radio frequency identification
TRANSCRIPT
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
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What is RFID?
• RFID is an ADC technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item
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What Constitutes an RFID System
• One or more RF tags
• Two or more antennas
• One or more interrogators
• One or more host computers
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RFID Primer
• RFID Diagram:
Note: The host is the software database...
Reader
RF Module
Antenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
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RFID Primer
• RFID Diagram:
Note: The Reader interprets radio frequency into digital information.…...
Reader
RF ModuleRF Module
AntennaAntenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
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Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna…
Reader
RF Module
AntennaAntenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
RFID Primer
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RFID Primer
Note: Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the antenna....
ReaderReader
RF ModuleRF ModuleTagTag
AntennaAntenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
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RFID Primer
Note: The antenna captures the tag ID number…first as analog RF waves, then it is converted to digital information.
(Tag ID Communication)
Reader
RF ModuleTag
Antenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
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An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database
…A sophisticated computing and communications device
…A wireless extension of Information Systems
Interrogation UnitTx/RxMicro
Computer
Computer Network
Antenna Tag
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
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What is RFID? -- The Tags
• Tags can be read-only or read-write• Tag memory can be factory or field
programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
• Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times
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What is RFID? -- The Tags
• Tags can be attached to almost anything:– pallets or cases of product– vehicles– company assets or personnel– items such as apparel,
luggage, laundry– people, livestock, or pets– high value electronics such
as computers, TVs, camcorders
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Are All Tags The Same?
Three Basic Types:Active
• Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry• Tag transmits radio signal• High Read Range (300 feet)
Active Backscatter• Battery powered memory and circuitry• Tag reflects radio signal from reader• Medium Read Range (10 - 50 feet)
Passive Backscatter• Reader powered• Tag reflects radio signal from reader• Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)
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Are All Tags The Same?
• Variations:– Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512KBytes +)• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM• Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
– Arbitration (Anti-collision)• Ability to read/write one or
many tags at a time– Frequency
• 125KHz - 5.8 GHz– Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes – Price ($0.50 to $250)
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Types of RF Tags
Type Data Capacity Write/Read Program by Application
EAS 1 bit read-only user Retail Security
SAW 4 to 16 bits read-only manufacturer
Inductive 2 to 32 bytes read-only manufacturer
ModulatedBackscatter
32 to 2K bytes write/read user(tag ID may be by
manufacturer)
Portable Data File
Active/Modulated
Backscatter
32 to 2K bytes write/read Portable Data File
2K bytes to16 Mbytes
write/readinterrogate/modify/read
Dynamic Data File
Active user(tag ID may be by
manufacturer)
user(tag ID may be by
manufacturer)
License PlateIgnition Key
ProprietaryTechnology
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Types of Tags - Memory Segmentation Types of Tags - Memory Segmentation
Read Only (Factory Programmed)
WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)
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What is RFID? -- The Readers
• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as– Entrance/exit– Point of sale– Warehouse
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered, hand-held, or wireless
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Transmission ModesTransmission Modes
• Inductive (E-Field)
• Electromagnetic (H-Field)NarrowbandSpread Spectrum
• Frequency Hopping
• Direct Sequence
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The Inventor of Spread Spectrum - Hedy Lamarr
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13.56 MHz433 MHz
315 MHz
915 MHz
2.45
GH
z5.8 GH
z
27.1 MH
z
125 kHz
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RFID Primer…FrequenciesRFID Primer…Frequencies
Inductive Magnetic
Field Coupling:
<150 kHz
(125 kHz & 134 kHz)
10 10 kHzkHz 100 100 kHzkHz
Low Freq. EASLow Freq. EAS
DataDataModemModem
RFID:RFID:Access ControlAccess Control
Animal IDAnimal ID
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<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
Advantages• Uses normal CMOS processing —
basic and ubiquitous • Relative freedom from
regulatory limitations• Well suited for applications
requiring reading small amounts of data at slow speeds and minimal distances
• Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood, aluminum)
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Disadvantages:• Does not penetrate or transmit around
metals (iron, steel)
• Handles only small amounts of data• Slow read speeds• Large Antennas -- compared to higher
frequencies• Minimal Range
<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )<150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )
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<150 KHz (125 KHz & 134 KHz)<150 KHz (125 KHz & 134 KHz)
Disadvantages:• Tag construction:
is thicker (than 13.56 MHz)is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)more complex
(requires more turns of the induction coil)
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RFID Primer…FrequenciesRFID Primer…Frequencies
Inductive Magnetic
Field Coupling:
13.56 MHz
(Popular Smart Card
Frequency)
1 1 MHzMHz 10 10 MHzMHz
Mid. Freq.Mid. Freq.EASEAS
AMAM CBCB
RFID:RFID:Smart CardsSmart Cards
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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
Advantages• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and
ubiquitous • Well suited for applications requiring reading small
amounts of data and minimal distances• Penetrates water/tissue well • Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil);
lower costs to build• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than
higher MHz systems) • Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)
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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
Disadvantages• Government regulated frequency
(U.S. versus Europe)• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
(unless very thick)• Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)• Larger tag size than higher frequencies• Tag construction: requires more than one surface to
complete a circuit• Minimal Range
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RFID Primer…FrequenciesRFID Primer…Frequencies
Electromagnetic Field
Coupling: UHF
>300 MHz <1 GHz
(862-928 MHz
ANSI MH10.8.4 & GTAG)
1000 1000 MHzMHz
Cell PhoneCell Phone
RFID:RFID:Toll RoadsToll Roads
DataDataTerminalTerminal
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>400 MHz <1GHz>400 MHz <1GHz
Advantages• Effective around metals • Best available frequency for distances of >1m• Tag size smaller than 13.56 MHz • Smaller antennas• Range: licensed to 20-40' with reasonable sized tag
(stamp to eraser size)• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
conductive, "lossy" materials)• High data rate; Large amounts of Data• Controlled read zone (through antenna directionality)
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>400 MHz <1GHz>400 MHz <1GHz
Disadvantages• Does not penetrate water/tissue • Regulatory issues (not available in many
countries) • Regulatory issues in Europe
(similar band ~869 MHz requires dual-freq chip)
• DSI III recommends 862 to 870 MHz in the EU, may not be available elsewhere
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RFID Primer…FrequenciesRFID Primer…Frequencies
Electromagnetic
Field Coupling:
2.45 GHz
RFID: RFID: Item ManagementItem Management
MicrowaveMicrowaveEASEAS
2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
Advantages• Tag size smaller than inductive or UHF (1"x 1/4") • Range: greater range than inductive w/o battery• More bandwidth than UHF (more frequencies to
hop)• Smaller antennas than UHF or inductive• High data rate
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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
Advantages• Good non-line-of-sight communication
(except for conductive, "lossy" materials)• Can store large amounts of Data• Controlled read zone
(through antenna directionality)• Effective around metals with tuning/design
adaptations
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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz
Disadvantages• More susceptible to electronic noise than UHF• Shared spectrum with other technologies--
microwave ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.• Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor"
tactics like FHSS• Competitive requirement: single chip--highly
technical; limited number of vendors• Regulatory approvals still "in process"
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RFID Primer…FrequencyRFID Primer…Frequency
>5.8 GHz
(European Road Telematics Frequency)
Advantages:• Less congested band/less interferenceDisadvantages: • Not available in U.S. or many other
countries (5.9 now in FCC review)• Must orient antennas carefully• Range limited (due to scaling
issues/wavelengths)• Chip difficult to build• Expensive
RFID:RFID:European TollsEuropean Tolls
300 300 GHzGHz
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Intelligent Labels
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Label contains an RF tag in conjunction with a bar code label
Interrogator reads the tag for information using RFID
Interrogator may write new or additional information to tag if required
How Does It Work?
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The Data
ComplianceCharacter
Format06
Data Field Data FormatType/length
Sample Data ElementSeparators
TotalCharacters
[)> ComplianceIndicator
an3 [)> <RS> 4
06 Data IdentifierFormat Header
n2 06 <GS> 3
N NSN/NATO StockNumber
an1+n13..15 N5310011987585 <GS> 17
8P UCC/EAN-14 an2+n14 8P00098756100013 <GS> 1713V CAGE/Supplier an3+an5 13VABCDE <GS> 940P Hazard Characteristic
Code & HMISMSDS #
n3+an2+an5 40PA1ABCDE <GS> 6
2Q Actual Chem.Weight (Pounds)
an2+n…5 2Q10000 <RS><EOT> 9
Total 65
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The LabelSHIP TO: SHIP FROM:
COMMANDING OFFICER
DDSP
SUSQUEHANNA, PA 15230
CHEMICAL SUPPLIER
CHEMICAL COMPANY
INSTITUTE, WV 23456
TCN:
NSN:
CAGE:
MSDS #:
GTIN:
HCC:
AHRIST DATA:
AWHGEAA$0F00090XX
5310011987585
AWHGE 00098756100013
CHEM WT:
ABCDE 10000A1
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UHF Tag Feature Set
Low power > long range 1024 bit memory Read/write/lock on 8 bits Advanced protocol
Efficient multi-id Lock data permanently
12 ms/8 byte read 25ms/byte write Group select Broadcast write 40 tags/second Anti-collision
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WG 8/TF 3WG 8/TF 3
10 kb/s~10 kb/s~~70 cm~70 cm
13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
VicinityVicinity(VICC)(VICC)
ISO15693ISO15693WG 8/TF 2WG 8/TF 2
106 kb/s~106 kb/s~~10 cm~10 cm
13.56 MHz13.56 MHz
ProximityProximity(PICC)(PICC)
ISO 14443ISO 14443WG 8/TF 1WG 8/TF 1
106 kb/s~106 kb/s~~2 mm~2 mm
4.91 MHz4.91 MHz
CloseCloseCouplingCoupling
(CICC)(CICC)
ISO 10536ISO 10536
RemoteRemoteCouplingCoupling
ContactlessContactlessIC CardIC Card
WG 4WG 4
106 kb/s~106 kb/s~ContactContact
3.57 MHz3.57 MHz
IC CardsIC Cardswithwith
ContactsContacts
ISO 7816ISO 7816
IntegratedIntegratedCircuit(s)Circuit(s)
CardCard
ISO/IEC ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17JTC 1/SC 17
IC Card Classification (as of October, 2000)
“Standardization in the area of identification cards and related devices for use in
inter-industry applications and international interchange.”
This is interpreted to cover allstandardization concerning
personal identificationand/or cards.
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17
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Standards• ISO/IEC 15693 is an I.C. Card
standard for 13.56 MHz, NOT an RFID standard
• The 13.56 MHz standard for RFID is ISO/IEC 18000, Part 3.
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Instant Checkout…A Dream Come True??
“Chip to remove shopping blues”—Post-Courier, January 1994
“Tiny microchip identifies groceries in seconds.”
—Chicago Tribune
“Checkout in one minute”
—The Times, London
“Scanning range of four yards”
—NY Times
“1.5¢ electronic bar code announced”
—San Francisco Chronicle
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Typical RFID Applications
Production Control
Access ControlAsset Protection
Livestock Tracking
Vehicle Identification
Electronic ArticleSurveillance
Lads, Dads, & Granddads
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• Identify software requirements: Will the new RFID solution integrate with legacy
system software and solutions Must new interface software be developed What type of data formats must be supported What communications protocols must be
supported How must the current software change to
accommodate the advantages of “write” technology?
• Build synergies by expanding software to add RFID capabilities to current solutions
How to Evaluate Your Needs
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How to Evaluate Your Needs
• Identify hardware requirements:– What will be identified, tracked, located– What read distance and field of view (FoV) is required– How many tags in the FoV at the same time– What amount and type of data will be stored– Must data be updated– Will tags be moving and how fast– What are limits on tag size, shape, and orientation– Will tags be disposable or reused– Will tags be operating in cold, wet, dirty, hot, steamy, muddy,
dusty environment– What are regulatory constraints in the nation(s) of use
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How to Evaluate Your Needs
• Determine if RFID meets the need and if implementation is economically viable Can it help improve efficiency Can it help improve productivity Can it reduce operating costs Can it reduce labor costs What is the infrastructure installation cost What are the recurring costs associated with the
solution Do the investment and variable costs of the
solution meet the customer’s business model
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How to Evaluate Your Needs
• Identify system requirements: Are there security needs What are the future needs of the system
infrastructure (expandability) Is an open system required (will trading partners
share data on the tags)
• Choose a technology to fit the need
• Choose a reputable company
• Research the recommended solution (“standardized” product?)