RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTHSCIENCES, KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATIONS

1. Name of the candidate and address

Ms. DOLI DEORIDr. SYAMALA REDDY COLLEGE OF NURSING, NO.111/1, S.G.R. MAIN ROAD, MUNNEKOLALA, MARATHAHALLI,BANGALORE – 560037

2. Name of the institution Dr. Syamala Reddy College of Nursing.

3. Course of study and subject M.Sc. Nursing I YearPsychiatric Nursing.

4. Date of admission to course 9th June, 2008

5. Title of the topic A descriptive study on occupational stress and job satisfaction among computer professionals in selected IT companies at Bangalore.

1

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

“It is not stress that kills us; it is our reaction to it.”

- Hans Selye

“Satisfaction does not come with achievement but

With effort. Full effort is full victory.”

-Mahatma Gandhi

Twenty years back we haven’t heard about cardiac arrest, high cholesterol and

diabetes to an employee in the age group of 30-40. Similarly we haven’t heard of

early retirement, mental strain, absenteeism and burnout but now we come across with

such scenario. Occupational stress is the interaction of the worker and the condition of

the work. Downsizings, increase work load, high competition, growing population

and so on are taking their toll. Stress, in essence, is a feeling of doubt about being able

to cope, a perception that the resources available do not match the demand made.

When it persists stress can cause physical and psychological ill health and adversely

affect social functioning.

Occupational stress has become a common and costly problem. Not all stress

is bad. Learning how to deal with and manage stress is critical to maximizing to job

performance, staying safe on the job and maintaining physical and mental health.

Survey of the literature on occupational stress reveals that there are number of factors

related to job which effect in the behaviors of the employees and as a result of it

normal life is disturbed.

2

Job satisfaction is the result of various attitude possessed by an employee. In a

narrow since the attitude is related to the job and are concerned with such specific

factor as wages, supervision, steadiness of employment , condition of work,

advancement, opportunities, recognition ability, social relation to the job, prompt

settlement of grievances, fair treatment by an employer.

Another important contributor to job satisfaction is personality. One of the

dimensions is emotional stability or neurotic tendency. An individual’s emotional

stability is likely to manifest itself in satisfaction or dissatisfaction in specific job.

Security may also be considered as an important dimension of personality as it affects

job satisfaction. An insecure person will remain insecure even though his job is

secure. Family background and many similar factors contribute to individual security.

Inadequate job satisfaction may be the result of lack of vocational guidance. A

person who is too good or not good enough for a job in terms of his abilities and

interest is not likely to get satisfied with his job. The point to be stressed here is that

an employee’s intelligence is a factor in pre determining his job satisfaction. To much

intelligence that is more than the job requires may lead to dissatisfaction. Similarly

too little will make the job prove too much of a challenge and this may also lead to

dissatisfaction.

In a prospective population based survey, psychological distress and other

somatic symptoms were found to correlate with onset of forearm pain, in addition to

work related mechanical factors (repetitive movement of arms) and psychosocial

factors (lack of support from the supervisor and colleagues).

3

A survey revealed that symptoms of depression were found to be higher

among system administer in IT companies than among any other job category in the

industry. When job satisfaction is low the symptoms become pronounced. They found

that 28 percent of IT professionals suffered from depression.

6.1 NEED FOR STUDY

Job or occupational stress is something we all face as employees or employer

and we all handle it differently. It is a mismatch between the individual capabilities

and organizational demands. Also it is a mismatch between the expectation of either

individual or organization. Stress not only affects the physical, psychological and

financial balance of an employee but also employers as well. Desired results cannot

be expected from employees who are burnt out and exhausted or stress, as they loose

their energy accuracy and innovative thinking. By this employees may loose more

working days thereby a decrease in productivity and increased in cost to company. In

the present day scenario IT and BPO companies’ jobs are termed as more competitive

and stressful.

A recent study found that 83 percentages of computer professionals suffer

from sleeping disorder compared to 39.5% of industry workers. Other health reported

problems are digestive disorders 14.9 percent and eye sight problem 10.9 percent. The

burn out stress syndrome is commonly observed among young people working in IT

companies. The symptoms of this syndrome include chronic fatigue, insomnia and

complete alterations of the 24 hours biological rhythm, leading to sickness and

absenteeism.

4

Another study was done in India on thirty computer workers working in

different information enabled services (ITES) for more than two years, with more

than 4 hours of computer use in different operations. Predominant morbidity of

musculo skeletal disorders was observed among 56 percent computer professionals.

Among the musculo skeletal disorders, shoulder pain 20 percent, arm pain 5 percent,

finger pain 5 percent, wrist pain 6 percent and low back pain 18 percent.

A health survey on professionals working in software development, showed

neck and shoulder problem in 31 percent, wrist and hand pain in 15 percent, tiredness

at the end of the day 26 percent exhaustion in 12 percent and visual problems in 59.5

percent.

A study conducted on computer professional showed that the symptoms

increased with duration of span of computer used and with use of improper furniture.

The symptoms were also more in spectacle wearers, compared to non spectacle users.

The visual strain is also related to musculo skeletal complains and work stress. The

visual problems and musculo skeletal problems were seen in 77.5 percent of IT

professionals. Forty six percentage of the dada operators believe their symptoms are

work related.

Sneha, a non governmental organization working in the field of suicide

prevention, reported that 50 percent callers and e-mail writers talk of depression. The

organization receives at least one or two e-mail every day from soft ware

professionals.

5

Several IT professionals reported that they felt guilty about neglecting their

families as a result of heavy workload. These respondents reported that there are

significant others often didn’t understand why they have to work so hard. This lack of

understanding couple with demand on the part of these significant others led to

considerable stress for IT professional. Thus having to work long hours has a negative

impact on the social life of IT professionals and on their interaction with families.

Late working hours affect their sexual life and hence, they decided to part ways. The

need of the hour is to strike the right balance between work and families. Statistics

revealed that in 2003, the number of the divorced cases from the IT sector was 1280

number, in the year 2004 number was 1240, in 2005 number was 1860 and in 2006

the number was 2493. The statistics available till June 2007 state and that the number

of the divorce cases from IT sector is 828 already in Bangalore.

For decades job satisfaction has been considered one of the most important out

come variable related to occupational stress. The turnover or fast world is one of the

factors which hinder job satisfaction. Over workload can potentially result in decrease

moral, increased turnover and inadequate quality of life.

Thomson cited that occupational stresses present a major problem for both

individual and organizations. Previous research shown that stress has negative effect

on the health and safety of the individual. Costs associated with occupational stress in

terms of absenteeism and health costs have significant implication for the

organization. The objective of this study to identify key factors at the work place

which generate stress among computer professional. The result of the study has

6

significant implications for the organizations and the individual who intend to join IT

profession. By identifying and understanding factors at the work place which are

likely to cause stress for this group of professionals, organizations and government

policy makers will be better able to design training, motivation and coping

programmed to help such employees alleviate their stress. In addition findings

produced by such research would provide those who intend to join the IT professions

with a general picture of the demands or stressors which may encounter on the job.

There is a growing need to do a study among the employees in ITES, since the

number of workers is rapidly growing and will touch 1.2 million in the next three

years from a figure of 2, 50000 in March 2004, according to national Association of

Software and Service Companies. The stress factors, the working condition and the

ergonomic height of the employees in this sector are causing several psychosocial and

health problems. There are not many studies that have directly addressed the

occupational stress and job satisfaction among ITES workers. This study will help the

IT managers to recognize the stress factors and realize the importance of job

satisfaction. Thus the investigator felt the need to conduct a study on the above

purpose like, to find out the causes of occupational stress and the level of job

satisfaction among computer professionals who are working in IT companies.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Occupational stress is a chronic disease caused by condition in the work place

that negatively affect on individuals performance and/ or overall wellbeing of his

body and mind. One or more of a host of physical and mental illness manifest

occupational stress. In some cases job stress can be disabling. In chronic cases a

7

psychiatric consultation is usually required to validate the reason and degree of work

related stress. Job satisfaction is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting

from the appraisal of one’s job and job experience.

The review of literature has been arranged and presented in the following order:

1. Definition of occupational stress.

2. Causes of occupational stress

3. Problems related to occupational stress.

4. Definition of job satisfaction.

5. Factor influencing and affecting job satisfaction.

3. Studies related to occupational stress and job satisfaction.

1. Definition of occupational stress:

Occupational stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses

that can happen when there is a conflict between job demands on the employee and

the amount of control an employee has over meeting these demands.

2. Causes of occupational stress:

Categories of Job Stressors Examples

1. Factors unique to job * Workload (overload/under load)

* Pace/variety/ meaningfulness of work.

* Autonomy ( e.g. the ability to make your own

decisions about our own job or about specific tasks)

* Shift work/ hours of work.

* Physical environment (noise, air quality etc).

* Isolation at the work place (emotional or working

8

alone).

2.Role in the organization * Role conflict (conflicting job demands, multiple

supervisors/ managers)

* Role ambiguity (lack of clarity about responsibility,

expectations etc)

* Level of responsibility.

3. Career development * Under/ over promotion.

* Job security (fear of redundancy either from

economy, or a lack of tasks or work to do).

* Career development opportunities.

* Overall job satisfaction.

4. Relationship at work

(interpersonal)

* Supervisors

* Co-workers

* Subordinates

* Threat of violence, harassment etc (threats to

personal safety).

5.Organizational structure/

climate

* Participation (or non participation) in decision –

making.

* Management style.

* Communication patterns

3. Problems related to occupational stress:

Stress can have an impact on our overall health. Our bodies are designed pre-

programmed with a set of automatic responses to deal with stress. This system in very

effective for the short term” fight or flight” responses we need when faced with an

9

immediate danger. The problem is that our bodies deal with all types of stress in the

same way. Experiencing stress for along periods of time (such ass lower level but

constant stressors at work) will activate this system, but it doesn’t get the chance to

“turn off”. The bodies “pre- programmed” response to stress has been called the

“Generalized stress Responses” and includes:

Work performance declining/inconsistent performance

uncharacteristic errors

loss of control over work

loss of motivation/commitment

indecision

lapses in memory

increased time at work

lack of holiday planning/usage

Lack of concentration

Regression crying

arguments

undue sensitivity

irritability/moodiness

over-reaction to problems

personality clashes

sulking

immature behaviour

Withdrawal arriving late to work

10

leaving early

extended lunches

absenteeism

resigned attitude

reduced social contact

elusions/evasiveness

depression, absenteeism

Aggressive behaviour malicious gossip

criticism of others

vandalism

shouting

bullying or harassment

poor employee relations

temper outbursts

Other behaviours out of character behaviour

difficulty in relaxing

increased consumption of alcohol

increased smoking

lack of interest in appearance/hygiene

accidents at home or work

reckless driving

unnecessary risk taking

11

family conflict

Physical signs nervous stumbling speech

sweating

tiredness/lethargy

upset stomach/flatulence

tension headaches

hand tremor

rapid weight gain or loss

constantly feeling cold

Increased blood pressure

Increased metabolism (e.g. faster heart beat, faster respiration)

Insomnia

backache, eye problem

A study was done among 200 computer professionals in the national capital

region to study the computer related health problem and rate of ergonomic factors.

The computer related morbidity was present in 93 percent in the study subjects. The

visual problems were seen in 76 percent and musculo skeletal in 77.5 percent while

35 percent felt stressfull symptoms. The study has brought forth a very high

prevalence of computer related morbidity among IT professionals.

Padmini Prasad, the Director of the institute of sexual medicine reported that

40 percent of the couple visiting infertility clinics are computer professionals. Long

working hours, stress and pressure at work, night shift and lack of sleep can lead to

various sexual problems.

12

Sharma et al., (2006) has done a study on computer related health problem

among IT professionals in Delhi. The study found that visual stress and

musculoskeletal symptoms, initially being mild and temporary and later with

increasing years assuming more intense and permanent nature. It also found that

computer related morbidity had become an important occupational health problems

and of great concern. It suggested on immediate need for concerned authorities to

collaborate and enforce suitable preventive measures.

A study by the National Institute of Neuro sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore

conducted in collaboration with Bangalore city police and 12 major hospitals,

identifies severe stress, competition at the work place and lack of economic security

and job satisfaction as the major cause of suicide. Over 200 people including IT

professional commit suicide every month in Bangalore city.

A recent survey by a media house revealed that one among 20 information

technology employees in Bangalore commit suicide and 36 percent of them need

counseling.

Dipannita (2008) cited in an article that more and more youngsters especially

computer professionals are prone to disc prolapsed. Usually in Bangalore, youngsters

are coming up with this complaint due to spine unfriendly habits, leading to disc

prolapse. Orthopedics in the city sees an alarming rise in such cases among

youngsters. Most of them come with health problems such as severe back pain

radiating to the legs, particularly during coughing and sneezing and experience an

13

intense pain. Doctors point out that when a person constantly bend forward ion front

of the computer the muscles are at stress. At a certain point of time over months or

years, the muscles are in constant contraction and the pressure on the disc is very high

which result in burst. Sitting for prolonged hours at the work place leaves one with

more chances of disc prolapsed

4. Definition of Job Satisfaction:

Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting

from the appraisal of one’s job; an affective reaction to one’s job; and an attitude

towards one’s job.

5. Factors influencing and affecting job satisfaction:

There are many contributing factor which enhance the job satisfaction of

computer professionals. It depends upon the various factors such as nature of job,

working condition, timing, promotion, reward, work load, intense pressure to perform

at peak levels all the time for the same pay, excessive travel and too much time away

from family etc.

6. Studies related to occupational stress and job satisfaction:

Agrawal et al., (2003) conducted a study on occupational stress and job

satisfaction among managers in few of the large scale industries in Calcutta. They

found that job become less satisfying under excessive stress and their expected

intrinsic and extrinsic needs are not fulfilled. Age place a vital role to test the

correlation between occupational stress and job satisfaction level and suggested that

14

senior level officer has a decreased stress level and increased satisfaction as compared

to the middle level officers.

Karambayya and Reilly (2003) done a study on stress among IT professionals

suffering from psychological problems. They revealed that work related concern such

as severe competition, unrealistic expectation from superior, being achievement

oriented lack of job security and inability to accept failure have lead to a host of

psychological problems among software professionals. People working in IT sector

go through a lot of anxiety, depression, loneliness because of their work environment

and often exhibit feeling of inadequacy, lowered self esteemed and dissatisfaction.

This reflects itself in the form of social, marital and sexual problem. Several IT

personnel reported that they felt guilty about neglecting their families as a result of

their heavy work load.

Robert and Leverton (2003) done a study on work and family life. They found

that after a day at work wife and husband both react differently at home to their

marital life. Husband reported more withdrawn from their wives at home that evening.

Whereas wives tended to exhibit more angry marital behavior after such day. This

suggests that physiological and psychological stressors may be differently associated

with marital functioning.

Mettugh M.L., (2003) done a study on computerized nursing information

system healthcare institution. She found that cumulative trauma disorders are most

common injuries associated with computerized work station use. They account for

nearly 90,000 injuries each year in the United States. Typical cumulative trauma

15

disorders include back pain, strain in neck, shoulder pain and eye problem and carpel

tunnel syndrome. The incidence of computer related injuries is expected to increase.

Injury rates can be reduced by ergonomic work station design. An assessment of

potential risks associated with equipment install should be done as part of work

station design. Risk identification is a pre-requisite for avoiding injuries by designing

work station that protect human health.

Aziz M., (2004) done study on role stress among women in the Indian

information technology system. He found that organizational stress originates in

organizational demands that are experienced by the individual. Stress is built up in the

concept of role which is conceived as the position a person occupies in a system. This

paper investigates the intensity of organizational role stress among women

informational technology professionals in the Indian private sector. Organizational

role stress scale is used on a sample of 264 to explore the level of role stress.

Resource inadequacy has emerged as the most potent role stressor, followed by role

overload and personal inadequacy. The research finds differences in the level of stress

between married and unmarried employees on several role stressors. However, level

of education does not emerge as a significant differentiator of stressors.

Smith M.J. et al, (2004) done a study on occupational stress in human

computer interaction. They found that there have been a variety of research

approaches that have examined the stress issues related to human computer

interaction including laboratory studies, cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal case

studies and intervention studies. A critical review of these studies indicates that there

are important physiological, biochemicals, somatic and psychological indicators of

stress that are related to work activities where human computer interaction occurs.

16

Many of the stressors of human computer interaction at work are similar to those

stressors that have historically been observed in other automated jobs. These include

high workload, high work pressure, and diminished job control, inadequate employee

training to use new technology, monotonous tasks, poor supervisory relations, and

fear for job security. New stressors have emerged that can be tied primarily to human

computer interaction. These include technology breakdowns, technology slowdowns,

and electronic performance monitoring. The effects of the stress of human computer

interaction in the workplace are increased physiological arousal; somatic complaints,

especially of the musculoskeletal system; mood disturbances, particularly anxiety,

fear and anger; and diminished quality of working life, such as reduced job

satisfaction. Interventions to reduce the stress of computer technology have included

improved technology implementation approaches and increased employee

participation in implementation. Recommendations for ways to reduce the stress of

human computer interaction at work are presented. These include proper ergonomic

conditions, increased organizational support, improved job content, proper workload

to decrease work pressure, and enhanced opportunities for social support. A model

approach to the design of human computer interaction at work that focuses on the

system “balance” is proposed

Patrick et al., (2004) studied on social support and leaving intention of

computer professionals. Although prior studies have established a number of reasons

why computer professionals leave their organizations, they have rarely suggested that

lack of social support may be one reason. This study attempted to explain why social

support in salient to computer professionals leaving intention. It developed a model

that posits that social support is positively related to job satisfaction, social support is

negatively related to leaving intention and social affiliation needs moderate the

17

relationship between social support and leaving intention. The model was tested and

the result indicated that social support from supervisor and colleague were negatively

related to leaving intention for computer professionals with high social affiliation

needs and job satisfaction.

Rajeswari and Anantharaman (2005) conducted a study on role of human –

computer interaction. Factors as moderators of occupational stress and work

exhaustion found that IT professionals have long work hours with different time

zones, total team work task to be completed on dead line with perfection as per

clients’ need, which requires interpersonal, technical and organizational support.

These characteristics lead to occupational stress and work exhaustion.

Dr. Amruthraj (2005) cited in journal that people working in the field of IT go

through a lot of anxiety, depression and loneliness because of their work involvement

and often exhibits feeling of inadequacy, lowered self esteem and dissatisfaction. This

reflects itself in the form of social, marital and sexual health problems. He also

explored more regarding some of the methods that can be used to help professionals

overcome the stress using relaxation technique, cognitive therapy and assertiveness

training and help them to lead a balanced life.

Kesavachandram, Rastori, Das et al., (2006) explored in a study regarding

working condition and health among employees of ITES. For ITES operators the

work consists mainly of activities that used telephone and computer, with an objective

of developing standardized and continuous action of marketing or to manage

communication with clients, public or government agencies. In spite of the growth of

18

the number of ITES centers, modernizations of processes and organizational planning

in this new work environment did not take place. The result was on increased of the

turnover, absenteeism and occupational disease. Computer work has generated a new

genre of occupational health problems i.e. of computer related problems. In India, the

occupational health personnel are slowly awakening of this group of modern

occupational diseases which are slowly lacking its roots among the information

technology professionals. These problems if ignored can prove debilitating and cause

crippling injuries, forcing one to change one’s profession.

Sharma et al., (2006) conducted study on computer related health problems

among IT professionals in Delhi. Study included 200 It professionals with varied job

profiles viz, software developers 82 percent, call center 54 percent and data entry

processing 64 percent as study population. The frequency of computer related

problems in the studying group were; visual problems 76 percent, musculo skeletal

problem 77.5 percent and stress in 35 percent. Visual problems and stress were

significant among subject working in software development while musculo skeletal

problem was prevalent in data entry/ processing operators.

6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study on occupational stress and job satisfaction of computer professionals

in selected IT companies at Bangalore.

6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

19

1. To assess the level of occupational stress among computer professionals

2. To identify the level of job satisfaction among computer professionals

3. To correlate the relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction

4. To determine the association of occupational stress and job satisfaction with socio

demographic variables.

6.5 HYPOTHESIS

H 1 – There is a significant relationship between occupational stress and job

satisfaction among computer professionals.

H 2 – There is a significant association of occupational stress and job satisfaction with

the socio demographic variables of computer professionals.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Occupational stress:

Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional

responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities,

resources or need of the worker which is measured using standardized stress scale.

Job Satisfaction:

Contentment arising out of interplay of employee’s positive or negative

feelings toward his or her work assessed using modified job satisfaction scale.

Computer professionals:

20

Those who are working in IT company more than 6 hours per day.

IT Company:

It is a company where the primary business of which involves the provision or

development of hardware and software for a better today and tomorrow.

6.7 ASSUMPTION

1. Computer professionals stress level differs according to the nature of work.

2. Level of stress influence the job satisfaction of computer professionals.

3. Socio demographic variables attribute the level of occupational stress and job

satisfaction.

6.8 DELIMITATION

The study is delimited to:

Selected computer professional who are willing to participate.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA

Computer professionals those who are working in IT companies at Bangalore.

7.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Research method : Descriptive study method

Research design : Co relational descriptive design

Sampling technique : Convenient sampling technique

Sample size : 100 samples

21

Setting of the study : Study will be conducted in selected IT

Companies at Bangalore

7.2.1 SAMPLING CRITERIA

INCLUSION CRITERIA

This study include ‘computer professionals’

1. Working in selected IT companies with minimum of 1 year experience.

2. Willing to participate in the study

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

This study excludes ‘computer professionals’

1. Computer professionals who are working in leadership position.

2. Who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetic mellitus, heart

diseases etc.

7.2.2 DATA COLLECTION TOOL

A modified structured questionnaire will be prepared to assess the

occupational stress and job satisfaction among computer professionals. Content

validity of the tool will be ascertained in consultation with guide and experts from

various fields.

Prior to the study written permission will be obtained from the concerned

authority and verbal consent will be taken from computer professional willing to

participate in the study.

22

7.2.3 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Data analysis can be done by descriptive and inferential statistics. The

descriptive statistics will be frequency distribution, percentage, mean and standard

deviation. Inferential statistics will be correlation coefficient and chi – square.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENT OR

OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMALS?

No.

Only a modified structured questionnaire will be used. No other invasive physical or

laboratory procedure will be conducted on the samples.

7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLERANCE BEEN OBTAINED?

Yes

Confidentiality and anonymity of the subject will be maintained. Consent will be

obtained from the computer professionals before conducting the study. A written

permission from institutional authority will be obtained.

8. LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Aziz, M. (2004). Role stress among women in the Indian information

technology sector. Women in management review, 19(7): 356-63.

2. Canada’s National Occupational Health and Safety Resource

(http:www.ccohs.co/oshanswers/psychosocial/stress.html)

23

3. Chandraiah, K., Agrawal, S.C., Marimuthu, P. & Manoharan, N. (2003).

Occupational stress and job satisfaction among managers. Indian journal of

occupational and environmental medicine: 234-40.

4. Deepa Kurup and Raghawa, M., the Hindu, September 10, 2008.

5. Dipannita Das, “Spine – chilling Life Style,” The Times of India,

Monday October 20, 2008.

6. Editor, “Computer/ Reaching out Through Cyberspace,” The Hindu, Thursday,

July17, 2003.

6. Kesavachandran, C., Rastogi, S.C. & Das, M. (2006). Working condition and

health among employees at information technology – enabled services. Journal

of medical science, 60(7): 300-07.

8. Kulkarni, G.K. (2003).Occupational stress and job satisfaction among

managers. Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 7(2):

187-93.

9. Krutideepa, M., A study to assess the occupational stress and job satisfaction of

Staff nurses working in selected psychiatric hospitals, Karnataka, “M.Sc.

Nursing Thesis, College of Nursing, SCS College of Nursing, Submitted to

Rajiv Gandhi University, Karnataka, 2006.

10. Lee, P.C. (2004). Social support and leaving intention among computer

professionals.Information and management, 41(3): 323-34.

11. Lalitha, K. (2007). Mental health and psychiatric nursing. V.M.G. Book

House: 588-94.

12. Mary, S.R., A survey of computer vision syndrome and promotion of specific

Measures in the Management of computer vision syndrome Among Computer

Professionals “M.Sc. Nursing Thesis, College of Nursing, Sri Ramakrishna

24

Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore, Submitted to Tamil Nadu Dr

M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, 2000.

13. Nanjappa, V., “The Rising divorce rate in the IT Sector”.

14. Nanjappa, V., “Bangalore is the most stress out city”.

15. Rajeswari, K.S. & Anantharaman, R.N.(2003).Role of human computer

Interaction factors as moderators of occupational stress and work

exhaustion,19(1): 137-54.

16. Rajeswari, K.S. & Anantharaman, R.N.(2003). Development of the instrument

to measure stress among software professionals. Special interest group on

computer personnel annual conference: 34-43.

17. Sreevani, R. (2007). Mental health and psychiatric nursing. Jaypee brother

medical publisher (p) Ltd: 210-11.

18. Stuart, G.W. & Laraia, M.T. (2006). Practice and principal of psychiatric

nursing. Mosby: 60-72.

19. Sharma,A.K., Khera, S. &Khandikar, J.(2006). Computer related health

problems among information technology professionals in Delhi. Indian Journal

of community medicine, 31(1): 265-70.

20. Sudhashree, V.P.,Srinivas, K. & Rohit, K.(2005). Issues and concerns of health

among call centers employees. Journal of occupational and environmental

medicine: 187-93.

21. Smith, M.J., Conway, F.T. & Karsh, B.T. (1999). Occupational stress in Human

computer interaction. Journal of industrial health, 37(2): 157-73.

22. Sharma, A.K., Khandekar, J. & Suparna , K. (2005).Occupational health

problem and role of ergonomics in information technology professionals in

national capita region. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,

25

9(3): 111-14.

23. Sujatha, R., “Depression high among computer professionals”.

24. Sobratty and Korumtolle, “Health and psychosocial problems among IT

Professionals.

25. Staff reporter, “Stress causing psychological problems in IT professionals”, The

Hindu, January 30, 2005.

26. Viven, K.G. & Thompson, T.S. (1999). Occupational stress among information

technology personnel in Singapore. Electronic Journal; Asian pacific

Newsletters.

9. SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE

10. REMARK OF THE GUIDE

26

11. NAME AND DESIGNATION

11.1 GUIDE

11.2 SIGNATURE

11.3 CO- GUIDE

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

11.6 SIGNATURE

12. 12.1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL

12.2 SIGNATURE

27