Rx - “Unhappy Triad” Knee Injury

femur

tibiafibula

tibial tuberosity

articular cartilage

lateral meniscus medial meniscus

lateral meniscus articular cartilage

tibia

fibula

femur

patella

tibial tuberosity

patellar ligament

quadriceps

lateral collateralligament

medial collateralligament

anterior cruciateligament

posterior cruciateligament

lateral collateralligament

patellar ligament

quadriceps

suprapatellar bursa

prepatellar bursa

infrapatellar bursa

BLOW TO OUTSIDE

REAR OF TIBIA

Rx - “Unhappy Triad” Knee Injury

torn medialcollatoral ligament

torn lateralmeniscus

torn posteriorcruciate ligament

Rx - “Sprained Ankle” -ligaments are overstretched and torn

calcaneofibular ligament

anterior tibiofibular ligament

posterior tibiofibular ligament

anterior talofibular ligament

posterior talofibular ligament

deltoid ligament

Rx - “Sprained Ankle” -ligaments are overstretched and torn

torn anteriortalofibularligament

torn calcaneofibular ligament

Right footAnterior view

Right footAnterior view

Rx – Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine

1. Scoliosis-exaggerated lateral thoracic or lumbar curvature-common in fast-growing girls in late childhood, early puberty

2. Kyphosis -exaggerated dorsal thoracic curvature-“hunchback”-common in osteoporotic

3. Lordosis -exaggerated ventral lumbar curvature-“swayback”-common in pregnant women or obese men

Rx –Sinusitis -inflammation of the sinuses, due to infection of bacteria or virus

Maxillary sinuses

Sphenoid sinuses

Ethmoid sinuses

Frontal sinuses

-sinuses are air spaces in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones-lined with mucous membranes, help warm and moisten air and resonate voice

Rx –Chondromalacia-softening or wearing down of cartilage

-cartilage under kneecap especially susceptible, especially in female athletes, due to q-angle

-“bad cartlilage”

Rx –Osteoarthritis -“wear-and-tear” arthritis-inflammation of the joint due to wearing down of articular cartilage-triggers cycle of inflammation, pain swelling pain swelling

Parts of the Vietnam War Parts of an Autoimmune Disease::

Communist North Vietnamese, or VietCong

Vietnamese non-combatant sympathizers

Destroying village harboring enemy

Destroying enemy soldiers

Getting carried away, and killing women, children, and old people

Virus infecting cells of the synovial membrane

Cells of the immune system attacking virus

Cells of the immune cells attacking virally-infected cells

Host synovial membrane cells producing viruses

Cells of the immune system attacking uninfected cells of the synovial membrane

Rx –Rheumatoid Arthritis -an autoimmune disease-“How is an autoimmune disease like the Vietnam War?”-living cells of the synovial membrane are attacked by white blood cells of the immune system, damaged, and progressively replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue, ossified

virus

envelopeantigen (spike)

capsid

viral DNA

Virus “recognized”by host cell, like Trojan Horse

glycoproteinreceptor site

ribosomesviral proteins

viral antigen (spike)

host cell DNA

viral DNAhost synovial membrane cell

-treated with immunosuppresion

Rx –Bursitis -inflammation of the bursa-usually a chronic overuse injury-“Tennis Elbow”

Rx –Osteoporosis -“porous bones”-usually caused by a Vitamin D deficiency-most common cause of fractures in women over 50-risk factors include being of Caucasian or East Asian, lack of dietary Calcium, lack of dietary Vitamin D, lack of estrogen in post-menopausal women, lack of exercise, drinking soda, smoking, alcohol use, eating disorders (immenorrhealack of estrogen)

Rx –Osteomalacia/Ricketts -“bad bones”-usually caused by Calcium deficiency-bones incompletely ossified as child grows, bend under increasing weight, gradually ossifiedbowlegged deformity

OsteoporosisAnimation

Rx –Fractures -only tissue which heals to be better than it was originally

1. Closed (simple)

2. Compound -broken ends of bone protrude through skin-added risk of nerve damage and infection of muscle and bone

3. Comminuted -bone is fragmented-more common in aged

Rx –Fractures

-bone is crushed-more common in osteoporotic, or crushing or car accidents

4. Compression

5. Depressed -broken bone is pressed inward-skull fracture

6. Impacted -broken ends of bone are forced into each other-typical of hip fractures and arm bone fractures when attempting to catch self while falling

7. Spiral -ragged break caused by excessive twisting forces-common in sports injuries

Rx –Fractures

8. Greenstick -bone breaks incompletely, like a green twig breaks-common to children, whose bones contain less compact bone and are more flexible

9. Stress fracture -bone is cracked

Rx –Shin Splints -chronic overuse injury

1. Stress fracture

2. Stress syndrome

3. Tendonitis

4. Compartment syndrome

-of tibia

-of tibia

-of tendons connecting Tibialis anterior to tibia

-of Tibialis anterior muscle