to be treated with proper preservatives and kiln dries beforeselling or further processing. The impregnation methods and preservatives usedcurrently are appropriate, but there were some problems including drying defects,discolouration, uneven moisture content and drying stresses in the kiln driedrubberwood. The good kiln drying practices and correctly designed kilns are the keysolutions to the kiln drying problems.

In wood-based panels industry, rubberwood has no problem in inariufactoring ofparticleboard, and MDF which are dry process, but it will cause accumulation of latex

on the surface of the board in wet processed fiberboards manufacturing as well aspaper making. For veneer and plywood production, yield of veneer is limited by thesmalldiameter of rubberwood logs, therefore it needs special techniques and machinesto get more yield and longer veneer.

Furniture making is the most use of rubberwood sawntimber in secondary processing.Furniture industry is the biggest, more labour intensive, and most export market shareindustry. The export value of rubberwood- based products could be increased byu adjn machine ,state of the arttechnolo anddesj stosatjs the customers.

9.

10.

9

Continuing improvement, quality assurance, and cost reductions could be succeededthrough the ISO 9000 quality management system standard. These measures arenecessary forthe competitive markets.

I I . Current forest laws and regulations are the constraints of rubberwood- basedindustries. These constraints include the prohibition of chainsaws and the controllingregulations of the rubberwood - used plants as the other woods used plants. Therubberwood-used plants should have specific regulations to facilitate the logging,transportation and manufactoring of rubberwood forthe export competition.

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