radiology chapter’s 2, 3. & 4 by garland fisher electromagnetic spectrum unique abilities some...
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Radiology
Chapter’s 2, 3. & 4
By Garland Fisher
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Electromagnetic spectrum Unique abilities
Some rays visible some are not
Penetrates matter Produces latent image
Produces fluorescence Light bulb
Produces ionization of matter Change matter
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Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter can be altered by energy
Fundamental unit of matter is the Atom
Desk Chair Computer Tissue Muscle Teeth Bone Your Patient
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Atom
An atom is the smallest unit of an element, it consist of a positively charged protons found in the nucleus. Negatively charge electrons that orbit around the nucleus.
Neutron
Proton
Electron
Electrons
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Nucleus(Dense core that occupies very little space)
Protons Subatomic particles and
positively charged
Neutrons Subatomic particles and
has no charge
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Nuclear Composition
Equal number of protons and electrons form a stable atom.
The number of protons and neutrons equals the atomic weight.
Force will knock an electron out of their orbit. X-radiation Electromagnetic energy
Is this Atom stable or unstable?
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Ionization(production of ions)
Converting atoms into ions. To produce ions a force or a collision
such as x-radiation or electromagnetic energy must eject an electron out from its orbit. Thus making the atom unstable.
Spontaneous release excess energy in the form of wave or particles.
ION
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Electrostatic ForceBinding energy holds electrons in their orbits(Example: sun and the planets)
There are seven shells an atom can have they are k, l, m, n, o, p, and q.
K-shell has the highest energy and the strongest binding energy
Nucleus
q
p
o
nm
l
k
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Atoms into ions
Positive ions are ionized atoms.
An ionized atom has been interrupted by some force: X-radiation Electromagnetic energy
Negative ions are electrons out of orbit or unstable structures.
This ejected ion will speed off to interact with other atoms.
When they interact or collide it sets off a chain reaction and in turn will eject other electrons until the energy dissipates.
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Elements Elements
Substances made up of only one type of Atom
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Molecule
Molecule Two or more Atoms
make up a molecule
Two Hydrogen and one Oxygen = Water
Bonded together by electrons on the outer most shells
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Ionizing Radiation(all radiation cause biological changes)
Particulate Responsible for
radioactivity
Radioactivity is when atoms spontaneously disintegrate or decay. Power plant Atomic bomb
Electromagnetic Series of wave like
energies with no mass some high energy some low energy
Visible and invisible Man made or natural
occurring
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Electromagnetic Energy Made up of both wave and particle that
travel in a straight line X-ray = bundle of energy, is termed, x-ray
photon which has no mass no charge and travels at the speed of light (186,000 MPS)
X-ray photon is what interacts with matter (your patient)
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Examples of electromagnetic radiation and there wave like patterns
Less energy
More energy
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Electromagnetic Energy
Wavelength Distance between the
crest of the wave to the next wave
Frequency Refers to the number of
wavelength that pass a given point in a certain amount of time. We can adjust the frequency by kilovoltage
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Voltage
Measurement of electrical force that cause electrons to move from a negative pole to a positive one (Strength)
Dental x-ray units require a high level of electrical potential
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Kilo-Voltage Peak(KVp)
Kilovoltage controls the level of penetration Shorter wavelength =
more penetrating High frequency = more penetrating Longer wavelength =
less penetrating Low frequency the =
penetrating
Kilovoltage Kilo = 1000 Volatage = volts 110 or 220 Higher voltage means
greater energies Dental radiographs require
65 to 100 kilovolts Higher KVp should be used
when area is dense or thick Adjust KVp on individual
diagnostic needs Overall QUALITY of
primary beam
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Amperage
Measurement of electrons moving through a conductor
Current is measured in amperes
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Milliamperes (mA) Milliampere
Milli = 1/1000 Ampere = Electrical
current NOT voltage mA settings
7, 10, and 15 Thermionic emissions
Higher the setting increases temperature resulting in some electrons being ejected out of their orbit.
Ampere allows electrical current to flow thru a filament which results in a cloud of electrons
Depending on mA setting will depend on the QUANTITY of x-rays produced
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Milliamperes-Seconds
Exposure time Interval of time in which
photons are being produced (.117 secs)
Longer time = more photons
High mA = more photons
Both mA and exposure time both have a direct influence on the number of electrons produced
If we produce to many photons our dental film will be dark or black
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Radiographic Density(Degree of darkness or blackness of an x-ray.)
Density Amount of radiation
reaching the film KV or mA
Distance from the x-ray tube to the patient
Patient thickness (Density)
Developing conditions
The more photons that strike the film the more dense (black) the radiograph will appear
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Tubehead
Cathode Negative electrode
consist of tungsten filament held in a cup shaped holder made of molybdenum
Negative = electrons, therefore electrons are created to produce photons
*
Electrons held in place
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Tubehead
Anode Positive electrode consist
of a wafer thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod
Positive = collision = photons
*
Collision produced photons (indicated in red)
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TransformersThree types are used in production of x-rays
Step down decreases the voltage from the incoming 110 or
220 to three to five volts required Step up
Increases the voltage to 65,000 to 100,000 volts required
Autotransformer Compensator
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Inside the Tubehead
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This is What Happens Electricity excites the filament at 3-5 volts, creating thermionic
emissions, a release of electrons from the tungsten filament when heated, this cloud of electrons stay in place until the exposure button is pushed. The high voltage circuit is activated. The electrons produce are accelerated across the x-ray tube to the anode. The molybdenum cup helps to direct the electrons to the tungsten target. When the electrons strike the tungsten target their energy of motion or kinetic energy is converted to x-ray energy and heat. More heat is created that x-rays and is dissipated through the copper stem and absorbed by the insulating oil. X-rays are produce in all direction only a few will escape through the unleaded portion of the tube. Those x-rays will be directed to the aluminum filter, which will remove the long waves. The collimator will focus the remaining short waves and travel down the lead lined PID and exit the tubehead
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Production of radiation(not all produce the same in the tube head)
General radiation AKA braking radiation
An electron passes near the nucleus and is deflected by the positively charge nucleus
Once deflected this kinetic energy is converted into photons
Add photo
Bremsstrahlung German
(braking radiation)
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Production of radiation(not all produce the same in the tube head)
Characteristic radiation
Electron that has been deflected continues to travel ejecting other electrons out of orbit until they loose their kinetic energy Energy in motion