radar in autonomous vehicles€¦ · love db units. » three dimensional radar results generally...
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RADAR IN AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLESStan Hristov
AID
4/12/17
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RADAR»Acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging
• Currently it is accepted as a word not acronym
»Used firstly for detection of targets and estimating their range
»With the advancement of technology in the middle of 20th century radars were used for measuring speed and direction of arrival, as well
»Currently, radars are used in all kinds of applications:
• Meteorology
• Archaeology
• Biology
• Automotive
• Military
• etc.
»Use fancy words that not always mean better! Also, love dB units.
»Three dimensional radar results generally correspond to range, radial velocity and one angle!
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RADAR»Acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging
• Currently it is accepted as a word not acronym
»Used firstly for detection of targets and estimating their range
»With the advancement of technology in the middle of 20th century radars were used for measuring speed and direction of arrival, as well
»Currently, radars are used in all kinds of applications:
• Meteorology
• Archaeology
• Biology
• Automotive
• Military
• etc.
»Use fancy words that not always mean better! Also, love dB units.
»Three dimensional radar results generally correspond to range, radial velocity and one angle!
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“There is nothing new in radar for the past 30 years.
Fundamentally, it still is only triangles and FFTs.”
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HOW WAS RADAR DISCOVERED?
»Heinrich Hertz
• Proved the existence of electromagnetic waves
• Found that these waves scatter, reflect and refract similar to light
"It's of no use whatsoever[...] this is just an experiment
that proves Maestro Maxwell was right—we just have
these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot
see with the naked eye. But they are there."
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HOW WAS RADAR DISCOVERED?
»Heinrich Hertz
• Proved the existence of electromagnetic waves
• Found that these waves scatter, reflect and refract similar to light
»Guglielmo Marconi
• Noticed radio waves were being reflected back to the transmitter by objects in radio
beacon experiments
“It [now] seems to me that it should be possible to design
[an] apparatus by means of which a ship could radiate or
project a divergent beam of these rays in any desired
direction, which rays, if coming across a metallic object,
such as another steamer or ship, would be reflected back
to a receiver screened from the local transmitter on the
sending ship, and thereby immediately reveal the
presence and bearing of the other ship in fog or thick
weather.”
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HOW WAS RADAR DISCOVERED?
»Heinrich Hertz
• Proved the existence of electromagnetic waves
• Found that these waves scatter, reflect and refract similar to light
»Guglielmo Marconi
• Noticed radio waves were being reflected back to the transmitter by objects in radio
beacon experiments
»Christian Hülsmeyer
• In 1904, Christian Hülsmeyer gave public demonstrations of the use of radio echoes to
detect ships. He patented the device, called the telemobiloscope.
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HOW DOES A RADAR OPERATE?
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HOW DOES A RADAR OPERATE?
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Through the magic of antenna technology and signal
processing further information about the target can be
obtained:
• Speed
• Angular position
• Material
• 3D geometry
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TYPES OF RADARS
»By usage some of the types are:
• Moving target indicator (MTI) and tracking
• Ground penetrating radars (GPR) – usage in archaeology
• Doppler radars – mainly speed guns
• Space observation – planet and asteroid detection, also used on satellites
• Imaging radars
• Early warning radars – over the horizon radars, ballistic missile defense systems
• Proximity radars – fuses and triggers
• Weather radars – cloud and rain movement, also butterfly swarms sometimes
• etc.
Each system has different hardware and signal processing
requirements.
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TYPES OF RADARS
»By usage some of the types are:
• Moving target indicator (MTI) and tracking
• Ground penetrating radars (GPR) – usage in archaeology
• Doppler radars – mainly speed guns
• Space observation – planet and asteroid detection, also used on satellites
• Imaging radars
• Early warning radars – over the horizon radars, ballistic missile defense systems
• Proximity radars – fuses and triggers
• Weather radars – cloud and rain movement, also butterfly swarms sometimes
• etc.
Automotive
radars
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WHY DO WE NEED RADARS IN CARS?
»The ability of a radar system to detect and measure the parameters of targets is based on three physical phenomena:
• The propagation of radio waves in free space at a practically constant speed
• The ability of objects to scatter electromagnetic waves;
• The Doppler effect.
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WHY DO WE NEED RADARS IN CARS?
»The ability of a radar system to detect and measure the parameters of targets is based on three physical phenomena:
• The propagation of radio waves in free space at a practically constant speed
• The ability of objects to scatter electromagnetic waves;
• The Doppler effect.
»The important peculiarities of radar compared to visual or acoustic observation are the abilities to:
• Operate in light or darkness over a long range;
• Operate in all weather conditions;
• Extract the targets true range and radial speed as well as spatial coordinate
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WHAT IS AN IMAGING RADAR?
»An imaging radar represents a system which has sufficient resolution in two or more dimensions to provide with
interpretable results for different targets in the scanned region.
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WHAT IS AN IMAGING RADAR?
»An imaging radar represents a system which has sufficient resolution in two or more dimensions to provide with
interpretable results for different targets in the scanned region
Systems with poor resolution
only output a single blob in
range-Doppler (or range-angle)
domain.
The size of the
ship is 200m x 20
m.Cross-range [m]
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High bandwidth
synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) demonstrator
fitted on an airborne
platform (plane).
Car park roughly 1.5 km
away during the
measurement.
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AUTOMOTIVE RADARS
»As far as I am aware one of the first radar
systems fitted on a car (for road imaging
purposes) was done by Lucas on a Triumph
2000. (Ka band)
»Also measurements were done by Phillips
Research Labs in the UK. (1971)
• They used a military grade mm-Wave radar
with a slot antenna fitted on the roof of an
old Land Rover
• First (I think and only) test was done on an
airfield in the UK. The driver was relying on
the radar display only.
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HISTORY OF AUTOMOTIVE RADARS < 1960S
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WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE IN AUTOMOTIVE RADARS?
»Near-future:
• High-resolution imaging radars (using the 76-81 GHz extended frequency allocation) – reference models already
available on the market
• “Satellite” radar system – centralized signal processing for few radar sensors around the vehicle
• Dedicated SAR imaging radars for automotive applications
»Long-term development:
• Low-THz and THz radars – 150, 300, 670, … GHz with range resolutions of order of mm.
Resolution: 1 GHz 2 GHz 4 GHz
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???
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